Chapter – II

STUDIES ON LIBRARY AUTOMATION:

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.0 INTRODUCTION

It is important for any researcher to have an extension review of literature

in the area of her/his work. Generally, sources of information are consulted in

order to get the necessary background knowledge of the problem undertaken for

the study. It is concerned with surveying a particular work related to the work

under study. It is a must for any researcher to avoid duplication in his/her work. It

also helps in having a wider knowledge of the topic chosen and provides the

latest information for the relevant work and a comprehensive knowledge to a

researcher. In order to have a thorough understanding of the library automation,

literatures are being reviewed in this chapter of the work taking in to

consideration various aspects of automation covering studies taken up in India

and abroad as well.

2.1 PURPOSE OF LITERATURE REVIEW

The present review has been taken up with the following purposes:

to define the limit of the study,

to have a thorough understanding of the problem under study,

to understand the latest developments in the field of the study so as to help in designing the study,

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to make the objectives of the study more clear and concise, and

to understand and analyze previous studies and their recommendations for further research.

2.2 SCOPE AND COVERAGE OF THE REVIEW

The present review has covered literature which are related to the topic

under study. Review of those studies has been divided into the following sub-

sections:

(a) Automation

(b) Computerization

(c) ICT Applications

(d) Impact of ICT

(e) Software for automation

The review has covered literature published in various sources since 1980

till 2011 on various dimensions and aspects of automation as grouped above.

2.3 ARRANGEMENT

The review has been arranged under major area of research as grouped

under the headings as divided by sub- sections above. Studies conducted by the

researchers both in abroad and India have been taken together under the similar

areas of study. The arrangement of literature has been done in chronological basis

on ascending order.

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2.4 STUDIES ON AUTOMATION

Automation of different types of libraries is found to be conducted by

different researchers in various parts of the world as the following review shows.

Poor planning, poor design and poor implementation are the problems of

automation and computerization of library information system. In this context

Dwivedi (1992) in his study has identified five types of problems. The identified

category of the problems are: failure of suppliers to deliver the necessary

equipment, failure of suppliers to deliver the required software, inadequate

service response, some machines used in library automation projects are simply

poor machines, either poorly engineered or poorly built and finally software

supplied may be faulty, a problem which usually gets solved one way or another,

but which may fatally disrupt the time schedule or the planned budget projects of

all sizes. Besides, he also mentioned about poor planning, poor design and poor

implementation as the problem of automation and computerization.

In the study of Library and Information Network System, Boralyan and

Ramadevi (1995) highlights the proliferation of scientific and technical literature

that the world has been witnessing knowledge and information explosion during

the past few decades. Emphasis the need for computer application, for automation

and its implication on resources sharing. States the objectives and the technology

used in resource sharing and also describe the characteristics and types of library

resource network.

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In his study, Henry (1997) had discussed the challenges and opportunities

involved in automating library illustrating with examples of what American

libraries have accomplished and what may be the word of warning for Indian

libraries. The study also highlighted that Indian libraries are facing difficulties at

a time when financial resources are dwindling and the costs of automated system

are increasing.

Dilroshan (1998) studied the problem of selected two university library

namely University of Moratuwa Library (UML) and University of Colombo

Library (UML) in the process of their automation by using a survey research

method. The study discussed staff issues, managerial and financial issues etc. and

highlighted their most common and often encountered problems like, power

failure, outdated hardware, customizing software difficulties in training the staff,

etc. The same also put suggestions to overcome the problems and put

recommendations for future course of action.

In the study of automation of public libraries Babu and

Parammeswaran (1999) discussed application of information technology for

library and information services in the context of electronic information era

taking into consideration the professional staff. Application of information

technology in public libraries in Tamil Nadu has been discussed in which staff

opinion has been analysed and public, staff attitude towards information

technology application has also been taken into account.

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In a study on Library Automation and Information Networking

Radheshyam Singh (1999) highlighted the need for developing Imphal-Library-

Network (Inplibnet) as a number of urban library networks in the country like

DELNET, CALIBNET, BOMNET, ADINET, etc. It would be useful, for

resource sharing of various organization/library and checking the duplicate

purchase in the city.

Discussing the need for automation in libraries Mittal (2001) in his study

gave certain points such as growth rate of information, difficulty faced in

updating information due to voluminous increase, rise in the degree of

specialization, resource sharing, high speed accuracy, efficiency of work. The

same also has emphasised to change the old concept of libraries through

automation.

Discussing a modular library automation for next millennium, Sharma,

Zeidi, and Srivastava (2001) put up the sole purpose of the library and

information centres as to organise and provide easy access to the information,

with maximum efficiency in the use of resources, i.e. staff, space, money,

material, etc. The package LIBNET has been discussed in detail which

encompasses various library management facets: Book manager, Budgeting and

Forecasting. It also emphasised that both technical and professional people need

to work in close harmony, to insure proper functioning in the management of

services.

