Homeland Security and the Media Homeland Security and the Media.
Chapter Fifteen: In Search of Homeland Security. Defining Homeland Security.
-
Upload
jonathan-haynes -
Category
Documents
-
view
243 -
download
1
Transcript of Chapter Fifteen: In Search of Homeland Security. Defining Homeland Security.
Chapter Fifteen:Chapter Fifteen:
In Search of Homeland In Search of Homeland SecuritySecurity
Defining Homeland Defining Homeland SecuritySecurity
Defining Homeland SecurityDefining Homeland Security
Issues surrounding homeland securityIssues surrounding homeland security Issues surrounding homeland security Issues surrounding homeland security
are confused because the country is are confused because the country is dealing with a new concept, a new dealing with a new concept, a new meaning of conflict, and a change in meaning of conflict, and a change in the procedures used to defend the the procedures used to defend the United StatesUnited States
Department of Homeland Security (DHS)Department of Homeland Security (DHS) DHS is responsible for protecting the DHS is responsible for protecting the
borders and the country’s interiorborders and the country’s interior
Mission and understandingMission and understanding Mission and understanding mean the Mission and understanding mean the
same thing, but there are many different same thing, but there are many different understandings of homeland security understandings of homeland security because many agencies have differing because many agencies have differing missionsmissions
PolicyPolicy The policy guiding homeland security in The policy guiding homeland security in
the United States has not been fully the United States has not been fully developed, and executives are not quite developed, and executives are not quite sure of the way that all the missions of sure of the way that all the missions of various agencies fit togethervarious agencies fit together
Defining Homeland SecurityDefining Homeland Security
Civil defenseCivil defense Homeland security also involves Homeland security also involves
civil defense, that is, citizens civil defense, that is, citizens engaged in homeland securityengaged in homeland security
A major portion of security is a A major portion of security is a civic responsibilitycivic responsibility
Defining Homeland SecurityDefining Homeland Security
Clausewitz, Sun Tzu, and Clausewitz, Sun Tzu, and Views of WarViews of War
Democrats and RepublicansDemocrats and Republicans Republicans tend to see terrorism Republicans tend to see terrorism
as a military issueas a military issue Democrats tend to see terrorism Democrats tend to see terrorism
as a criminal actas a criminal act
Clausewitz, Sun Tzu, and Views Clausewitz, Sun Tzu, and Views of Warof War
Clausewitz, Sun Tzu, and Views Clausewitz, Sun Tzu, and Views of Warof War
Before the time of growing terrorismBefore the time of growing terrorism Before the time of growing terrorism, Before the time of growing terrorism,
War was an extension of politics fought War was an extension of politics fought within the legal framework of the within the legal framework of the ConstitutionConstitution
The Constitution states that only The Constitution states that only Congress has the power to declare war, Congress has the power to declare war, and Congress declares whether and Congress declares whether America is in a state of war or of peaceAmerica is in a state of war or of peace
Terrorism is changing the nature of Terrorism is changing the nature of conflictconflict
Clausewitz, Sun Tzu, and Views Clausewitz, Sun Tzu, and Views of Warof War
Carl von ClausewitzCarl von Clausewitz Prussian general and military philosopher, Prussian general and military philosopher,
Carl von Clausewitz, came to believe that the Carl von Clausewitz, came to believe that the French Revolution created a new type of warFrench Revolution created a new type of war
The strength of the French came from their The strength of the French came from their ability to place the nation in arms, that is, to ability to place the nation in arms, that is, to rally the people to the belief that all citizens rally the people to the belief that all citizens of a nation are potential soldiers or of a nation are potential soldiers or supporters of the militarysupporters of the military
Clausewitz’s Clausewitz’s On WarOn War is a philosophical is a philosophical treatise on the nature of total, nationalistic treatise on the nature of total, nationalistic warswars
Clausewitz, Sun Tzu, and Views Clausewitz, Sun Tzu, and Views of Warof War
Victor Hanson’s criticism of ClausewitzVictor Hanson’s criticism of Clausewitz Hanson criticizes Clausewitz and the Hanson criticizes Clausewitz and the
Western way of battle, claiming the Western way of battle, claiming the West is consumed with the way war West is consumed with the way war was fought in Ancient Greece. was fought in Ancient Greece. According to this line of thought, the According to this line of thought, the purpose of military action is to seek a purpose of military action is to seek a decisive engagement.decisive engagement.
