Chapter 9Chapter 9 The Jefferson EraThe Jefferson Era American ExceptionalismAmerican Exceptionalism refers to the theory refers to the theory

that the United States occupies a special niche that the United States occupies a special niche among the nations of the world in terms of its among the nations of the world in terms of its national credo, historical evolution, political and national credo, historical evolution, political and religious institutions and unique origins. The first religious institutions and unique origins. The first description of the belief is attributed to description of the belief is attributed to Alexis Alexis de Tocquevillede Tocqueville, , who claimed that the then-who claimed that the then-50-year-old United States held a special place 50-year-old United States held a special place among nations, because it was a country of among nations, because it was a country of immigrants and the first modern democracyimmigrants and the first modern democracy. . In In chapter 12chapter 12 we will see this belief expand and we will see this belief expand and merge with a growing belief that it is our merge with a growing belief that it is our ‘God ‘God given destiny’given destiny’ to overspread the North American to overspread the North American continent. These beliefs then will be referred to continent. These beliefs then will be referred to in chapter 12 as in chapter 12 as Manifest Destiny.Manifest Destiny.

Progress of America, of 1875

The central figure wears a liberty cap, personifying America. Flying putti (young children) dip down and crown her with a laurel wreath and lead her chariot, decorated with the American eagle and drawn by two white horses. Four maidens accompany her, representing agriculture, medicine, the arts and mechanics. In the right background, two Raphaelesque women follow holding a tablet; behind these two steams a railroad locomotive. To the left, a group of Indians and buffalo flee the advance of this personification of civilization. Note the contemporary (1875) dress of one maiden. A California poppy can be seen embedded on one of the chariot wheels.

The composition borrows from the early Renaissance. Chariot processions accompanied by childlike angels were popular, and the pose of America's arm reminds one of Michelangelo's Creation of Adam, in which God

touches the finger of Adam and infuses him with life.*

When asked during a trip abroad in 2009 whether he believed in American exceptionalism, Obama

said, “I believe in American exceptionalism, just as I suspect that the Brits believe in British exceptionalism and the Greeks believe in Greek exceptionalism.”http://www.tnr.com/blog/jonathan-chait/93495/the-exceptionalism-myth-goes-mainstream

America the MoralAmerica the Moral

""America is great America is great because she is good. If because she is good. If America ceases to be America ceases to be good, America will good, America will cease to be great."cease to be great."   --   --   Alexis de Tocqueville Alexis de Tocqueville 29 July 1805, – 16 April 29 July 1805, – 16 April 18591859

"I hope I shall always "I hope I shall always possess firmness and possess firmness and virtue enough to virtue enough to maintain what I maintain what I consider the most consider the most enviable of all titles, the enviable of all titles, the character of an honest character of an honest man."man." ----George George WashingtonWashington

"If individuals be not "If individuals be not influenced by moral influenced by moral principles; it is inprinciples; it is invain to look for public virtue." vain to look for public virtue." ---James Madison---James Madison

““Our Constitution…was made Our Constitution…was made only for a moral and religious only for a moral and religious people. It is wholly inadequate people. It is wholly inadequate to the government of any to the government of any other."other."

-- John Adams-- John Adams (Address to the (Address to the Military, 11 October 1798)Military, 11 October 1798)

Chapter 9Chapter 9 The Jefferson EraThe Jefferson Era Section 1Section 1

Did You Know?Did You Know? Thomas Jefferson’s Thomas Jefferson’s

grave marker does grave marker does not mention he was not mention he was twicetwice President of President of the United States! the United States!