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Discussing the process of automating the library, functions using the

modern technology like application of computers, tele-communications,

computer software, micro forms of media, human interface, Barman (2003),

made a comparative study of available library software packages. The study

highlighted that the most important works during library automation is to build

up a backbone database of library collections. The comparative study has found

that the SOUL would be the only solution for library automation, which will

provide a lot in changing the automation environment of Dibrugarh University

Library.

Jitender Singh (2003) discussed a comprehensive understanding

regarding the process of library automation. The same highlighted the core

reasons for automation, and provided basic points to be considered during the

process of automation and discussed the issue related with its future maintenance

and up-gradation management. The study suggested a deep and proper analysis

and study, planning, monitoring, feedback and further discussion to draw new

conclusions.

While studying the status of Library Automation of Manipur University

Library under INFLIBNET Programme, Joteen Singh (2003) highlighted the

INFLIBNET section of the Library in which inputs were noted, services given by

the section were examined with tables and highlighted positive aspects. The study

suggested for a full-fledged research on INFLIBNET section of Manipur

University.

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A study was conducted by Kumar (2003) regarding automation in five

university libraries of Haryana. The study had revealed that the automation

activities were initiated in the university libraries a decade ago but none of them

shifted completely over to the automated system. The finding shows that

interaction between staff should be established and more infrastructure are

needed in majority of the libraries.

In a study Nath (2003) highlighted information age, application of

modern gadgets in automating library to provide specific and exhaustive

information at a greater speed than ever. The same also discussed various steps

taken up in the automation process of Hem Baruah Library, Assam. The

advantages and disadvantages of LAN have also been discussed in detail in the

study. Significance of SOUL package, its application and services explored in the

library have been highlighted by the researcher.

In another study, Pandey (2003) discussed some of the experiences and

problems faced by Kamala Nehru College Library in its Automation. The same

has explored that the college was in need of more hardware like micro computer,

selection of right application software and was facing financial problem. The

study rightly pointed out that software programmes have to be considered as tools

that help to solve problems rather than as ‘solution’ to problems. Different

software like CDS/ISIS, LibSys, Techlib+Oasis, Suchika, TLMS, NETLIB etc.

were also discussed and compared to find out suitable one for the library

automation.

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Sameni and Muhammad (2003) discussed the initiatives taken up by the

University in Bangladesh to automate the library with the help of customized

library software “library management system”. Four modules of software are

discussed in detail in the study. It also highlighted the situation of academic

libraries and problems faced in automating the libraries. The study put

suggestions to the UGC of Bangladesh to follow the initiative taken up by

INFLIBNET under UGC of India towards automating academic library system.

In a case study of automation of North-Eastern Hill University Library

Kumar (2004) discussed the work of automation in Tura campus library. The

study highlighted about the selection of hardware, software and training of library

staff for the automation of a library. It also evaluated automation work of the

Library and enumerated various problems faced by the library professionals

during automation.

In a study on Library Automation in India, Moorthy (2004) analysed the

growth of computers in the country, computerization and its begining, liberalized

economic policy of the government and application of information technology

and cited growth of computers industry during the Eight Year Plan (1992-97. The

study highlighted development of library automation software in India, taking

into consideration the activities of the Indian National Scientific Documentation

Centre (INSDOC) as one of the pioneer institutions in the field of library

automation, since 1964. The study also discussed special factors, which were able

to undertake library automation and some library software packages available in

India.

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In a case study carried out by Ramana (2004) on automation and

networking of central library of CSJM University had shown the scenario of

automation of libraries, hardware and support used for library automation, staff

strength and software used (i.e. SOUL) in the library.

In the study of library automation and networking for managing library

and information services Sinha and Satpathy (2004) discussed and highlighted

the age of pre computer before 1950-1960 in which library services were done

manually. The study considered the twentieth century as sweeping changes in the

world of information technology (IT) and communication that enhanced the

productivity of information work and services. The study also highlighted various

factors of using information technology in libraries.

In the study of Problems and Prospects of Automation with Reference to

Special Libraries in Jabalpur, Thapa and Sahoo (2004) analysed various

problems faced by the authorities and the staff during the process of automation

of the library. The study also analysed prospects that automation has brought to

the special libraries in the District.

Chakraborty and Maisal (2005) in their study have revealed that library

automation and networking do not depend only on the capacity of the computer

or the networking never or even the software used since they are only tools.

Much were found to depend on the quality of manpower of the libraries and the

perfection of the work they do.

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In the planning and management for library automation Sahu,

Nageswaran and Singh (2005) described the basic elements of managing the

automation planning process in primarily special and R & D libraries. They

provided a detailed overview of a planning process designed to help to make

decisions about library automation. The study also suggested that a library should

conduct a major re-examination of its plan every five years, and review the same

on an annual basis.