Terrorism is designed to produce the Terrorism is designed to produce the opposite effect, seeking to avoid direct opposite effect, seeking to avoid direct confrontation with forceconfrontation with force
Clausewitz, Sun Tzu, and Views Clausewitz, Sun Tzu, and Views of Warof War
Sun TzuSun Tzu Chinese philosopher, Sun Tzu, Chinese philosopher, Sun Tzu,
produced a treatise on the produced a treatise on the paradoxes of warparadoxes of war
Sun Tzu saw war and peace as two Sun Tzu saw war and peace as two sides of the same coinsides of the same coin
War and politics were War and politics were psychological forces held together psychological forces held together by the belief in powerby the belief in power
Clausewitz, Sun Tzu, and Views Clausewitz, Sun Tzu, and Views of Warof War
AsymmetryAsymmetry Terrorism is based on Sun Tzu’s concept of strength-to-Terrorism is based on Sun Tzu’s concept of strength-to-
weaknessweakness In modern military parlance this is called asymmetry- In modern military parlance this is called asymmetry-
competing forces are out of balancecompeting forces are out of balance Terrorists tend to be true believers who sacrifice lives, Terrorists tend to be true believers who sacrifice lives,
and they are willing to attack while avoiding social and they are willing to attack while avoiding social conventions and societal normsconventions and societal norms
The purpose of terrorism is to give the impression that The purpose of terrorism is to give the impression that powerful economic, military, and political forces cannot powerful economic, military, and political forces cannot protect ordinary people going about their daily routinesprotect ordinary people going about their daily routines
Military forces must cope with this change, but criminal Military forces must cope with this change, but criminal justice agencies become involved in homeland security justice agencies become involved in homeland security precisely because terrorists fight outside the rulesprecisely because terrorists fight outside the rules
Pearl Harbor and 9-11: Two Pearl Harbor and 9-11: Two Different WorldsDifferent Worlds
Pearl Harbor and 9-11: Two Pearl Harbor and 9-11: Two Different WorldsDifferent Worlds
December 7, 1941December 7, 1941 The purpose of the Japanese The purpose of the Japanese
attack on Pearl Harbor was to attack on Pearl Harbor was to destroy U.S. military capabilities in destroy U.S. military capabilities in the Pacificthe Pacific
Pearl Harbor and 9-11: Two Pearl Harbor and 9-11: Two Different WorldsDifferent Worlds
September 11, 2001September 11, 2001 The 9-11 attacks were designed for drama. They The 9-11 attacks were designed for drama. They
were a tragedy performed on a subnational were a tragedy performed on a subnational level, with the purpose of murdering thousands level, with the purpose of murdering thousands of people to create an aura of fearof people to create an aura of fear
The goal of the September 11 terrorists was not The goal of the September 11 terrorists was not one of conventional military strategy. Its one of conventional military strategy. Its purpose was to create so much feat that purpose was to create so much feat that Western institutions would change their Western institutions would change their behaviorbehavior
The terrorists of September 11 were attacking The terrorists of September 11 were attacking globalization while America was defending state globalization while America was defending state powerpower
Pearl Harbor and 9-11: Two Pearl Harbor and 9-11: Two Different WorldsDifferent Worlds
The new style of conflictThe new style of conflict Jihadists are not attacking state Jihadists are not attacking state
power; they are attacking the idea power; they are attacking the idea of Western, and particularly of Western, and particularly American cultureAmerican culture
Modern terrorism is aimed at the Modern terrorism is aimed at the infrastructure of everyday life and infrastructure of everyday life and the symbols that define that the symbols that define that structurestructure
Redefining Conflict, Redefining Conflict, Defense, and IntelligenceDefense, and Intelligence
Redefining Conflict, Defense, and Redefining Conflict, Defense, and IntelligenceIntelligence
Clausewitz’s factors on the Clausewitz’s factors on the changing nature of military actionchanging nature of military action
Sometimes wars are fought on Sometimes wars are fought on frontiers against irregular armiesfrontiers against irregular armies
War is an extension of politics. War is an extension of politics. The only reason a nation fights is The only reason a nation fights is to win a political victoryto win a political victory
Redefining Conflict, Defense, and Redefining Conflict, Defense, and IntelligenceIntelligence
Preparing for the new type of warPreparing for the new type of war The Pentagon prepared to fight The Pentagon prepared to fight
state-to-state battles during the state-to-state battles during the 1990s1990s
Terrorists do not fight in field Terrorists do not fight in field engagements; therefore, military engagements; therefore, military forces must transform their forces must transform their structures to take the fight to structures to take the fight to terroriststerrorists
Redefining Conflict, Defense, and Redefining Conflict, Defense, and IntelligenceIntelligence
Vice admiral Arthur CebrowskyVice admiral Arthur Cebrowsky Cebrowsky believes that America Cebrowsky believes that America
