Chapter Fifteen: In Search of Homeland Security. Defining Homeland Security.

Chapter Fifteen:Chapter Fifteen:

In Search of Homeland In Search of Homeland SecuritySecurity

Defining Homeland Defining Homeland SecuritySecurity

Defining Homeland SecurityDefining Homeland Security

Issues surrounding homeland securityIssues surrounding homeland security Issues surrounding homeland security Issues surrounding homeland security

are confused because the country is are confused because the country is dealing with a new concept, a new dealing with a new concept, a new meaning of conflict, and a change in meaning of conflict, and a change in the procedures used to defend the the procedures used to defend the United StatesUnited States

Department of Homeland Security (DHS)Department of Homeland Security (DHS) DHS is responsible for protecting the DHS is responsible for protecting the

borders and the country’s interiorborders and the country’s interior

Mission and understandingMission and understanding Mission and understanding mean the Mission and understanding mean the

same thing, but there are many different same thing, but there are many different understandings of homeland security understandings of homeland security because many agencies have differing because many agencies have differing missionsmissions

PolicyPolicy The policy guiding homeland security in The policy guiding homeland security in

the United States has not been fully the United States has not been fully developed, and executives are not quite developed, and executives are not quite sure of the way that all the missions of sure of the way that all the missions of various agencies fit togethervarious agencies fit together


Civil defenseCivil defense Homeland security also involves Homeland security also involves

civil defense, that is, citizens civil defense, that is, citizens engaged in homeland securityengaged in homeland security

A major portion of security is a A major portion of security is a civic responsibilitycivic responsibility


Clausewitz, Sun Tzu, and Clausewitz, Sun Tzu, and Views of WarViews of War

Democrats and RepublicansDemocrats and Republicans Republicans tend to see terrorism Republicans tend to see terrorism

as a military issueas a military issue Democrats tend to see terrorism Democrats tend to see terrorism

as a criminal actas a criminal act

Clausewitz, Sun Tzu, and Views Clausewitz, Sun Tzu, and Views of Warof War


Before the time of growing terrorismBefore the time of growing terrorism Before the time of growing terrorism, Before the time of growing terrorism,

War was an extension of politics fought War was an extension of politics fought within the legal framework of the within the legal framework of the ConstitutionConstitution

The Constitution states that only The Constitution states that only Congress has the power to declare war, Congress has the power to declare war, and Congress declares whether and Congress declares whether America is in a state of war or of peaceAmerica is in a state of war or of peace

Terrorism is changing the nature of Terrorism is changing the nature of conflictconflict


Carl von ClausewitzCarl von Clausewitz Prussian general and military philosopher, Prussian general and military philosopher,

Carl von Clausewitz, came to believe that the Carl von Clausewitz, came to believe that the French Revolution created a new type of warFrench Revolution created a new type of war

The strength of the French came from their The strength of the French came from their ability to place the nation in arms, that is, to ability to place the nation in arms, that is, to rally the people to the belief that all citizens rally the people to the belief that all citizens of a nation are potential soldiers or of a nation are potential soldiers or supporters of the militarysupporters of the military

Clausewitz’s Clausewitz’s On WarOn War is a philosophical is a philosophical treatise on the nature of total, nationalistic treatise on the nature of total, nationalistic warswars


Victor Hanson’s criticism of ClausewitzVictor Hanson’s criticism of Clausewitz Hanson criticizes Clausewitz and the Hanson criticizes Clausewitz and the

Western way of battle, claiming the Western way of battle, claiming the West is consumed with the way war West is consumed with the way war was fought in Ancient Greece. was fought in Ancient Greece. According to this line of thought, the According to this line of thought, the purpose of military action is to seek a purpose of military action is to seek a decisive engagement.decisive engagement.