Highlighting INFLIBNET and its activities in Library automation

Satyanarayana (2005) discussed the objectives and activities of INFLIBNET in

software development, human resource development, development of union

database, network facilities, bibliographic standards, university information

system, publication and services, etc. and various information services initiated

by the INFLIBNET.

Sen (2005) studied on automation of college library which considered that

entire library automation programme requires judicious decision making at

various stages. Such decision may be related to ‘do it’ or ‘buy it’ services,

selection of hardware and software platform, application software, types of

services to be rendered, etc.

While conducting a national survey of the status of school library

automation in Malaysian Chinese secondary schools, Tee Lay (2005) revealed

that the Malaysian Chinese secondary school libraries started automation during

1990s and have been actively involved in library automation projects since 2000.

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It also identified important factors in determining the system used and areas, need

for future planning, initiatives in implementing library automation, etc.

Looking back to the history of automation in special libraries in India,

Thapa and Sahoo (2005) in a study pointed out some of the organizations as

pioneers and their efforts towards automation in special libraries. Some such

libraries as covered in the study include – 42 national research laboratories under

CSIR, IASLIC, National Science Library, INSDOC, Bhabha Atomic Research

Centre, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research laboratory, development of

National Information Systems in India in late 1970s and 1980. The development

of artificial intelligence (AI) in the late 1990s is also considered as a pioneer in

the history of automating special libraries.

Barman and Singh (2007) in a study has focused on the manpower

aspects of library automation in the college libraries of Assam. The status of

automation has been discussed along with the library survey, library software,

and library services.

With the objective of knowing software package being used, services and

functions, to identify automation and networked services being provided Seema

(2007) conducted a case study at the technical deemed university libraries in

North India, which has revealed that five out of six libraries use LibSys, all the

libraries providing searching facility to their collections through OPAC, three

providing journals holding lists, five having web sites, four offering internet

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browsing, three libraries linking to other useful sites for easy access to

information by the user community. The study also highlighted that all the

libraries are looking to maximize the benefits of automation by spreading

computer use to as many aspects of library activities as possible by taking

advantage of development in computer hardware, software and

telecommunications.

A survey has been conducted by Bansode and Peiera (2008) on library

automation in college libraries in Goa to find out libraries that have undertaken

automation, areas of automation, whether sufficient staff is available to carry out

automation and barriers to automation faced by the libraries. The study have

thrown the light that majority of the college libraries have no qualified librarians

as per UGC guidelines. Of the 23 libraries with automation, as the findings show,

only one has specialized staff in ICT. The study also suggested that library staff

should be sent to training courses to upgrade their IT skills, so that they can

become competent to automate their libraries.

Shivpal Gautam and Ritu (2008) studied open source solutions and their

impact on areas of information, knowledge and content management. It

highlighted library community the concerned areas in library automation, and

discussed about automation product such as commercial, not for profit and open

source. The study also highlighted features of library automation software, which

are mostly in practice by libraries i.e., Libsys, SOUL and open source system

KOHA.

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Ahmad (2009) studied on Library Automation of Al-Barkaat Institute of

Management Studies, Aligarh with the help of Alice for Window (AFW) Library

Software. The study found that ABIMS Library was the first fully automated

library among all self financing Institutes available in Aligarh, which has

provided, Online services to its users through Inter Library LAN System in which

users can access the library database from the Online Public Access (OPAC) and

also help to library staff to provide good reference service to staff and students.

The concept of automation has changed the scenario of library

management. In this regard, discussing library automation, its problems and

prospects Bhanja and Barik (2009) highlighted in a study that success of library

automation mostly depend upon nature of softwares used for the purpose and

emphasis on selection of good library software for automation.

Ibohal Singh and Giridhari Singh (2009) in a study discussed the

library automation in public library system in North East India. Based on the

findings of a sponsored research project, the study highlighted Public Library

System, ICT, Scope and Methodology adopted and emphasized background

information, services, existence of library committee and automation status of the

libraries in the region.

The status of Automation of the Central Library, IIT Guwahati has been

assessed by Sarma and Jyotirekha (2009). The study discussed the status of

automation and networking, hardwares used in the library, services and facilities

provided. The same has shown that the library was fully automated using Libsys

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software package. The study also revealed that IIT Guwahati Library provides

excellent service to its user and it could be considered as one of the best libraries

in North East India.

In carrying out a pilot survey in ten special libraries in Manipur assessing

their automation status, Vaiphei and Bembem (2009) analysed the problems and

prospects of automation in Manipur. The study revealed that most of the special

libraries in Manipur are not automated due to various problems like lack of

separate building, untrained staff, no qualified librarian and paucity of funds for

library, etc.

Information has been regarded as a national resource which affects all

human activities. Information is power and indispensable. In this context,

Bhuyan (2011) in a study discussed about the automation and networking of

public libraries in India with special reference to two districts of Assam. The

study shown that due to financial inadequacy, lack of proper administrative

structure within the library, lack of professionally trained staff and non-

availability of mechanical devices, the public libraries are limiting themselves to

the traditional and pedestrian functions of the library.