needs to create a new defense needs to create a new defense culture that permeates all levels of culture that permeates all levels of society and that breaks down society and that breaks down barriers between organizationsbarriers between organizations
The United States needs forces The United States needs forces that thoroughly understand that thoroughly understand American culture and the cultures American culture and the cultures of our enemies and friendsof our enemies and friends
Redefining Conflict, Defense, and Redefining Conflict, Defense, and IntelligenceIntelligence
Martin van CrefeldMartin van Crefeld Crefeld argues that war has Crefeld argues that war has
changed; violence is the purposechanged; violence is the purpose Crefeld illustrates his thesis by Crefeld illustrates his thesis by
using the French-Algerian War as using the French-Algerian War as an example. The Algerian an example. The Algerian nationalists of the National nationalists of the National Liberation Front (FLN) fought for the Liberation Front (FLN) fought for the community’s survival. As long as community’s survival. As long as they fought, they were succeedingthey fought, they were succeeding
Redefining Conflict, Defense, Redefining Conflict, Defense, and Intelligenceand Intelligence
Barnett’s thesisBarnett’s thesis Barnett implies that military forces must Barnett implies that military forces must
change for future battleschange for future battles A force fighting to impose political will A force fighting to impose political will
operates differently from a force fighting for operates differently from a force fighting for existenceexistence
The purpose of power is to create a new set The purpose of power is to create a new set of international rules in which all nations are of international rules in which all nations are included in economic development, included in economic development, prosperity, and peaceprosperity, and peace
When nations are excluded, violent terrorists When nations are excluded, violent terrorists have no incentive to play within the ruleshave no incentive to play within the rules
The Role of Symbols The Role of Symbols and Structuresand Structures
The Role of Symbols and The Role of Symbols and StructuresStructures
Symbolic targetsSymbolic targets Asymmetrical war is waged Asymmetrical war is waged
against symbolic targets, and against symbolic targets, and homeland security is designed to homeland security is designed to secure symbolssecure symbols
Attacks against symbols disrupt Attacks against symbols disrupt support structures and can have a support structures and can have a high human tollhigh human toll
The Role of Symbols and The Role of Symbols and StructuresStructures
Grenville ByfordGrenville Byford Byford points out that symbolic Byford points out that symbolic
attack may simply be designed to attack may simply be designed to inflict massive casualties; that is, inflict massive casualties; that is, killing people has a symbolic valuekilling people has a symbolic value
Rather than engaging in political Rather than engaging in political rhetoric about morality, Byford rhetoric about morality, Byford concludes, it is more productive to concludes, it is more productive to understand that Americans represent understand that Americans represent symbolic targets of military valuesymbolic targets of military value
The Role of Symbols and The Role of Symbols and StructuresStructures
Ian Lesser’s three forms of terrorismIan Lesser’s three forms of terrorism Symbolic terrorism is a dramatic attack Symbolic terrorism is a dramatic attack
to show vulnerabilityto show vulnerability Pragmatic terrorism involves a practical Pragmatic terrorism involves a practical
attempt to destroy political powerattempt to destroy political power Systematic terrorism is waged over a Systematic terrorism is waged over a
period of time to change social period of time to change social conditionsconditions
Terrorists use symbolic attacks or Terrorists use symbolic attacks or attacks on symbols to achieve pragmatic attacks on symbols to achieve pragmatic or systematic resultsor systematic results
The Role of Symbols and The Role of Symbols and StructuresStructures
The key to securityThe key to security Offer protection without destroying Offer protection without destroying
abstract meaningsabstract meanings Enhance protection while Enhance protection while
maintaining opennessmaintaining openness The irony is that every added The irony is that every added
security measure increases the security measure increases the feeling of insecurityfeeling of insecurity
Law Enforcement’s Law Enforcement’s Special RoleSpecial Role
Law Enforcement’s Special RoleLaw Enforcement’s Special Role
Preemptive, offensive policingPreemptive, offensive policing If law enforcement simply If law enforcement simply
responds, it will have little impact responds, it will have little impact on the prevention of terrorismon the prevention of terrorism
Law Enforcement’s Special RoleLaw Enforcement’s Special Role
Results if state and local agencies shift to Results if state and local agencies shift to offensive thinking and actionoffensive thinking and action Police contact with potential terrorists Police contact with potential terrorists
will increasewill increase This, however, increases the This, however, increases the
possibility of negative stereotyping possibility of negative stereotyping and the abuse of powerand the abuse of power
Proactive measures demand increased Proactive measures demand increased intelligence gathering, and much of the intelligence gathering, and much of the information will have not relation to information will have not relation to criminal activitycriminal activity
