Chapter Geography of Evolution Platyrrhini Catarrhini.
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Transcript of Chapter Geography of Evolution Platyrrhini Catarrhini.
Chapter Geography of Evolution
Platyrrhini
Catarrhini
Figure 6.2 Biogeographic realms
Figure 6.4 Provinces, or regions of endemism, in Australia, based on pattern of distribution of birds
Figure 6.5 Examples of disjunct distributions: dispersal, continuous distribution, then isolation
Araucaria
Chile, SAQueensland, Australia
AlligatorU.S.
China
Figure 6.6 The history of range expansion of the European starling following its introduction into NYC in 1896
Dispersal can be rapid
Cenozoic Era NA & SA separated byH2O barrier
Isthmus of Panamaformed 2-3 mya
Two consequences
Vicariance
Figure 6.9 Phylogenetic relationships as indicators of biogeographic history
Figure 6.11 (A) Gondwana in the early Cretaceous, indicating approximate times connections among the southern land masses were severed. (B) Branching diagram depicting the breakup of Gondwana
Figure 6.13 Phylogeny of major lineages in 3 orders of birds, showing their association with land masses, as they were in the early Cretaceous (Part 2)
Figure 6.16 Geography and two hypotheses on the origin of modern humans
Figure 6.17 Gene tree based on complete sequences of mitochondrial genomes from human populations throughout the world
Figure 6.18 The movement of human populations from about 50 to 10 Kya
Y-DNA markers
Genetic diversity at a single locus in chromosome 12; among people of 7 geographic regions; 12 different alleles
• Each plot shows the frequencies of the various alleles for people of a particular region. Arranged by travel distance.
• If non-African populations were founded by small bands of people migrating out of Africa, then non-African populations should have reduced genetic diversity.
• 1. African populations show much greater allelic diversity than non-African populations2. Consistent with African replacement model.
53 individualscomplete sequence of mtDNA
Common ancestor of all modernmtDNAs lived in Africa
A
BA. Most recent commonancestor of all modern mtDNA
B. Most recent common ancestor of Africans andnon-Africans
Consistent with AfricanReplacement Model
Comparison of genetic variation (mtDNA)
Chimpanzee subspecies are more genetically variable than any two human populations
Milford WolpoffPhillip Rightmire
Richard Klein
Competing hypothesesFossil evidence