In assessing the present status of automation of public libraries in Assam,

Das (2011) found that infrastructure and the service of the public libraries in

Assam are not modernized but somehow traditional services are provided to

community and public library automation is in its initial stage though its process

have been started during 2004-2005.

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Jayaprakash and Balasubramani (2011) in their study have emphasised

that automation of library operations and services are essential for efficient

functioning of the library and saving the library users time. In this purview, the

study has investigated the Automation in University libraries in Tamil Nadu. It

discussed automation, its need and application in university Libraries. The study

explained the various problems faced by authorities and the staff during the

process of automation. The tool adopted to conduct the study was a well

structured questionnaire.

Joshi and Nikose (2011) discussing problems and prospects in

automation and networking in libraries in India, highlighted some of the scientific

and technical libraries working and leading in library automation under such

R&D institutions like CSIR, ICMR, ICAR AND DRDO. The study also

described networking as the linkage of working procedures for the exchange of

information resources and revealed some of the barriers of networking as higher

education authorities still have a dilemma as to whether or not resource sharing is

possible through networking. Potentialities of INFLIBNET, as the study shows,

are still not known to many academic libraries and UGC fails to provide

appropriate funds to academic libraries for computer software and hardware.

A study was carried out to assess the automation status of district library

Kamrup by Medhi and Deka (2011) which has revealed that the library does not

use computer for automation of the library services. The study also found that the

library was still giving traditional based services to the users.

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2.5 STUDIES ON COMPUTERISATION

Computerization of different types of libraries has been found as an area

of research conducted by different researchers. The following section shows the

studies undertaken in this aspect.

Kumar (1980) in his study highlighted reasons of use of computers in

libraries and information center and found that computer has been used to serve

large users and to serve volume and variety of literature to be handled by

librarians. He also put suggestions that the sooner the libraries get involved in

automation better it will be.

Computers make possible better utilization of personnel and wider and

more flexible range of service. Ambia (1992) in this connection discussed in

detail the application of computers to library and information services, various

aspects of library and information services which can be computerised or

mechanized or automated.

In a study of computerization of library, Dominic and Nirmala (2002)

explained the need for computerization of library and stated the areas of computer

applications in the library. In the same, KIT Library computerization has been

discussed. Application of softwares, their various kinds and features and

functions of LIBASOFT have also been studied.

Success of the library depends upon the satisfaction of its user

community. User satisfaction depends on receiving right information at an

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appropriate time. Veerajaneyulu and Uma (2004) discussed computerization of

acquisition system with SOUL software and highlighted that to carry out various

operations in a library effectively there is a need for automation. The study

considered that SOUL software can provide total solution for library automation

and faster service to deliver right kind of information to the users.

Lihitkar and Rajayalakshimi (2005) studied the need for library

automation giving special reference to Nagpur University Library and its uses

perception by using questionnaire and interview methods showing tables and

charts of different department of university. The study highlighted UGC

INFLIBNET providing grant for library automation.

Omrin and Olayinka (2007) in a study seek to find out the advent of

computer on libraries and information centers. Majority of the public libraries in

Nigeria are found to perform their operations manually and have no requisite

technologies to easily access information resources and services most especially

on the internet, on-line data bases and CD ROM databases and lack of skilled

staff in computerization was also observed. Computerization has a lot of impact

on library and information centers since it helps them perform better than when

their operations are manually carried out.

Imchen (2009) in his study, discussed computer application in libraries of

Nagaland and also made an attempt of bringing awareness among the librarian

the importance of computer application in libraries in the state. Personal

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interview and random sampling technique, and observation method have been

used successfully in his study.

2.6 STUDIES ON ICT APPLICATION

Application of Information and Communication Technology in different

types of libraries is found to be conducted by researchers in certain studies as

understand from the following.

Preparing a vision for European library, study of library cooperation

based on information technology networks has been conducted by Mortien

(1991). The study had shown that information technology has opened up new

possibilities in the recent years and promised to continue to do so in future. The

same also discussed the professional dreams and interest in libraries that has

emerged in the European community and new patterns in cooperation among

European libraries. It also suggested to be cautious in wasting money on

unsuitable programme.

Ochongwu (1994) studied the ways and extents of the application of

modern information technologies to the management of library operations in

Nigeria. Application of technology and current trends of Library automation,

resource sharing, preservation of library materials, automatic extraction of

information from texts, etc. have been discussed in detail. More emphasis has

been given on automatic transmission of texts, problems of application and future

prospects, etc. in the study.

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In a study Ibohal Singh (1996) has discussed about various issues

associated with the automation of libraries. Impact of computer in library

management and automation have been emphasized upon covering aspects on

areas of automation, housekeeping operations, other computer enabled services,

planning for library automation, etc. The study also minutely considered the

important issues to be taken into account while planning for the library

automation.

