Chapter II

Review and Related Literature

This chapter focuses on information and related study,

used to help proponents to find some important information

that is associated as relevant to the system being

proposed.

Foreign Literature

The information below are the foreign literature

gathered by the researchers.

In this study the authors describe the institution-

level perceptions of stakeholders transitioning to a new

learning management system (LMS). We address issues related

to change, the institution’s administration of the

transition process, problems encountered, and realized

learning via online survey data collection, analysis, and

interpretation. We further detail results of a faculty

survey, which sought to illuminate the LMS transition

experience. The summation includes suggestions for

institutions as they prepare for, and move through,

foreseeable LMS change and transition.

Emerging “in the mid-1990s. . . Management systems

have evolved from somewhat basic collections of disparate

applications into intricate, integrated enterprise systems”

(Leslie, 2003, p. 1). Alias and Zain Uddin (2005) defined a

learning management system (LMS) as “a software application

or Web-based technology used to plan, implement, and assess

a specific learning process” (p. 28). Mohawk College (2009)

suggested an “L.M.S. can be broadly described as a web-

accessible platform for the ‘anytime’ delivery, tracking

and management of education and training. L.M.Ss are

essentially software running on dedicated hardware” (p. 5).

Some LMSs are now over twenty years old, and much has

changed since the first LMS arrived on the distance

education scene in the mid-1990s.

Over a period of 20 years a great deal of change and

research has unfolded in all areas of distance education.

Turner (2011) completed a meta-analysis of 695 studies,

concluding that distance education research fits “into

three main categories: (1) macro level research focusing on

distance education systems and theories; (2) meso level

research focusing on management, technology, and

organization; and (3) micro level research focusing on

teaching and learning in distance education” (p. 4). Our

objective herein was to add to the macro and meso level by

examining online instructor perceptions of our institution-

level change of a learning management system

(WebCT/Blackboard CE to Blackboard Learn version). To do

this we undertook a research design and review of

literature that would not only meet our needs but also

frame our study.

http://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/view/

1126/2078

Local Literature

The information below are the local literature

gathered by the researchers.

E-learning in the Philippines through the Use of

Affordable, High-Quality, and Custom-Designed Development

Tools (Anne Margrette Q. Caccam,

Emmanuel P. Balintec, Janice M. Ballesteros, Mabeth M.

Borres,

Bienvenido H. Galang Jr., and Billy S. Pucyutan of Advanced

Science & Technology Institute)

The 2nd National E-learning Conference defines e-

learning as:

“technologically-supported learning, which includes the use

of electronic media such as the Internet, personal

computers, phone bridging, audio and videotape, video

teleconferencing, Satellite broadcast, mobile phones,

personal digital assistants, and other related technologies

to enhance teaching and learning.”

Since the start of rapid advances in technology, the need

to integrate technological knowledge in education and

industry has been recognized. In order to address this

need, concept of e-learning has been established. E-

learning stands for ‘electronic learning that is,

associating the utilization of electronic materials to

learning. Today, the term eLearning has captured a wider

scope from the use of Personal Computers and the Internet

to the utilization of more advanced applications, as well

as devices or tools for more effective teaching and

learning. Currently, the local academe and industry have

incorporated eLearning but most of them are confined to the

Internet or are web-based. There is only a small number of

Filipinos who have an Internet connection and can avail of

its services. The Advanced Science & Technology Institute

is the research and development organization of the

Philippine government, under the Department of Science &

Technology (DOST) that is mandated to pursue R&D in the

advanced fields of Microelectronics and Information and

Communication Technologies (ICT). The Mobile Systems &

Applications Group (MSAG) is one of the technical teams in

ASTI whose mission is to acquire, promote, and transfer

knowledge and skills pertaining to wireless mobile

technologies. The MSAG aims to contribute to the field of

e-learning by supporting the concept of integrating e-

learning in education and industry. Part of its plan is to

encourage collaborative efforts in developing strategies

and distributing e-learning tools.

http://bl4.bayanihan.gov.ph/downloads/Elearning%20in

%20the%20Philippines%20through%20the%20Use%20of

%20Affordable,%20High-Quality,%20and%20Custom-Designed

%20Development%20Tools.pdf

Foreign Study

The information below are the foreign study gathered by the

researchers.

