Chapter I Project Characteristics

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Project Characteristics and Phrases

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Project Characteristics

What is a project?

A project is a complex, non-routine, one-time effort limited by time, budget, resources, and performance specifications designed to meet customer needs.

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Project CharacteristicsMajor characteristics of a project:

1. Established objectives.2. A defined life span with a beginning and an end.3. Involvement of several departments and professionals.4. Something that has never been done before.5. Specific time, cost, and performance requirements.

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A project is a specific, finite task to be accomplished, with some attributes as :-

• purpose one-time activity, well defined objectives

• life cycle slow beginning, size build up, peak, decline, terminate

• interdependencies interact with other projects, or ongoing operations, or other departments of an organization

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• uniquenessno two projects are alike• conflicts clients, parent organization,

project team, and the public

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Project Characteristics Program

Projects

Tasks

Work packages

Work Units

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Project CharacteristicsProgram Life Cycle : S-Curve

% C

ompl

etio

n

Time

slow start

slow finish

quick momentum

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Project CharacteristicsProgram Duration vs Project Cost

Cost

Time

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Major Project Phases

• Business Planning ..... Initial Project• Screening .... Select Facilities• Definitive Planning ..... Establish Design Bases• Design ..... Define Selected Facilities• Execution ..... Engineering, Proc., Const.• Start-Up .... Commissioning

BusinessPlanning Screening Definitive

Planning Design Execution Start-Up

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Business Planning and Screening

• Reason for Capital Investment• Scope of Facilities Required (Roughed Out)• Philosophy and Project Execution Plan• Class V Cost Estimate• Justification

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Definitive Planning

• Design Bases• Preliminary Milestone Schedule• Site Data• Further Development of Project Execution Plan• Class III Cost Estimate

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Basic Design

• Development of Specification– Owner Basic Practices– Process Design Specifications

• Review of Constructability, Operability, Maintainability• Finalize Initial Issue of Project Execution Plan &

Schedule• Class II Cost Estimate

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Detailed Engineering and Procurement

• Translate Design Specifications, Basic Practices, etc., into :– Construction Drawings– Specifications– Purchase Orders

• Major Effort by :– Contractor– In-House Engineering Group

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Construction

• Translate Detailed Engineering into A Plant• Major Effort by Contractor

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Start-Up and Operation

• Completion and Turn-Over Activities• Start-Up Procedures Preparation and Execution• Contractor’s Specialists Involvement• High Level of Interfaces between Project Team, Owner,

and Contractor

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Major Project PhasesOpportunity for Optimization

BusinessScoping

ProjectScreening

Definitive Planning

BasicDesign Project Execution Start-Up

OpportunityTo Influence(Changes)

Resource

Expenditures

Influ

ence

Opp

ortu

nity

Project Time Line

Expe

nditu

res

Max. Max.

Min. Min.

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Project Phases for Small Projects

• All These “Front End” Activities may not be necessary for small projects, because– may not be practical– may be done mentally or verbally (not written down)

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Major Project PhasesExample – A Small ProjectAn inspection finds a boiler safety valve plugged and failed to lift

• Scoping - “Fix it before it blew up the boiler and kill someone....not to mention losing a

lot of money”• Philosophy - Do as soon as possible ... in 1 month

(by Operations)• Screening - Using Rupture Disk ... Don’t study further

(by Technical Dept.)

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Major Project PhasesExample – Continued

• Planning - Use Same Manufacturer as already on site (by Technical/Maint Dept.)

• Basic Design - Process Design Spec.(by Technical Dept.)

• Execution Plan - Simplified (by Project Engineer)

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Major Project PhasesSummary

• Typical Phases and Progression of Activities exist for all projects (Simple or Complex)

• Project Personnel must:– Be aware of various stages– understand activities for each stage– initiate action to ensure activity taking place

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“Quality Management”

• Get It Right The First Time• Customer Satisfaction (know what customer wants)• Continuous Improvement (mechanism to measure and

improve performance)• Zero Defects

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QUALITY MANAGEMENT

Four Prime Elements :

• Know what is required (Project Objectives)• Develop plan to meet requirements (Project Execution

Plan)• Implement the plan (Execute the plan)• Monitor & Take corrective action (Track/Plan/Action)

Chapter I Project Characteristics

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