Yadagiri (1999) in a study discussed briefly the application of

information technology (IT) in the creation of database, housekeeping services

such as circulation desk, OPAC, etc. and introduction of latest IT infrastructure,

viz. bar coding technology, digital graphic printer, multimedia system, CD-ROM,

audio visual media, etc. in the Regional Engineering College Library, Warangal.

In a study of application of IT in University library services of Jabalpur

(Madhya Pradesh), Chopra and Mukherji (2000) highlighted the status of

networking among academic libraries of Jabalpur before and after 1995. The

need, importance and usefulness of Local Area Network in and within the

university and other academic libraries have also been considered in the study.

Agila (2001) in his study of application of Information technology in

modern academic library has given due importance to information technology

and proved that Information Technology as very applicable and useful in library

for accessing information effectively.

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Library Professionals must get ready to gear up themselves to meet the

challenges concerning with effective and efficient methods of using new

technologies in the library. The study made by Dhiman (2001) has discussed the

changing role of library professionals in the Era of IT and suggested various steps

to be taken to meet the challenges. The study also cited that it is a bitter true that

library professionals would certainly lag behind or even be thrown out if they

would not accept the challenges of the changing scenario of information services.

In their study, Kundu and Gupta (2002) revealed that a society that

marches with the pace of technological changes survive and do not get extinct. It

further described information technology as the sole mean to cope up with

information explosion in the 21st century.

While studying the information technology in user education, Mange

(2002) discussed the changes due to advent of information technology in library

that has necessitated changes in the user education. Information technology has a

great impact on user education particularly in the methods and techniques such as

lectures, library tour, printed booklet, guides, seminars and workshops,

orientation, and display audio-visual.

Ibohal Singh and Khomdon Singh (2003) in a study highlighted

scenario of higher education in the North East India and discussed the application

of IT in the libraries with special reference to Central Agricultural University and

Manipur University. The observations made and general findings of the study

39

revealed that IT application in the North East Libraries are not very much

encouraging in the state.

Society has positive response if the libraries provide user services in a

most convenient way. Studying the impediments in the use of Information

Technology in Indian Libraries, Ramesh (2003) discussed various points that

lead to impediments like physical resource, human resource, inertia, culture,

motivation and management.

In another study, Afonso (2004) discussed the impact of new information

technology, implication of library automation and essential factor for

computerization. The study also discussed the importance of computerization of

public libraries. It has also explained in detail the essential factors involved in the

scope of computerization of different library functions using advanced

information technology.

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has a very vast

meaning, it has been dominating each and every aspect of this universe.

Chauhan and Murthy (2004) in a study discussed ICT and its impact on

information management and revealed that due to ICT the world has become a

global village and the other side of ICT is its acceleration of information

explosion, which enables to manage the digital contents in a systematic order for

use. Discussing digital library, Greenstone digital library, Dspace, UGC-Infonet

network, the study also suggested the library professionals to wake up and gear

up to meet the challenges of digital environment.

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The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has pursued the

utilization of space technology for education and development. Development and

Education Communication Unit (DECU) of ISRO Ahmedabad has been a nodal

agency for several of the ISRO communication projects as Manihar Singh

(2004) discussed in a study in which he Gyan Darshan -1 (GD-1), GD-2, GD-4

and other educational satellite communications like EDUSAT, C and Ku Band,

etc. have played important roles.

A data application is an implementation of data mining technology that

solves a specific business or research problem. This has been revealed in a study

taken up by Prakash and Umesh (2004). The study discussed reasons for the

growth of data mining, stages of the data mining process and five major elements

of data mining and its application in library and information service. The same

also gave an overview on data sources and possible applications of data mining

techniques in the library.

In a study Veeranjaneyulu and Narasimhulu (2004) highlighted that

computer applications in the field of Library and Information Science has been a

major factor attracting the attention of the Information Professionals throughout

the world. The study also discussed the application of computers to agricultural

libraries, information technology infrastructure, information technology

application in ANGRU Libraries, IT facilities in the Libraries.

Kannappanavar (2005) in a study assessed the hardware and software

facilities available in Engineering College Libraries. The study found only two

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colleges having computer facilities and one developing its own library software.

Structured questionnaire was used in the study and data were shown in table. The

impact of IT application has also been discussed. The study also suggested for

allotting special grant for further improvement of the library.

Establishing computer-aided and internet connected rural knowledge

centers will help trigger a knowledge revolution in agriculture and will lead to an

efficient and eco-sensitive precision farming movement. The study of

Veeranjaneyulu (2005) is a new dimension in this perspective that highlighted

information technology as a medium for agricultural information transfer. It also

studied leveraging information technology for agriculture, described internet in

technology transfer and role of internet in the transfer of agricultural technology.