Monticello tourMonticello tour

Monticello

I. The Election of 1800I. The Election of 1800 (Pages (Pages 278-279)278-279) The election campaign of 1800 between Adams/Pinckney and The election campaign of 1800 between Adams/Pinckney and Jefferson/BurrJefferson/Burr

Burr Burr was very different from those of todaywas very different from those of today

The election was deadlocked. Both Jefferson and Burr received 73 electoral The election was deadlocked. Both Jefferson and Burr received 73 electoral votes, so votes, so the House of Representatives had to decide the electionthe House of Representatives had to decide the election. The . The Federalists decided to support Burr to prevent the election of Jefferson.Federalists decided to support Burr to prevent the election of Jefferson. Hamilton distrusted Burr but was not a friend of Jefferson either.Hamilton distrusted Burr but was not a friend of Jefferson either. Finally, at Hamilton's request, one Federalist voted against Burr, and Finally, at Hamilton's request, one Federalist voted against Burr, and

Jefferson became president and Burr vice president.Jefferson became president and Burr vice president.

To avoid another election deadlock, Congress passed the To avoid another election deadlock, Congress passed the 1212thth Amendment Amendment Twelfth AmendmentTwelfth Amendment in 1803. in 1803.

Thomas Jefferson was inaugurated Thomas Jefferson was inaugurated on (text) on (text) March 4,1801. March 4,1801. "a wise and frugal government" ."a wise and frugal government" . "support of state governments in all their rights“"support of state governments in all their rights“

Jefferson was a proponent of Jefferson was a proponent of states' rightsstates' rights. He believed strong states would . He believed strong states would best protect freedom and that a large federal government would threaten best protect freedom and that a large federal government would threaten liberty. He believed in liberty. He believed in Laissez-faireLaissez-faire—let the people choose—let the people choose

First Inaugural AddressMarch 4, 1801

FRIENDS AND FELLOW-CITIZENS,

“Called upon to undertake the duties of the first executive office of our country, I avail myself of the presence of that portion of my fellow-citizens which is here assembled to express my grateful thanks for the favor with which they have been pleased to look toward me,…”

…But every difference of opinion is not a difference of principle. We have called by different names brethern of the same principle.

“We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists. If there be any among us who would wish to dissolve this Union or to change its republican form, let them stand undisturbed as monuments of the safety with which error of opinion may be tolerated where reason is left free to combat it.”…

Jefferson’s guiding principles

“ Educate and inform the whole mass of the people. Enable them to see that it is their interest to preserve peace and order, and they will preserve them…They are the only [ones to rely on] for

the preservation of our liberty…This reliance cannot deceive us, as long as we remain [good]; and I think we shall…as long as agriculture is our principal object…When we get piled up on one another in large cities, as in Europe, we shall become corrupt as in Europe, and go to eating one another as they do there”

II. Jefferson's PoliciesII. Jefferson's Policies (Page 280)(Page 280)

Jefferson surrounded himself with men who shared his Republican Jefferson surrounded himself with men who shared his Republican principles. His cabinet hadprinciples. His cabinet had James MadisonJames Madison as secretary of state as secretary of state andand Albert GallatinAlbert Gallatin GallatinGallatin as secretary of the treasuryas secretary of the treasury..

Under Jefferson the government allowed the unpopularUnder Jefferson the government allowed the unpopular Alien and Alien and Sedition ActsSedition Acts to expire and repealed theto expire and repealed the Naturalization ActNaturalization Act..

Jefferson Jefferson and and Gallatin reduced the huge national debt.Gallatin reduced the huge national debt. They They cut back on military expensescut back on military expenses by reducing the size of the by reducing the size of the army and navy.army and navy.

Jefferson and Gallatin also persuaded Congress to Jefferson and Gallatin also persuaded Congress to repeal federal repeal federal internal taxesinternal taxes, including the whiskey tax., including the whiskey tax. The government funds The government funds would come would come from from customs dutiescustoms duties, or , or taxes on imported taxes on imported goods, and goods, and from from the sale of Western lands.the sale of Western lands.

The number of federal government employees was small under The number of federal government employees was small under Jefferson. Jefferson.

Jefferson was a wealthy landowner and a slaveholder, although he believed in individual freedoms. He was also an excellent practical politician. (A) Do you think that his views of government would have been different had he not been wealthy or a slaveholder? (B) Should an elected official always reflect the views of their constituents or use their own conscience on most issues?

