Chapter Focus 2

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Chapter Focus 2Objectives

• describe how the Greeks honored their gods and goddesses.

After studying this chapter, you will be able to:

• summarize Greek contributions to athletics and the arts.

• discuss how Greek thinkers influenced the development of world civilization.

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Section 1-1 Religious Practices

• Although most Greeks held similar religious beliefs, there was no single Greek religion.

• Officials in each polis were in charge of public feasts and sacrifices.

• Greek priests and priestesses often served as oracles, or persons who, it was believed, could speak with the gods.

• Oracles generally give advice in the form of a prophecy, or a statement of what might happen in the future.

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1 begins on page 179 of your textbook.

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Section 1-2 Gods and Goddesses of Mount Olympus


• During the Golden Age, the Greeks worshiped the gods of Mount Olympus.

• There were 12 major gods and goddesses. Each had specific duties to carry out.

• The Greeks placed importance on the worth of the individual, allowing them to approach their gods with dignity.

• The Greeks built temples and held festivals, including the Olympic Games and the theater, to honor their gods.

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Section 1-3


• Every four years, in the middle of summer, a festival was held in Olympia to honor the god Zeus.

• The festival was known as the Olympic Games and was the most important sporting event in Greece.

• Athletes came from all over Greece and from Greek colonies in Africa, Italy, and Asia Minor to take part in the games.

• Only men were allowed to take part; women were not even allowed to watch.

The Olympic Games

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•The five rings symbolize the five significant continents and are interconnected to symbolize the friendship to be gained from these international competitions.•Rings are: blue, yellow, black, green, and red. The colors were chosen because at least one of them appeared on the flag of every country in the world

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Section 1-4


• The Olympics were made up of many events including: – chariot races – boxing – pancratium–a combination of boxing and wrestling – pentathlon–made up of five events: running,

jumping, throwing the discus, wrestling, and hurling the javelin

The Olympic Games (cont.)

• Olympic winners were heroes.

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Section 1-5


• Between the different events at the games, poets read their works aloud.

• Herodotus, the “Father of History,” first read his account of the Persian Wars at the Olympics.

The Olympic Games (cont.)

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Section 1-6


• The theater grew out of festivals given in honor of the god Dionysus.

• About 600 B.C., the Ionians began telling stories about Dionysus at festivals.

• Stories were then told about other gods and heroes.

• About the time of the Persian Wars, a Greek poet named Aeschylus added an additional character to each story.

• Aeschylus created what came to be known as a play.

The Theater

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Section 1-7


• The first Greek plays were tragedies, or stories about suffering.

• All dealt with the past and with the relationships between people and gods.

• Three of the great writers of tragedy were Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides.

• Soon after the development of tragedy, the comedy, or a play with a happy ending, came into being.

• The Greeks believed support of the theater was a public responsibility.

The Theater (cont.)

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Section 2-1

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2 begins on page 185 of your textbook.

Science

• Among the things on which the Greeks placed great importance was intellect, or the ability to learn and reason.

• To the Greeks, studying the laws of nature and loving wisdom were the same thing; they called it philosophia.

• Today, people who search for such knowledge and wisdom are known as scientists and philosophers.

• Much of what we know is based on the thoughts of the Greeks.

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Section 2-2


Socrates

• He believed people could discover truth if they knew how to think.

• In his search for truth, Socrates walked throughout Athens trying to teach people how to think.

• He did this by asking questions.

• This form of questioning is known as the Socratic method.

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Section 2-3


• Some began to consider Socrates a threat to Athens.

• Socrates was tried before a jury of some 500 citizens and sentenced to death.

Socrates (cont.)

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Section 2-4


• All that is known about Socrates comes from one of his pupils, an Athenian aristocrat named Plato.

• Plato set up the Academy, a school to train government leaders, outside Athens in the sacred grove of the hero Academus.

• He thought political liberty was disorder and did not approve of it.

Plato

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Section 2-5


• In a work called The Dialogues, Plato showed how difficult it is to discover truth.

• The Dialogues consists of a series of discussions in which different people talk about such things as truth and loyalty.

Plato (cont.)

• Plato set down his ideas about an ideal state in a book called The Republic–the first book ever written on political science (study of government)

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Section 2-6


• Aristotle was one of Plato’s’s brightest pupils.

• Before he died in 322 B.C., he founded his own school in Athens and wrote more than 200 books.

• He believed in using one’s senses to discover the laws that govern the physical world.

Aristotle

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Section 2-7


• Thales developed the first two steps of what is known today as the scientific method. – First, Thales collected information. – Then, based on what he observed, he formed a

hypothesis, or possible explanation. – Aristotle provided a third step in the scientific

method when he said that a hypothesis must be tested to see if it is correct.

Aristotle (cont.)

• Aristotle also added to the ideas of an earlier Greek scientist named Thales of Miletus.

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Section 2-8


• Aristotle contributed the syllogism to logic, or the science of reasoning.

• The syllogism is a method of reasoning that uses three related statements. E.g. Athenians are Greeks Socrates is an Athenian Therefore, Socrates is Greek

Aristotle (cont.)

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Section 2-9


• The Greeks were trying to add to their store of knowledge.

• Greek scientists discovered that natural events are not caused by the way gods behave.

• They also learned that the world is governed by natural laws that people can discover and understand.

• Thales of Miletus not only developed the first two steps of the scientific method, but also correctly predicted an eclipse of the sun in 585 B.C.

Discoveries and Inventions

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Section 2-10


• The “Father of Scientific Medicine” was Hippocrates.

• Hippocrates drew up a list of rules about how doctors should use their skills to help their patients, which is known today as the Hippocratic Oath.

• Doctors all over the world still promise to honor the Hippocratic Oath.

Discoveries and Inventions (cont.)

Chapter Focus 2

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