Terrorism is designed to produce the Terrorism is designed to produce the opposite effect, seeking to avoid direct opposite effect, seeking to avoid direct confrontation with forceconfrontation with force


Sun TzuSun Tzu Chinese philosopher, Sun Tzu, Chinese philosopher, Sun Tzu,

produced a treatise on the produced a treatise on the paradoxes of warparadoxes of war

Sun Tzu saw war and peace as two Sun Tzu saw war and peace as two sides of the same coinsides of the same coin

War and politics were War and politics were psychological forces held together psychological forces held together by the belief in powerby the belief in power


AsymmetryAsymmetry Terrorism is based on Sun Tzu’s concept of strength-to-Terrorism is based on Sun Tzu’s concept of strength-to-

weaknessweakness In modern military parlance this is called asymmetry- In modern military parlance this is called asymmetry-

competing forces are out of balancecompeting forces are out of balance Terrorists tend to be true believers who sacrifice lives, Terrorists tend to be true believers who sacrifice lives,

and they are willing to attack while avoiding social and they are willing to attack while avoiding social conventions and societal normsconventions and societal norms

The purpose of terrorism is to give the impression that The purpose of terrorism is to give the impression that powerful economic, military, and political forces cannot powerful economic, military, and political forces cannot protect ordinary people going about their daily routinesprotect ordinary people going about their daily routines

Military forces must cope with this change, but criminal Military forces must cope with this change, but criminal justice agencies become involved in homeland security justice agencies become involved in homeland security precisely because terrorists fight outside the rulesprecisely because terrorists fight outside the rules

Pearl Harbor and 9-11: Two Pearl Harbor and 9-11: Two Different WorldsDifferent Worlds


December 7, 1941December 7, 1941 The purpose of the Japanese The purpose of the Japanese

attack on Pearl Harbor was to attack on Pearl Harbor was to destroy U.S. military capabilities in destroy U.S. military capabilities in the Pacificthe Pacific


September 11, 2001September 11, 2001 The 9-11 attacks were designed for drama. They The 9-11 attacks were designed for drama. They

were a tragedy performed on a subnational were a tragedy performed on a subnational level, with the purpose of murdering thousands level, with the purpose of murdering thousands of people to create an aura of fearof people to create an aura of fear

The goal of the September 11 terrorists was not The goal of the September 11 terrorists was not one of conventional military strategy. Its one of conventional military strategy. Its purpose was to create so much feat that purpose was to create so much feat that Western institutions would change their Western institutions would change their behaviorbehavior

The terrorists of September 11 were attacking The terrorists of September 11 were attacking globalization while America was defending state globalization while America was defending state powerpower


The new style of conflictThe new style of conflict Jihadists are not attacking state Jihadists are not attacking state

power; they are attacking the idea power; they are attacking the idea of Western, and particularly of Western, and particularly American cultureAmerican culture

Modern terrorism is aimed at the Modern terrorism is aimed at the infrastructure of everyday life and infrastructure of everyday life and the symbols that define that the symbols that define that structurestructure

Redefining Conflict, Redefining Conflict, Defense, and IntelligenceDefense, and Intelligence

Redefining Conflict, Defense, and Redefining Conflict, Defense, and IntelligenceIntelligence

Clausewitz’s factors on the Clausewitz’s factors on the changing nature of military actionchanging nature of military action

Sometimes wars are fought on Sometimes wars are fought on frontiers against irregular armiesfrontiers against irregular armies

War is an extension of politics. War is an extension of politics. The only reason a nation fights is The only reason a nation fights is to win a political victoryto win a political victory


Preparing for the new type of warPreparing for the new type of war The Pentagon prepared to fight The Pentagon prepared to fight

state-to-state battles during the state-to-state battles during the 1990s1990s

Terrorists do not fight in field Terrorists do not fight in field engagements; therefore, military engagements; therefore, military forces must transform their forces must transform their structures to take the fight to structures to take the fight to terroriststerrorists


Vice admiral Arthur CebrowskyVice admiral Arthur Cebrowsky Cebrowsky believes that America Cebrowsky believes that America

needs to create a new defense needs to create a new defense culture that permeates all levels of culture that permeates all levels of society and that breaks down society and that breaks down barriers between organizationsbarriers between organizations