ICT infrastructure is an important resource of modern library or

information centre. In the study of ICT Infrastructure in Special Libraries in

Kerela, Mohamed (2006) has revealed that the libraries of Kerala apply ICT for

providing efficient services. The investigation also shows that majority of the

special libraries have basic hardware facilities like servers, computers, printers,

barcode printer, and barcode scanner, etc.

Information centres and libraries of biomedical institutions play an

important role in providing information services to their users. The study

conducted by Nath (2006) towards this perspective covered 126 biomedical

institutions using questionnaire method. The investigation indicated that existing

communication technology facilities in biomedical ICLs have drastically

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improved during 2004-05, in comparison with 1994-95 and 1997-98. The

availability of communication technologies also grew from 55.56% in 1994-95 to

100% in 2004-05 in the institutions covered in the survey.

The people in rural and tribal areas of our country are greatly handicapped

because of the culture of poverty as revealed by Sonal and Saroja (2006) in their

study of information technology and rural library. The study has also revealed

that remote areas still live in darkness and isolation what to speak of advances in

technology. They suggested that the need of the day is to provide basic amenities

which are pre requisite to any technological development like electrification,

telephone facilities, transport facilities, etc.

In the study of information technology- past- present and future, Kumar

(2007) pointed out the major components of information technology like

computer technology, communication technology, multimedia technology,

optical technology and barcode technology in detail. The study also highlighted

origin and development of information technology and discussed present trends

of information technology and its impact in the society.

College libraries play an important role in keeping pace with modern

development in information technology and information service to the student, as

Sinha and Bhattacharjee (2007) studied. The study concluded that the status of

computerization of library housekeeping operations and computer based library

services of college libraries of Southern Assam was in nascent stage. Only few

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colleges, which are best colleges affiliated to Assam University, Silchar have

started implementing project of automation and networking their college libraries

which serve of the students more better. The study suggested that Government of

Assam and UGC should come forward to provide substantial financial assistance

to the colleges located in the remote areas of South Assam, which is popularly

known as Barak Valley to start with modernization of their college libraries and

services so as to bring these colleges at par with the college libraries located in

other parts of India.

ICT in fact encompasses any medium to record information (magnetic

disk/ tape, optical disks (CD/DVD), flash memory etc. and arguably also paper

records); technology for broadcasting information- radio, television, and

technology for communicating through voice and sound or images- microphone,

camera, loudspeaker, and telephone to cellular phone. Amudha and Lawrence

(2009) in this regard, giving details of the ICT access in India and world

discussed country-wise users ranking, e-readiness of different countries and

public-private partnership in developing ICT.

ICT can be used to support learning in a range of contexts that take place

in “an environment of high expectations” so, the future technologies can be

utilized in the field of education. Antony and Jasmine (2009) in this context,

have revealed the need of ICT and discussed the basics of ICT technology “click

and explore” or “just log on to the miracle’s the keyword of exploring in to the

44

ICT technologies. The study also highlighted terminologies like email, weblog or

a Blog, podcast, etc.

Connectivity in rural area is a big issue for development. The face of

Indian agriculture can be transformed by a well conceived deployment of

Information technology. In this context, Babu and Devipriya (2009) discussed

various keys for making ICT rural friendly that ICT should be used as a vehicle

for imparting market driven skills through the pedagogic methodology of

learning by doing.

Using a semi-structured Questionnaire, Birjit, Ibohal Singh and

Madhuri Devi (2009) studied ICT applications in Libraries in Manipur. The

over-all scenario of ICT application in 48 selected various types of libraries in the

state have been discussed. It analysed the staff component and level of training,

collection development, status of the libraries, status of ICT application, etc.

Attempting to highlight the overall scenario of ICT application in KC Das

Commerce College Library, Deka (2009) studied the nature and development of

the library, automation process applied like computerization, barcode technology

and Local Area Network, etc. The study found the library as one of the best

college libraries for initiating library automation in Assam.

Libraries and Information centres have been employing ICT and

electronic information resources and delivering services to satisfy the diverse

information needs of their users. Gupta (2009) in a study investigated the views

45

of the users towards e- resources provided by CSL library. The finding of the

study have shown that most of the users are using computer daily and revealed

that CDRL library uses LINUX Windows NT and Windows 98/2000/XP

operating system for networking purpose which are useful in automating the

library.

Theological College Library plays an important role in providing overall

library and information services to the students, teachers, researchers and society.

Haominthang and Madhuri Devi (2009) in a study discussed the status of ICT

application in theological college libraries in Manipur. Impact of ICT and

problems of ICT application also have been analysed. The study suggested

certain points to overcome problems of ICT application in the library.

ICT and information resources have become increasingly important to the

academic and R & D Community for education and research studies in their field

of interest towards organizational development. Kasirao and Santhakumar

(2009) in their study stressed to develop and maintain the ICT based information

products and services, access facilities in information/documentation centers

towards organizational development, role of information scientists on information

products and services in knowledge management in ICT Era, and planning

strategies towards the effective use of information products and services.