Starting from the general definition that

globalization is the process of interactions increased at

the global level, and of a higher interdependence at the

economic, social, technological, cultural, political,

ecological, etc. levels, and sharing the idea that

globalization also refers to the diminishing of distances

through technology, language and cultural differences, or

to solving some global problems, this work tries to discuss

the influence of globalization upon intercultural

manifestations, upon national and ethnical identities. The

evolution of society, namely the Romanian society imposed

specific changes in the school curricula, and also the

short and long term strategies. The focus is moving from

traditional learning to the creative, innovative and active

learning. The curriculum requires a flexible inter, multi

and trans-disciplinary approach. The traditional teaching

paradigm is changing to keep pace with the increase in non-

traditional students and the changing workforce. As a

result school in Romania, education at superior levels,

high-schools, colleges and universities continue to add

more distance Education courses, education focusing more

and more on e-learning.

A major tool in the use of educational technology in a

creative and innovative manner is the creation of a virtual

campus that implements a Learning Management System (LMS)

like Blackboard, WebCT, ANGEL or Moodle. The aim of the

hybrid campus is to:

increase individual oral proficiencies outside of the

classroom

provide grammar pattern drills and an individual learning

environment

provide a less intimidating learning environment

Require the students to be on task and to be responsible

for their progress.

Thus, Learning Management Systems have the potential

to turn the conventional classroom format into a hybrid or

blended course format that allows for both collaborative

interaction among students (synchronous and asynchronous)

and an individual based learning model with self-contained

study phases. In addition, they provide a set of tools that

support an inquiry- and discovery-based approach to online

learning.

http://www.forumdeutsch.com

Local Study

The information below are the local literature

gathered by the researchers.

A Study on e-Learning for Philippines

Filipino culture places a high value on education. For

the majority of the Filipinos, the only best thing for a

child to acquire and secure a better future is through

education. So, they want more effective education system.

E-Learning is still an emerging market in the Philippines.

Its use is still sporadic and most users represent only a

small segment of the Philippines education and business

communities. The study wants to correct analysis and right

direction presentation for Philippine remote education

environment.

Kasarinlan: Philippine Journal of Third World Studies

Any attempt to institutionalize e-learning will prove

futile without first attaining its vital requisites. An

initial assessment of the Philippines’ e-learning stature

both depicts a glooming and changing scenario. Three

crucial domains need further reinvigoration: technology and

infrastructure, educational standards and literacy, and

government-private sector teamwork. Access to phone lines,

computers and the internet cannot substitute to the greater

need to develop the academic well-being of Filipino

students. E-learning requires higher-order skills and

analytical thinking. Raising the quality of training of

teachers and students is a must to maximize the promises of

Internet technology. The apparent lackluster performance of

the Department of Education (DepEd) in providing the basic

needs of primary and secondary high schools and the low

standard of education seems to be steps backward to this

end. Emphasis should be given on raising students’ English

language proficiency and ‘digital fluency’. The public

sector cannot carry the burden of forming an e-learning

society alone. The government’s collaboration with the

private sector in programs such as PREGINET, Fit-Ed

programs and the ASTI- and PLDT-sponsored project testifies

to this truth.

http://journals.upd.edu.ph/index.php/kasarinlan/

article/viewArticle/1659

Synthesis

According to the study of Dave E. Marcial, EDUCAUSE

use a survey questionnaire to gather data. The study

reveals that the level of prioritization of teaching and

learning with technology in HEIs in the Philippines is

high. According to Alias and Zain Uddin (2005), Learning

Management System is “a software application or web-based

technology used to plan, implement and assess specific

learning process. And Learning management systems such as

Moodle are seen as key strategies to enable education which

prepares students for a challenging future.

The researchers believe that the related studies and

literature in this research is related on their proposed

system which is the Online Learning Management System. The

researchers relate and differentiate the research of other

Online Learning Management System.