The United States needs forces The United States needs forces that thoroughly understand that thoroughly understand American culture and the cultures American culture and the cultures of our enemies and friendsof our enemies and friends


Martin van CrefeldMartin van Crefeld Crefeld argues that war has Crefeld argues that war has

changed; violence is the purposechanged; violence is the purpose Crefeld illustrates his thesis by Crefeld illustrates his thesis by

using the French-Algerian War as using the French-Algerian War as an example. The Algerian an example. The Algerian nationalists of the National nationalists of the National Liberation Front (FLN) fought for the Liberation Front (FLN) fought for the community’s survival. As long as community’s survival. As long as they fought, they were succeedingthey fought, they were succeeding

Redefining Conflict, Defense, Redefining Conflict, Defense, and Intelligenceand Intelligence

Barnett’s thesisBarnett’s thesis Barnett implies that military forces must Barnett implies that military forces must

change for future battleschange for future battles A force fighting to impose political will A force fighting to impose political will

operates differently from a force fighting for operates differently from a force fighting for existenceexistence

The purpose of power is to create a new set The purpose of power is to create a new set of international rules in which all nations are of international rules in which all nations are included in economic development, included in economic development, prosperity, and peaceprosperity, and peace

When nations are excluded, violent terrorists When nations are excluded, violent terrorists have no incentive to play within the ruleshave no incentive to play within the rules

The Role of Symbols The Role of Symbols and Structuresand Structures

The Role of Symbols and The Role of Symbols and StructuresStructures

Symbolic targetsSymbolic targets Asymmetrical war is waged Asymmetrical war is waged

against symbolic targets, and against symbolic targets, and homeland security is designed to homeland security is designed to secure symbolssecure symbols

Attacks against symbols disrupt Attacks against symbols disrupt support structures and can have a support structures and can have a high human tollhigh human toll


Grenville ByfordGrenville Byford Byford points out that symbolic Byford points out that symbolic

attack may simply be designed to attack may simply be designed to inflict massive casualties; that is, inflict massive casualties; that is, killing people has a symbolic valuekilling people has a symbolic value

Rather than engaging in political Rather than engaging in political rhetoric about morality, Byford rhetoric about morality, Byford concludes, it is more productive to concludes, it is more productive to understand that Americans represent understand that Americans represent symbolic targets of military valuesymbolic targets of military value


Ian Lesser’s three forms of terrorismIan Lesser’s three forms of terrorism Symbolic terrorism is a dramatic attack Symbolic terrorism is a dramatic attack

to show vulnerabilityto show vulnerability Pragmatic terrorism involves a practical Pragmatic terrorism involves a practical

attempt to destroy political powerattempt to destroy political power Systematic terrorism is waged over a Systematic terrorism is waged over a

period of time to change social period of time to change social conditionsconditions

Terrorists use symbolic attacks or Terrorists use symbolic attacks or attacks on symbols to achieve pragmatic attacks on symbols to achieve pragmatic or systematic resultsor systematic results


The key to securityThe key to security Offer protection without destroying Offer protection without destroying

abstract meaningsabstract meanings Enhance protection while Enhance protection while

maintaining opennessmaintaining openness The irony is that every added The irony is that every added

security measure increases the security measure increases the feeling of insecurityfeeling of insecurity

Law Enforcement’s Law Enforcement’s Special RoleSpecial Role

Law Enforcement’s Special RoleLaw Enforcement’s Special Role

Preemptive, offensive policingPreemptive, offensive policing If law enforcement simply If law enforcement simply

responds, it will have little impact responds, it will have little impact on the prevention of terrorismon the prevention of terrorism


Results if state and local agencies shift to Results if state and local agencies shift to offensive thinking and actionoffensive thinking and action Police contact with potential terrorists Police contact with potential terrorists

will increasewill increase This, however, increases the This, however, increases the

possibility of negative stereotyping possibility of negative stereotyping and the abuse of powerand the abuse of power

Proactive measures demand increased Proactive measures demand increased intelligence gathering, and much of the intelligence gathering, and much of the information will have not relation to information will have not relation to criminal activitycriminal activity