In a study, Murugan and Lawrence (2009) discussed ICT as the modern

science of gathering, storing, manipulating, processing and communicating the

desired types of information in a specific environment. The same also considered

46

ICT for automation leading to a tremendous revolution that has taken place in the

last decade taking into account its advantages and disadvantages.

Highlighting the overall idea regarding ICT applications in libraries and

information centres in the North East India, Panigrahi (2009) discussed the need

and importance of library services in automated environment. His study also

discussed the influence LICs to automate the works and services of the libraries.

The same has also recommended to promote open source software in large scale

in these libraries and information centres.

Sivasankari Thilagavathy and Nithyanandam (2009) studied the status

of information and communication technology usage in North, West and Central

Chennai public libraries selecting 10 public libraries. The focus given in the study

includes hardware and software application, their automation status and barriers

to the usage of ICTs.

The ongoing dynamism between librarians and information technology

will lead to new roles for libraries as shown by Stephen and Lawrence (2009) in

their study on the role of ICT in the development of libraries like, electronic

communication development, new technology development, electromagnetic

security systems, transitions in the careers of librarian, and virtual library, etc.

An Emperical Study on the implementation ICT in Academic Library

with reference to Engineering College Library has been done by Sundarajan

(2009) emphasing upon the usage ratio of the library source, sophisticated user

47

environment, drastic change in library usage due to implementation of ICT in

Academic library. The study revealed that technology changes bring the changes

in the library activities and usages. It also put suggestions for updating facilities

which is a need in modern society. Modernization and ICT are inevitable to the

academic libraries to attract the user and enhance the status, the study further

established.

The use of ICT has been examined by Kumar and Biradar (2010) in 31

colleges libraries in Karnataka, by investigating the ICT infrastructure, current

status of library automation, barriers to implementation of library automation and

also librarians attitudes towards the use of ICT.

Mondal and Bandyopadhyay (2010) examined the situation of IT

application and related manpower problems in government-aided general degree

college libraries of Burdwan Sadar (North and South), West Bengal.

ICT is changing the work of public libraries and information centers, as

the study of Chinasamy and Atoring (2011) have shown. The same discussed

what ICT development is? It highlighted ICT based public library activities such

as data processing, circulation, cataloguing, bibliography, prepared in house

database and also public library services through ICT: CD-ROM searching, on-

line networking, photocopying, on-line information service, news clipping

scanning service, database searching service and audio-visual service, etc. The

study also suggested that all must help develop ICT –based libraries to meet the

changing demands of the users.

48

ICT has made remarkable revolution with the new models in library

services as described by Rimai (2011) in her study. According to the study, ICT

holds the key to the success of modernizing information services. The study also

dwelt on the significance of ICT in public libraries and information centers.

Essential ICT infrastructures on public libraries and information centers have

been identified by the study as Hardware infrastructure, Network infrastructure,

collection infrastructure, service infrastructure, manpower infrastructure. The

study also highlighted various problems in implementation of ICT in public

libraries and information centers.

In the study of how effectively ICT is being used in college libraries,

Thakuria and Borthakur (2011) discussed the existing scenario of ICT

application in the college libraries of Jorhat and Sonitpur. The study assessed the

status of ICT application in college libraries, hardware and software, automation

status and use of software of the said College Libraries of the area.

Dwumfuo and Linda (2012) carried out a research to assess the

utilization of information resources by parliamentarians in Ghana to find out

information need and use, what they perceive as information, the reasons for

acquiring information, awareness and extend of usage of information and ICT

resources available. The study revealed that the library provides relevant

information services to the parliamentarians. However, they do not patronize the

library as expected, due to their purported busy schedules. It also revealed that

some members of parliament lack adequate IT skills and therefore must be given

some ICT training to enable them access electronic resources more efficiently.

49

The study also recommended that some information may be required in their

original forms; some other forms should be repackaged to suit the exact need of

the legislators to avoid irrelevances.

Implementation of information and communication technology in the

library depends largely on the librarian’s attitude in this digital age. The truth of

the same has been shown by Shahnaz (2012) in a study carried out on the “use of

information and communication technology in collection development in

scientific and research institute libraries in Iran”. The study has revealed that

internet/intranet was the most important source through which the users become

aware of modern information technologies used in the library. It also shows that

most of the librarians feel ICT application affects the collection development of

library. The study suggested that developing countries should consider training

for librarian who does not have knowledge of ICT in order to remove the fear and

anxiety hindering them from developing good attitude towards the use of ICT in

the libraries.

2.7 STUDIES ON IMPACT OF ICT

Impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) on different

types of libraries has been studied by a few scholars. The following review has

given us certain aspects on it.