Law Enforcement’s Special RoleLaw Enforcement’s Special Role
Offensive action in the private sectorOffensive action in the private sector Offensive action begins in the local Offensive action begins in the local
communitycommunity The weakness in local systems The weakness in local systems
occurs because state and local occurs because state and local police departments do not frequently police departments do not frequently think beyond their jurisdictions, and think beyond their jurisdictions, and they do not routinely take advantage they do not routinely take advantage of potential partnerships inside their of potential partnerships inside their bailiwicksbailiwicks
Building Intelligence Building Intelligence SystemsSystems
Building Intelligence SystemsBuilding Intelligence Systems
The most important aspect of The most important aspect of securitysecurity Information that guides security Information that guides security
forcesforces Information is crucial for day-to-Information is crucial for day-to-
day operationsday operations
Building Intelligence SystemsBuilding Intelligence Systems Information gatheringInformation gathering
While academic in nature, information While academic in nature, information gathering is directly applicable to gathering is directly applicable to gathering intelligencegathering intelligence
Applied intelligence involves gathering Applied intelligence involves gathering basic information about a target and real-basic information about a target and real-time information about current eventstime information about current events
The practical application of this process The practical application of this process comes through organizing structures comes through organizing structures aimed at collecting, analyzing, and aimed at collecting, analyzing, and forwarding informationforwarding information
Building Intelligence SystemsBuilding Intelligence Systems
President Jimmy CarterPresident Jimmy Carter Carter wanted to protect Carter wanted to protect
Americans from their governmentAmericans from their government The government began to limit the The government began to limit the
power of intelligence operations, power of intelligence operations, unintentionally hampering their unintentionally hampering their effectivenesseffectiveness
Building Intelligence SystemsBuilding Intelligence Systems
Time Time magazine articlemagazine article The article stated: America needs to learn The article stated: America needs to learn
to spy againto spy again National security intelligence is crucial, National security intelligence is crucial,
but law enforcement has a rolebut law enforcement has a role The authors of the article also censure The authors of the article also censure
bureaucratic structures for failing to share bureaucratic structures for failing to share information, and they condemn the information, and they condemn the system for relying too heavily on machine system for relying too heavily on machine and electronic informationand electronic information
Another weak point is the inability to Another weak point is the inability to analyze the informationanalyze the information
Building Intelligence SystemsBuilding Intelligence Systems
New Jersey State Police (NJSP)New Jersey State Police (NJSP) The NJSP Intelligence Service Section is The NJSP Intelligence Service Section is
made up of three divisionsmade up of three divisions The Intelligence Bureau is the largest The Intelligence Bureau is the largest
division, composed of six unitsdivision, composed of six units The Analytical UnitThe Analytical Unit The Casino Intelligence UnitThe Casino Intelligence Unit The Electronic Surveillance UnitThe Electronic Surveillance Unit The Liaison Computerized Services UnitThe Liaison Computerized Services Unit The Service UnitThe Service Unit The Street Gang UnitThe Street Gang Unit
Building Intelligence SystemsBuilding Intelligence Systems
The central security unit is responsible The central security unit is responsible for New Jersey’s counterterrorist for New Jersey’s counterterrorist mission. It is a proactive organization mission. It is a proactive organization designed to prevent terrorism through designed to prevent terrorism through interdictioninterdiction
The Solid Waste Unit keeps an eye on The Solid Waste Unit keeps an eye on organized crimeorganized crime
Recently, NJSP linked its intelligence Recently, NJSP linked its intelligence service with federal law enforcement, service with federal law enforcement, giving it the potential for greater giving it the potential for greater effectivenesseffectiveness
Building Intelligence SystemsBuilding Intelligence Systems California Anti-Terrorism Information Center California Anti-Terrorism Information Center
(CATIC)(CATIC) Formed after 9-11, the CATIC is a Formed after 9-11, the CATIC is a
statewide intelligence system is designed statewide intelligence system is designed to combat terrorismto combat terrorism
The center links federal, state, and local The center links federal, state, and local information services in one system and information services in one system and divides operational zones into five divides operational zones into five administrative areasadministrative areas
CATIC combines public information with CATIC combines public information with data on criminal trends and public terrorist data on criminal trends and public terrorist activitiesactivities
Building Intelligence SystemsBuilding Intelligence Systems
