Chapter IIIMethodology

“ The liberally educated are those who are able to

make an action out of knowledge, use

knowledge to think, judge, decide, discover,

interact, and create.”

-J. Locke-

Definition• the most important part in research

because it contains the methods used, the research design and experimental design, the materials and equipment, procedure and statistical treatment that will serve as the researchers guide for the actual experimentation process.

Required • Describe in detail the method you

used to collect your data and organize your observations.

• Your report should be detailed enough for anyone to be able to repeat your experiment by just reading the paper.

• It's always a good idea to include detailed photographs or clearly-labeled drawings of any device you made to carry out your research..

Contents

RESEARCH DESIGN

DEFINITION• Research design is not related to any

particular method of collecting data or any particular type of data.

• Research design refers to the structure of an enquiry/investigation:

• it is a logical matter rather than a logistical one.

http://www.experiment-resources.com/research-designs.html

Role of RD• The purpose of research design is to

reduce the ambiguity/uncertainty of much research evidence.

• The role of “research design” is to minimize the chance of drawing incorrect causal inferences from data.

Things to considered in making RD

• we identify the type of evidence required to answer the research question in a convincing way.

• Research needs to be structured in such a way that the evidence also bears on alternative rival explanations and enables us to identify which of the competing explanations is most compelling empirically.

Experimental Design

Experimental Design• 1. Sequence of steps needed

to solve the problem• 2. Serves as a guide for

direction during actual experimentation

• 3. Specific, dictated by the problem to be investigated

• 4. Principles involved replication, randomization, grouping and balancing

http://www.experiment-resources.com/research-designs.html

Procedure

Procedure• The procedure should be described in

complete detail.• Techniques, devices, steps followed should

be explained very well.• This is the portion that tells what was done

and how it was done.• The procedure should include the number of

trials performed, the variables used and how to gather and organize the data.

• Use narrative form in the past tense.

Materials and Equipment

Materials & Equipment

• All materials, reagents, plants, animals and other experimental units, as well as equipments used to perform the research, are listed in this part to perform the research, are listed in this part of the research design.

• the exact technical specifications, quantities and source of method of preparation for all materials used should be given

Statistical Treatment

http://www.experiment-resources.com/statistics-tutorial.html

http://www.fao.org/docrep/w7295e/w7295e08.htm#TopOfPage

Statistics Treatment

- is a set of methods & techniques that are used to

collect, analyze, present, and interpret data.

Statistical Technique Used• If statistical techniques are

used, this fact should be mentioned and correspondingly reflected in the section of data analysis.

• The use of average or means is a very common statistical measurements used in simple researches.

Experimentation

Actual Experimentation

• Implement experimental design considering principles involved

• Prepare schedule of laboratory activities

• Observe expected as well as the unexpected

• Accurate record-keeping

We are what we

repeatedly do.

Excellence, then, is not an act, but a

habit.

Thank You !Peace Men

Keep on Smiling