Information technologies have provided a powerful tool to the libraries/

information centers for effective management of library resources and

50

information services to meet the diversified needs of the users. Saxena and

Mehta (1990) in their study discussed the impact of new developments in

information technologies on libraries/information professionals in the libraries/

information centre management that different modern information technologies

are available for different purposes. It also discussed the role and responsibilities

of information professionals that have been changed due to impact of IT and

highlighted role of system analyst that has become a very useful tool in the

library/information system management particularly in the computerized

information system.

Twenty first century is expected to change the entire scenario of

information science. The present information age is going to face much more

challenges due to rapid technological advancements which will create new wave

of opportunities for using information virtually in all human pursuits. OJha and

Sharma (2003) in their study discussed the impact of information technology on

libraries and shown the changing scenario, use of computer, advances in

information technology, etc.

Rural population requires at least some of the tools of the information age

to take advantage of knowledge. Intensive techniques involved in sustainable

crop and animal husbandry can be used to get better value added for their

product. Ariefa (2009) in his study discussed the overall impact of information

and communication technology on rural development and also highlighted

various ICT gadgets like wireless telephone, local cable television, direct

51

broadcast satellite, community technology centers etc. and their impact on rural

development.

Bembem and Vaiphei (2009) conducted a survey on the access to digital

information resources by social science research scholars of Manipur University

by using a questionnaire distributed to 100 scholars in 7 Departments of the

University. The paper analysed about the skills and knowledge of the digital

information resources of the research scholars and how they access to such

resources. The ICT infrastructure available in the libraries, as the survey shows,

has a great impact on the access to such resources.

In the study of Impact of Information and Communication Technology on

Libraries and Library Professionals in Aurangabad City, Shakuntala, Veena and

Shaista (2009) discussed changes brought by information and communication

technology. The study also highlighted status of library Automation in

Aurangabad with special reference to Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada

University. Usage of library software, changing scenario of Aurangabad Libraries

with the use of ICT, changing role of librarian, problems of automation and

benefit of automation and impact on the mission of library and library

professionals were some of the important major issues discussed in the study.

2.8 STUDIES ON SOFTWARE FOR AUTOMATION

Concerning Automation Software used in different types of libraries,

some researchers have conducted studies as the following review shows.

52

Francis (1998) discussed standard requirements of library software in

Indian context and gave a broad guideline for the same. As the study reveals,

standard software should be issued and also suggested to establish a constant

mechanism to make aware the library professionals about the development in the

field of issuing of guidelines for standard library software and evaluation of the

software by a software evaluation committee at national level

In a study, Misra (1999) discussed and analyzed library software and its

selection by identifying key areas of the functions and activities of the library to

be computerized. It also emphasised to sort out various types of services or works

as the functions and procedures of one section are entirely different from other

section though closely related and combined efforts lead towards the better

library service. Guidelines for appropriate library software have also been defined

in the study. It has been stressed that clear vision of library’s aims, objectives and

requirements is necessary to give utmost important guidelines which should be

treated as not negotiable requirements of the library during evaluation of different

library software packages.

Rao and Sainul (1999) in a study compared the features of Library

Automation Software which gives an ample opportunity for the LIS professionals

and planners to have an automated library system with the use of an appropriate

software.

Husian and Ansari (2007) discussed the salient features of Cataloguing

Module of three automation software packages, namely, Alice for Windows,

Libsys and Virtua and their acceptability in a developing nation. This study also

53

emphasized on the introduction of computers in libraries as it immensely

enhanced the effectiveness of library services including organization and

retrieval.

Mullah (2010) carried out a survey of engineering college libraries that

have computerized their operations and services. The survey provided an implicit

view of the professional experiences of the engineering college librarian in

computerizing their house keeping operations.

2.9 CONCLUSION

The review shows that library automation is an important area of research

in Library and Information Science. The advent of IT or ICT has given impetus to

automate existing library systems around the world. The technology has

successfully been used in modernizing the housekeeping operations, ICT has also

enabled to provide services in automated environment. In the field of library

automation, researchers are found to carry out studies on various perspectives of

the issue. Studies carried out by a number of scholars around the world on

various aspects of library automation have thrown us many clues on the issue.

The review has also indicated that in the study of library automation, there are a

number of parameters to be dealt with. While proper planning has necessitated

the automation for the libraries, interests and commitments of the authorities

concerned, the skills of the library professionals to adopt the new system and

their attitude towards the powers are also very much required. Infrastructure

development, human resource development, selection of hardware and software

54

requirements, areas of the library operations and functions to be automated,

financial provisions, etc. are some of the key issues to be taken care of, for

automating the libraries, as the review shows. Various problems in automating

library systems and prospects for the same have also been explored by the

researchers. Use of different methods and techniques are also observed by

different researchers in their studies, which has enabled the investigator to adopt

most appropriate and feasible ones for the present study. In fact, the one hundred

articles collected from various sources for the present review have given us ample

opportunity to understand various issues associated with automation of library

and information system. This helps the investigator to understand clearly on

various aspects covered in the present study.

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