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DigitalDesignandComputerArchitecture,2ndEdi(on

Chapter1

DavidMoneyHarrisandSarahL.Harris

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•  Background•  TheGamePlan•  TheArtofManagingComplexity•  TheDigitalAbstrac(on•  NumberSystems•  LogicGates•  LogicLevels•  CMOSTransistors•  PowerConsump(on

Chapter1::Topics

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•  Microprocessorshaverevolu@onizedourworld–  Cellphones,Internet,rapidadvancesinmedicine,etc.

•  Thesemiconductorindustryhasgrownfrom$21billionin1985to$300billionin2011

Background

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•  Purposeofcourse:– Understandwhat’sunderthehoodofacomputer– Learntheprinciplesofdigitaldesign– Learntosystema@callydebugincreasinglycomplexdesigns

– Designandbuildamicroprocessor

TheGamePlan

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•  Abstrac@on•  Discipline•  TheThree–Y’s– Hierarchy– Modularity– Regularity

TheArtofManagingComplexity

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•  Hiding details when they aren’t important

focu

s of

this

cou

rse

programs

device drivers

instructionsregisters

datapathscontrollers

addersmemories

AND gatesNOT gates

amplifiersfilters

transistorsdiodes

electrons

Abstrac@on

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•  Intentionally restrict design choices •  Example: Digital discipline

–  Discrete voltages instead of continuous –  Simpler to design than analog circuits – can build more sophisticated

systems –  Digital systems replacing analog predecessors:

•  i.e., digital cameras, digital television, cell phones, CDs

Discipline

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•  Hierarchy –  A system divided into modules and submodules

•  Modularity –  Having well-defined functions and interfaces

•  Regularity –  Encouraging uniformity, so modules can be easily reused

TheThree-Y’s

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•  Hierarchy –  Three main modules:

lock, stock, and barrel –  Submodules of lock:

hammer, flint, frizzen, etc.

Example:TheFlintlockRifle

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•  Modularity –  Function of stock: mount

barrel and lock –  Interface of stock: length

and location of mounting pins

•  Regularity –  Interchangeable parts

Example:TheFlintlockRifle

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•  Mostphysicalvariablesarecon(nuous– Voltageonawire– Frequencyofanoscilla@on– Posi@onofamass

•  Digitalabstrac@onconsidersdiscretesubsetofvalues

TheDigitalAbstrac@on

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•  DesignedbyCharlesBabbagefrom1834–1871

•  Consideredtobethefirstdigitalcomputer

•  Builtfrommechanicalgears,whereeachgearrepresentedadiscretevalue(0-9)

•  Babbagediedbeforeitwasfinished

TheAnaly@calEngine

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•  Twodiscretevalues:– 1’sand0’s– 1,TRUE,HIGH– 0,FALSE,LOW

•  1and0:voltagelevels,rota@nggears,fluidlevels,etc.

•  Digitalcircuitsusevoltagelevelstorepresent1and0

•  Bit:Binarydigit

DigitalDiscipline:BinaryValues

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•  Born to working class parents •  Taught himself mathematics and

joined the faculty of Queen’s College in Ireland.

•  Wrote An Investigation of the Laws of Thought (1854)

•  Introduced binary variables •  Introduced the three fundamental

logic operations: AND, OR, and NOT.

GeorgeBoole,1815-1864