Answers will vary, but should include the idea that Jefferson usually did not let his wealth interfere with his principles. Jefferson cared about people.

Boccieri, of Alliance, recently reflected on his first and only term as congressman, and he said he had no regrets about the health care vote or any of his other votes. http://www.the-daily-record.com/news/article/4960725

III. Jefferson and the CourtsIII. Jefferson and the Courts (Pages 280-281)(Pages 280-281)

The Federalists controlled the court system even though The Federalists controlled the court system even though Jefferson was a Republican. The Federalists passed the Jefferson was a Republican. The Federalists passed the Judiciary Act of 1801Judiciary Act of 1801 before Jefferson took office. before Jefferson took office.

Prior to Adams leaving office, he made hundreds of Prior to Adams leaving office, he made hundreds of appointments to the courts. He also appointed appointments to the courts. He also appointed John MarshallJohn Marshall, (Marshall), (Marshall) his secretary of state, his secretary of state, as chief as chief justicejustice of the United States after of the United States after Chief Justice EllsworthChief Justice Ellsworth resigned.resigned.

Adams and Marshall worked around the clock to process Adams and Marshall worked around the clock to process the papers (commissions) the papers (commissions) for for these last-minute these last-minute "midnight "midnight judges."judges." A A few few of the commissions had not been of the commissions had not been processed when Jefferson took office on March 4. processed when Jefferson took office on March 4. Jefferson told Madison, his secretary of state, to hold Jefferson told Madison, his secretary of state, to hold them. One of these was them. One of these was for for William William MarburyMarbury..

Jefferson on the courts

The revolution of 1800…was as real a revolution in the principles of our government as that of 1776 was in its form…[it was not brought about] by the sword…but by the rational and peaceable instrument of reform, the [votes] of the people. The nation declared

its will by dismissing [officeholders} of one principle, and electing those of another, in the two branches [of government], executive and legislative, [that were ]

submitted to their election. Over the judiciary department, the Constitution had deprived the people of control….

III ContinuedIII Continued The Supreme Court heard the case ofThe Supreme Court heard the case of Marbury Marbury v. v.

MadisonMadison.. Marbury went right to the Supreme Court Marbury went right to the Supreme Court to force delivery of his commission. Marbury to force delivery of his commission. Marbury claimed that he had jurisdiction as a result of the claimed that he had jurisdiction as a result of the Judiciary Act of 1789. Marshall turned down his Judiciary Act of 1789. Marshall turned down his claim. Marshall said that the Constitution did not claim. Marshall said that the Constitution did not give the Supreme Court jurisdiction to decide give the Supreme Court jurisdiction to decide Marbury's case.Marbury's case.

This was the first time that This was the first time that judicial reviewjudicial review was used. was used. Judicial review is the right of the Supreme Court to Judicial review is the right of the Supreme Court to review and rule on acts of other branches of review and rule on acts of other branches of government.government.

Today Today judicial reviewjudicial review is a basic part of our is a basic part of our government and is a way to check and balance the government and is a way to check and balance the other branches of the government.other branches of the government.

Under Under Justice Marshall,Justice Marshall, who served as chief justice who served as chief justice until 1835/ the Supreme Court became an equal partner until 1835/ the Supreme Court became an equal partner in government due to in government due to Judicial Review.Judicial Review.

"The Constitution has become a thing of wax to be molded as the Court sees fit" Jefferson

“For experience has already shown that the impeachment it has provided is not

even a scare-crow... The Constitution on this hypothesis is a mere thing of wax in the hands of the judiciary, which they may twist and shape into any form they please." Jefferson to Spencer Roane in 1819

Read more: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_did_Thomas_Jefferson_say_about_judicial_review#ixzz1C3XEvfpe

Marbury v. Madison & Marbury v. Madison & Judicial ReviewJudicial Review

“…“…It is It is emphatically emphatically the province the province and duty of the and duty of the judicial judicial department to department to say what the say what the law is…”law is…”

Did You Know? Did You Know?