Offensive action in the private sectorOffensive action in the private sector Offensive action begins in the local Offensive action begins in the local

communitycommunity The weakness in local systems The weakness in local systems

occurs because state and local occurs because state and local police departments do not frequently police departments do not frequently think beyond their jurisdictions, and think beyond their jurisdictions, and they do not routinely take advantage they do not routinely take advantage of potential partnerships inside their of potential partnerships inside their bailiwicksbailiwicks

Building Intelligence Building Intelligence SystemsSystems

Building Intelligence SystemsBuilding Intelligence Systems

The most important aspect of The most important aspect of securitysecurity Information that guides security Information that guides security

forcesforces Information is crucial for day-to-Information is crucial for day-to-

day operationsday operations

Building Intelligence SystemsBuilding Intelligence Systems Information gatheringInformation gathering

While academic in nature, information While academic in nature, information gathering is directly applicable to gathering is directly applicable to gathering intelligencegathering intelligence

Applied intelligence involves gathering Applied intelligence involves gathering basic information about a target and real-basic information about a target and real-time information about current eventstime information about current events

The practical application of this process The practical application of this process comes through organizing structures comes through organizing structures aimed at collecting, analyzing, and aimed at collecting, analyzing, and forwarding informationforwarding information


President Jimmy CarterPresident Jimmy Carter Carter wanted to protect Carter wanted to protect

Americans from their governmentAmericans from their government The government began to limit the The government began to limit the

power of intelligence operations, power of intelligence operations, unintentionally hampering their unintentionally hampering their effectivenesseffectiveness


Time Time magazine articlemagazine article The article stated: America needs to learn The article stated: America needs to learn

to spy againto spy again National security intelligence is crucial, National security intelligence is crucial,

but law enforcement has a rolebut law enforcement has a role The authors of the article also censure The authors of the article also censure

bureaucratic structures for failing to share bureaucratic structures for failing to share information, and they condemn the information, and they condemn the system for relying too heavily on machine system for relying too heavily on machine and electronic informationand electronic information

Another weak point is the inability to Another weak point is the inability to analyze the informationanalyze the information


New Jersey State Police (NJSP)New Jersey State Police (NJSP) The NJSP Intelligence Service Section is The NJSP Intelligence Service Section is

made up of three divisionsmade up of three divisions The Intelligence Bureau is the largest The Intelligence Bureau is the largest

division, composed of six unitsdivision, composed of six units The Analytical UnitThe Analytical Unit The Casino Intelligence UnitThe Casino Intelligence Unit The Electronic Surveillance UnitThe Electronic Surveillance Unit The Liaison Computerized Services UnitThe Liaison Computerized Services Unit The Service UnitThe Service Unit The Street Gang UnitThe Street Gang Unit


The central security unit is responsible The central security unit is responsible for New Jersey’s counterterrorist for New Jersey’s counterterrorist mission. It is a proactive organization mission. It is a proactive organization designed to prevent terrorism through designed to prevent terrorism through interdictioninterdiction

The Solid Waste Unit keeps an eye on The Solid Waste Unit keeps an eye on organized crimeorganized crime

Recently, NJSP linked its intelligence Recently, NJSP linked its intelligence service with federal law enforcement, service with federal law enforcement, giving it the potential for greater giving it the potential for greater effectivenesseffectiveness

Building Intelligence SystemsBuilding Intelligence Systems California Anti-Terrorism Information Center California Anti-Terrorism Information Center

(CATIC)(CATIC) Formed after 9-11, the CATIC is a Formed after 9-11, the CATIC is a

statewide intelligence system is designed statewide intelligence system is designed to combat terrorismto combat terrorism

The center links federal, state, and local The center links federal, state, and local information services in one system and information services in one system and divides operational zones into five divides operational zones into five administrative areasadministrative areas

CATIC combines public information with CATIC combines public information with data on criminal trends and public terrorist data on criminal trends and public terrorist activitiesactivities


New York City Police Department New York City Police Department (NYPD)(NYPD) Police Commissioner Raymond Police Commissioner Raymond

