Chapter Eleven Addressing Terrorism, Street Gangs, and Drugs.

Chapter Eleven

Addressing Terrorism, Street Gangs, and Drugs

Policing America, 6th editionKenneth Peak

© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.

All Rights Reserved.2

Terrorism

FBI defines terrorism as the “unlawful use of force against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives”




Terrorism

Three categories1. Foreign sponsors of international

terrorism2. Formalized terrorist groups3. Loosely affiliated international

radical extremists




Terrorism Police find themselves vulnerable in

six types of situations1. Traffic stops2. Residence visits3. Rallies/marches4. Confrontations/standoffs5. Revenge and retaliation6. Incident responses




Terrorism Bioterrorism Four major aspects involved in dealing

with terrorist organizations1. Gathering raw intelligence on the

organization’s structure, its members, and its plans

2. Determining what measures can be taken to counter or thwart terrorist activities




Terrorism

3. Assessing how the damage caused by terrorists can be minimized through rapid response and containment

4. Apprehending and convicting individual terrorists and dismantling their organization




Terrorism Military support of law

enforcement Posse Comitatus Act of 1878

National Incident Management System Provide a consistent nationwide

approach for governments to work together




Terrorism Incident Command System

Five major functions1. Command2. Operations3. Planning4. Logistics5. Finance/administration




Terrorism Multiagency Coordination Systems

Combination of facilities, equipment, personnel, procedures, and communications

May contain emergency response centers (EOCs)

Incident command post (ICP)




Terrorism

PreparednessDivided into six areas1. Plans2. Training3. Exercises4. Personnel qualifications and

certification




Terrorism

5. Equipment acquisition and certification

6. Mutual aidUSA PATRIOT Act

Expanded the federal government’s ability to investigate Americans without establishing probable cause and to conduct searches




Terrorism Reauthorized in 2006, providing

additional tools for protecting mass transportation systems, seaports, combating meth epidemic, and creating a National Security Division at the Department of Justice

“roving wiretap” and “sneak and peek”




Terrorism Military Commissions Act of 2006

Try unlawful enemy combatants Authorized to sentence defendants to

death Defendants are prevented from

invoking the Geneva Convention as a source of rights




Terrorism Provision stripping detainees of the

right to file habeas corpus petitions Allows hearsay evidence Allows CIA to continue questioning

key terrorist leaders and operatives




COPPS and Homeland Defense

Numerous community information sources

1. Business owners2. Transportation centers and tourist

attractions3. Sellers of licenses and permits4. Delivery services




COPPS and Homeland Defense

5. Colleges and universities6. Real estate agents7. Storage unit managers8. Hotel clerks and security officers

COPPS should play a central role in the defense of our homeland




Street Gangs

Gangs are comprised of three types of persons

1. Hardcores2. Associates3. Peripherals Most females fall into the last category Join the gang by committing a crime or

undergoing an initiation procedure




Street Gangs U. S. Justice Department

estimates: There are more that 16,000 gangs

and over 500,000 gang members 47.8% are African-American 42.7% are Hispanic 5.2% Asians




Street Gangs Research indicates:

The most typical age range has been approximately 14 to 24

Some as young as 10 years of age Several generations in the same

family who are gang members




Crips, Bloods, MS-13, and Public Enemy No. 1

Crips began in Los Angeles in 1969 Address each other as “cuzz” Crips graffiti can be identified by the

symbol “B/K” that stands for “Blood Killers”

Bloods reported to have formed in and near Compton, California, as a means of protection against the Crips





Address each other as “Blood” Gang graffiti uses the terms “BS”

for “Bloodstone” and “C/K” for “Crips Killers”

Mara Salvatrucha 13, or MS-13 is one of the most rapidly spreading, well-organized, and deadly gangs in the US





Organized in Los Angeles in the late 1980s

Initial purpose was to defend Salvadoran immigrants

Primary purpose now is to prey upon the Salvadoran community

Now have affiliated groups along the East Coast





Public Enemy No. 1 Poses an extraordinary degree of

danger for police Had a hit list of 5 California officers

and a gang prosecutor Roots in punk rock subculture of Long

Beach





Very violent and deals in drugs, guns, and identity theft

Forged an alliance with the Aryan Brotherhood

Use money from identity theft to fund its methamphetamines business




Graffiti Annual cost of graffiti is estimated

to be between $10 billion and $12 billion

Five types of graffiti communication1. Publicity graffiti2. Roll call graffiti3. Territorial graffiti4. Threatening graffiti5. Sympathetic graffiti




Graffiti 5 states have laws that ban spray

paint sales to minors Chicago bans spray paint sales to

the public altogether Chicano gangs use nonverbal

communication known as placa




Police Responses

Four types of programs1. Prevention programs2. Intervention programs3. Suppression programs4. Comprehensive programsMediation of a peace agreement




Gangs and Terrorism Some gangs share with the terrorists

the inclination toward the use of violence to achieve political and economic ends

There might be physical links between street gangs

Gang members and terrorists might be drawn from similar ranks of disaffected youth




Our Nation’s Nightmare: Drugs

About 1.75 million U. S. citizens are arrested for drug violations per year

Almost four in ten violent crimes involve alcohol

Half of all convicted jail inmates were high on drugs or alcohol at the time of their offense





Of the total prison population: 20% are in prison for drug offenses 19.3% of the male prisoners 29.1% of the female prisoners Drug offenses are the reason that

23.7% of blacks, 14.3% of whites, and 22.9% of Hispanics are in state prisons





Methamphetamines is a central nervous system stimulant

Cheap and addictive Negative effects include physical

addiction, psychotic behavioral episodes, and brain damage

Prevalent in the West and Midwest





Clandestine drug labs Meth accounts for 80 to 90% of the

labs’ total production Dealing with the labs requires

extraordinarily high levels of technical expertise

HAZMAT





Average cost of cleaning up materials from a lab range from $2,500 to $10,000

Police responses to the labs1. Using federal and state organized crime

and racketeering statutes2. Searching homes and vehicles of former

lab operators who are on probation and parole

3. Seizing and filing for forfeiture operators’ assets





4. Enforcing environmental protection laws

5. Filing civil actions against persons who allow their property to be used as labs

6. Monitoring the sale and distribution of essential and precursor chemicals used in such labs





Open-air drug markets Lowest level of the drug distribution

network Some open-air drug activities that

the police have undertaken1. Policing the area in a highly

visible fashion2. Enforcing the law intensively





3. Using intelligence-led investigative work

4. Arresting drug buyers in “reverse stings”

Raves Dance parties that feature fast-

paced, repetitive, electronic music and light shows





Drug use is intended to enhance ravers’ sensations and boost their energy

Create a blend of attitudes, drugs, and behaviors not found in other forms of youth culture

Ecstasy is most closely associated with rave parties and can cause brain damage





High-Intensity Drug Trafficking Area Program (HIDTA)

Office of National Drug Control Policy designates an area as a high-intensity drug area

Illegal drug production, manufacturing, importation, or distribution

Receives more than $225 million per year

Chapter Eleven Addressing Terrorism, Street Gangs, and Drugs.

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