Chief Justice John Marshall.Chief Justice John Marshall.

Chief Justice during the administrations of six Presidents: Chief Justice during the administrations of six Presidents: John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James Monroe, John Quincy Adams and Andrew JacksonMonroe, John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson

Justice MarshallJustice Marshall’s’s house house Richmond, Virginia, Richmond, Virginia, still stands. still stands.

Many of his personal belongings are Many of his personal belongings are there, including his black robe, which there, including his black robe, which he wore on the bench for 34 yearshe wore on the bench for 34 years

Other Cases that strengthened the power of the federal government and the federal courts

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)-- Congress could est. a bankCohens v. Virginia (1821)—Federal courts could review decisions of state courtsGibbons v. Ogden (1824)—Fed government had power to regulate interstate trade

Why did John Adams make so many judicial appointments in the final hours of his presidency? http://voices.washingtonpost.com/44/2010/01/alito-mouths-not-true-at-obama.html

Adams, along with Chief Justice Marshall, attempted to process the commissions for judicial appointments until the final hours so that the court system would be full of “Federalist thinking” judges when Jefferson took office. Adams did not win the presidency, but did have a large impact on the courts. Presidents through history have made an impact as well by their Supreme Court appointments because justices serve for life or until they are too ill to serve the country.

SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATESCITIZENS UNITED v . FEDERAL ELECTION

COMMISSION

Argued March 24, 2009—Reargued September 9, 2009––Decided January 21, 2010

Chapter 9, Section 2Chapter 9, Section 2 Did You Know? Did You Know? In 1997 the United States In 1997 the United States

government decided to mint government decided to mint a new dollar coin featuring a a new dollar coin featuring a woman. woman. Some of the women Some of the women nominated by citizens to nominated by citizens to grace the coin included civil grace the coin included civil rights activists' Rosa Parks rights activists' Rosa Parks and Sojourner Truth, first and Sojourner Truth, first ladies Martha Washington ladies Martha Washington and Eleanor Roosevelt, and and Eleanor Roosevelt, and poet Emma Lazarus,poet Emma Lazarus, among among others. The winner? others. The winner? Sacagawea,Sacagawea, the Native the Native American woman who American woman who helped lead explorers Lewis helped lead explorers Lewis and Clark westward.and Clark westward.

Lewis and Clark Lewis and Clark

IV. Western Territory IV. Western Territory (Pages (Pages 282-283)282-283)

A. A. Settlers in the less settled areas of the Northwest Territory Settlers in the less settled areas of the Northwest Territory and in Kentucky and Tennessee were pioneers. They loaded and in Kentucky and Tennessee were pioneers. They loaded their belongings onto their belongings onto Conestoga wagonsConestoga wagons and made the long, and made the long, tiring journey over the Appalachian Mountains to the area tiring journey over the Appalachian Mountains to the area west of the Mississippi River known as the Louisiana west of the Mississippi River known as the Louisiana Territory.Territory.

The Louisiana Territory, a large area, belonged to The Louisiana Territory, a large area, belonged to Spain.Spain. The region extended from New Orleans in the The region extended from New Orleans in the south, west to the Rocky Mountains. south, west to the Rocky Mountains. It wasIt was undefined undefined to the north.to the north.

Many pioneers settled near the rivers that fed into the Many pioneers settled near the rivers that fed into the upper Mississippi River. The Spanish allowed them to sail upper Mississippi River. The Spanish allowed them to sail on the lower Mississippi and trade in New Orleans.on the lower Mississippi and trade in New Orleans.