Kelly created two new unitsKelly created two new units One for counterterrorismOne for counterterrorism One for intelligenceOne for intelligence


Critics of the FBI and CIACritics of the FBI and CIA The FBI and CIA have been criticized The FBI and CIA have been criticized

for failing to gather information before for failing to gather information before the September 11 attacks and the September 11 attacks and ineffectively analyzing the information ineffectively analyzing the information they did havethey did have

Civil liberties groups fear growing Civil liberties groups fear growing power in agencies associated with power in agencies associated with homeland security, while others homeland security, while others express concern over expanding express concern over expanding executive authorityexecutive authority

Planning for Homeland Planning for Homeland SecuritySecurity

Planning for Homeland SecurityPlanning for Homeland Security

Planning is essentialPlanning is essential Planning enhances the gathering, Planning enhances the gathering,

organizing, and analyzing of organizing, and analyzing of informationinformation


The International Association of Chiefs The International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP)of Police (IACP) The IACP believes planning can be The IACP believes planning can be

guided by looking for threats inside guided by looking for threats inside local communitieslocal communities

Indicators such as an increase in Indicators such as an increase in violent rhetoric, the appearance of violent rhetoric, the appearance of extremist groups, and increases in extremist groups, and increases in certain types of crimes may certain types of crimes may demonstrate that a terrorist problem demonstrate that a terrorist problem is on the horizonis on the horizon


Richard BestRichard Best National security differs from law enforcementNational security differs from law enforcement In police work, officers react to information In police work, officers react to information

provided voluntarilyprovided voluntarily National security intelligence is used to National security intelligence is used to

anticipate threatsanticipate threats Law enforcement should plan and develop Law enforcement should plan and develop

two channels for informationtwo channels for information One should be aimed at law enforcementOne should be aimed at law enforcement State and local police agencies should be State and local police agencies should be

prepared to pass such information along to prepared to pass such information along to defense sourcesdefense sources

Creating a Culture of Creating a Culture of Information SharingInformation Sharing

Creating a Culture of Information Creating a Culture of Information SharingSharing

The National Strategy for Homeland The National Strategy for Homeland Security calls for increased Security calls for increased information sharing among law information sharing among law enforcement agenciesenforcement agencies


Information sharing systemsInformation sharing systems The Regional Information Sharing System The Regional Information Sharing System

(RISS)(RISS) The RISS is a six-part information The RISS is a six-part information

network whose policies are controlled by network whose policies are controlled by its membersits members

The High Intensity Drug Trafficking Areas The High Intensity Drug Trafficking Areas (HIDTAs)(HIDTAs)

The El Paso Intelligence Center (EPIC)The El Paso Intelligence Center (EPIC) The International Law Enforcement The International Law Enforcement

Intelligence Analysts (IALEIA)Intelligence Analysts (IALEIA) Weaknesses in the U.S. systemWeaknesses in the U.S. system


The National Criminal Intelligence The National Criminal Intelligence Sharing PlanSharing Plan The purpose of the plan is not only The purpose of the plan is not only

to create a culture of sharing, but to create a culture of sharing, but to generate the structures and to generate the structures and communications systems to make communications systems to make it happenit happen

All agencies will communicate in a All agencies will communicate in a single networksingle network


9-11 Commission Report 9-11 Commission Report recommendationsrecommendations Recommendations focused on Recommendations focused on

defense, intelligence, information defense, intelligence, information sharing, homeland security, and sharing, homeland security, and law enforcementlaw enforcement

The commission argued that the The commission argued that the government was structured to government was structured to fight the Cold War, not to counter fight the Cold War, not to counter terrorismterrorism


Critics of the 9-11 Commission Critics of the 9-11 Commission ReportReport The FBI’s record of combating The FBI’s record of combating

terrorism was port, and there may terrorism was port, and there may be no reason to believe that be no reason to believe that restructuring will improve its restructuring will improve its capabilitiescapabilities

Chapter Fifteen: In Search of Homeland Security. Defining Homeland Security.

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