Chapter Five Survey Designs Survey Design Cross-sectional studies that collect data on a topic at 1...
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Transcript of Chapter Five Survey Designs Survey Design Cross-sectional studies that collect data on a topic at 1...
Chapter FiveChapter Five
Survey DesignsSurvey Designs
Survey Design
• Cross-sectional studies that collect data on a topic at 1 point in time
• Measures many variables at once
• Uses statistical techniques to make inferences about relationships among variables
Rationale of the SurveyRationale of the Survey
• used for large sample studies intending to use a sample to represent a larger population
• collects information on many variables typically
• may be altered for interviews to allow probing
• relatively easy, cheap
Steps in Survey Design• Formulate the research question
• Select the type of survey (interview, phone,etc)
• Translate the objectives of the survey into items or questions
• Identify the population or setting
• Develop sampling procedures
• Design data collection procedures
• Pilot test data collection & analysis procedures
• Modify procedures as necessary
• Collect & analyze data & write report
General Rules: AdministrationGeneral Rules: Administration
• establish legitimacy
• keep it simple
• report to respondent
• pay respondents, reciprocal relation
• no pressure to participate
• quality control
Individually-Delivered Individually-Delivered QuestionnairesQuestionnaires
• Personal contact
• avoid mail backs or drop-box return method
• use slotted return box
• record time/place information
• provide envelope for privacy
Group Administered Group Administered QuestionnairesQuestionnaires
• voluntary nature of survey
• arrange in advance
• explain survey to respondents
• administer at end of session
• identify bad questionnaires
Mailed QuestionnairesMailed Questionnaires
• Response rate concern: key elements include:
– salience of topic– number of contacts– incentives– government sponsored
Tips for Mailed QuestionnairesTips for Mailed Questionnaires
• legitimacy through sponsoring agency
• name in full, no initials, personal touch (hand written good)
• first-class mail, stamps, not metered
• stamped envelope for return
• codes on questionnaire
• incentive, use new coinage
• post-card follow up
• phone call follow up
Phone Survey TipsPhone Survey Tips
• begin with salient & interesting• establish rules for determining who gets
interviewed• monitor quality• simplify response categories
Advantages & LimitationsAdvantages & Limitations
Research Design Category General ValidityCausalInference
Multi-variate Probing
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS
Pre-experimental Experimental Quasi-Experimental
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SURVEY DESIGNS
Individual Questionnaire Group Administered Phone Survey Interview Comparative Analysis Secondary Data Meta Analysis
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Comparative Studies
• Comparative surveys involve comparing two or more samples on one or more variables, at one point in time
• Comparative studies are those whose very purpose is to compare
• May include quantitative, qualitative, or a combination of each method
• Cross-cultural & historical studies are examples
Examples of Comparative Nursing Studies
• Coming of Age in the New Metropolis (Palteil et al., 1998)
• Adaptation to Pregnancy in Three different Ethnic Groups (Lederman & Miller, 1998)
Challenges in Comparative Research
• Equivalence of concepts
• Equivalence of indicators
• Equivalence of language
• The problem of selecting evidence
Secondary Data Analysis
• The analysis of an existing data source, or set of documents, for some research purpose other than the one originally intended
• Involves re-analysis of data by another researcher to answer the same research question or another question or to apply a different method of analysis
• Most resembles survey designs in terms of the analytical procedures used
Secondary Data Analysis
• Purpose
• Sources of data
• Challenges in conducting secondary data analysis