New York City Police Department New York City Police Department (NYPD)(NYPD) Police Commissioner Raymond Police Commissioner Raymond
Kelly created two new unitsKelly created two new units One for counterterrorismOne for counterterrorism One for intelligenceOne for intelligence
Building Intelligence SystemsBuilding Intelligence Systems
Critics of the FBI and CIACritics of the FBI and CIA The FBI and CIA have been criticized The FBI and CIA have been criticized
for failing to gather information before for failing to gather information before the September 11 attacks and the September 11 attacks and ineffectively analyzing the information ineffectively analyzing the information they did havethey did have
Civil liberties groups fear growing Civil liberties groups fear growing power in agencies associated with power in agencies associated with homeland security, while others homeland security, while others express concern over expanding express concern over expanding executive authorityexecutive authority
Planning for Homeland Planning for Homeland SecuritySecurity
Planning for Homeland SecurityPlanning for Homeland Security
Planning is essentialPlanning is essential Planning enhances the gathering, Planning enhances the gathering,
organizing, and analyzing of organizing, and analyzing of informationinformation
Planning for Homeland SecurityPlanning for Homeland Security
The International Association of Chiefs The International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP)of Police (IACP) The IACP believes planning can be The IACP believes planning can be
guided by looking for threats inside guided by looking for threats inside local communitieslocal communities
Indicators such as an increase in Indicators such as an increase in violent rhetoric, the appearance of violent rhetoric, the appearance of extremist groups, and increases in extremist groups, and increases in certain types of crimes may certain types of crimes may demonstrate that a terrorist problem demonstrate that a terrorist problem is on the horizonis on the horizon
Planning for Homeland SecurityPlanning for Homeland Security
Richard BestRichard Best National security differs from law enforcementNational security differs from law enforcement In police work, officers react to information In police work, officers react to information
provided voluntarilyprovided voluntarily National security intelligence is used to National security intelligence is used to
anticipate threatsanticipate threats Law enforcement should plan and develop Law enforcement should plan and develop
two channels for informationtwo channels for information One should be aimed at law enforcementOne should be aimed at law enforcement State and local police agencies should be State and local police agencies should be
prepared to pass such information along to prepared to pass such information along to defense sourcesdefense sources
Creating a Culture of Creating a Culture of Information SharingInformation Sharing
Creating a Culture of Information Creating a Culture of Information SharingSharing
The National Strategy for Homeland The National Strategy for Homeland Security calls for increased Security calls for increased information sharing among law information sharing among law enforcement agenciesenforcement agencies
Creating a Culture of Information Creating a Culture of Information SharingSharing
Information sharing systemsInformation sharing systems The Regional Information Sharing System The Regional Information Sharing System
(RISS)(RISS) The RISS is a six-part information The RISS is a six-part information
network whose policies are controlled by network whose policies are controlled by its membersits members
The High Intensity Drug Trafficking Areas The High Intensity Drug Trafficking Areas (HIDTAs)(HIDTAs)
The El Paso Intelligence Center (EPIC)The El Paso Intelligence Center (EPIC) The International Law Enforcement The International Law Enforcement
Intelligence Analysts (IALEIA)Intelligence Analysts (IALEIA) Weaknesses in the U.S. systemWeaknesses in the U.S. system
Creating a Culture of Information Creating a Culture of Information SharingSharing
The National Criminal Intelligence The National Criminal Intelligence Sharing PlanSharing Plan The purpose of the plan is not only The purpose of the plan is not only
to create a culture of sharing, but to create a culture of sharing, but to generate the structures and to generate the structures and communications systems to make communications systems to make it happenit happen
All agencies will communicate in a All agencies will communicate in a single networksingle network
Creating a Culture of Information Creating a Culture of Information SharingSharing
9-11 Commission Report 9-11 Commission Report recommendationsrecommendations Recommendations focused on Recommendations focused on
defense, intelligence, information defense, intelligence, information sharing, homeland security, and sharing, homeland security, and law enforcementlaw enforcement
The commission argued that the The commission argued that the government was structured to government was structured to fight the Cold War, not to counter fight the Cold War, not to counter terrorismterrorism
Creating a Culture of Information Creating a Culture of Information SharingSharing
Critics of the 9-11 Commission Critics of the 9-11 Commission ReportReport The FBI’s record of combating The FBI’s record of combating
terrorism was port, and there may terrorism was port, and there may be no reason to believe that be no reason to believe that restructuring will improve its restructuring will improve its capabilitiescapabilities