In 1802 In 1802 SpainSpain changed its policy and refused to allow changed its policy and refused to allow American goods to move into or past New Orleans. American goods to move into or past New Orleans. Jefferson Jefferson confirmed that Spain had transferred the Louisiana Territory confirmed that Spain had transferred the Louisiana Territory toto France France in a secret agreement.in a secret agreement.

letter to the American minister to France, Robert R. Livingston President Jefferson stated that

"The day that France takes possession of New Orleans … we must marry ourselves to the British fleet and nation."

IV ContinuedIV Continued

C. C. Jefferson authorized Jefferson authorized Robert LivingstonRobert Livingston, the new , the new minister to France, to offer as much as $minister to France, to offer as much as $10 million for 10 million for New OrleansNew Orleans and and West FloridaWest Florida..

D. D. Because of unrest in Because of unrest in Santo DomingoSanto Domingo (now Haiti and (now Haiti and the Dominican Republic), Napoleon had to cancel his the Dominican Republic), Napoleon had to cancel his plans in America. He sent in troops to crush a revolt plans in America. He sent in troops to crush a revolt against French rule. against French rule. Toussaint-Toussaint-LouvertureLouverture, , imageimage a a former enslaved African, led the revolt. He helped drive former enslaved African, led the revolt. He helped drive the British and Spanish from the island and end slavery the British and Spanish from the island and end slavery there. The French captured there. The French captured Toussaint-Louverture Toussaint-Louverture but but did not regain the island.did not regain the island.

“I was born a slave, but nature gave me a soul of a free man….”

Toussaint Louverture

“In overthrowing me, you have done no more than cut down the trunk of the tree of the black liberty in St-Domingue-it will spring back from the roots, for they are numerous and deep.”

Toussaint Louverture“Toussaint is a Negro and in the jargon of war has been called a brigand. But according to all accounts he is a Negro born to vindicate the claims of this species and to show that the character of men is independent of color”London Gazette attitudes in England and the North were beginning to changeDecember 12, 1798

William Wilberforce Slavery Abolition Act 1833, abolished slavery in most of the British Empire.

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V.V. The Nation Expands The Nation Expands (Pages (Pages 283-285)283-285)

America bought the America bought the Louisiana TerritoryLouisiana Territory from France, from France, not just New Orleans. The entire Louisiana Territory not just New Orleans. The entire Louisiana Territory was for sale. Monroe and Livingston, negotiated a was for sale. Monroe and Livingston, negotiated a price of price of $15 million for the$15 million for the Louisiana PurchaseLouisiana Purchase. With . With this territory, the size of the United States doubled.this territory, the size of the United States doubled.

The United States ratified the treaty with The United States ratified the treaty with FranceFrance in in October 1803October 1803 to make the Louisiana Territory to make the Louisiana Territory purchase legal. purchase legal. Jefferson was concerned because the Jefferson was concerned because the Constitution said nothingConstitution said nothing about acquiring new about acquiring new territoryterritory. . (see his bank argument)(see his bank argument)

A Northwest Passage?

Great American Desert was the name given, in the first half of the nineteenth century, to the area west of the Mississippi river.

At the timeWhite Americans considered it to be unfit for habitation.

V. ContinuedV. Continued

Jefferson was interested in knowing more about the lands Jefferson was interested in knowing more about the lands west of the Mississippi River. Jefferson sent west of the Mississippi River. Jefferson sent Meriwether LewisMeriwether Lewis LewisLewis and and William ClarkWilliam Clark Clark Clark to explore to explore the new territory even before the Louisiana Purchase was the new territory even before the Louisiana Purchase was complete.complete.

Jefferson saw the expedition as a scientific adventure, Jefferson saw the expedition as a scientific adventure, while Congress was interested in commercial possibilities while Congress was interested in commercial possibilities and places for future ports.and places for future ports.

Lewis and Clark put together a crew, Lewis and Clark put together a crew, including an including an African AmericanAfrican American named named York,York, and left St. Louis in and left St. Louis in the spring of 1804. After traveling nearly 4,000 miles in the spring of 1804. After traveling nearly 4,000 miles in 18 months, they 18 months, they reached the Pacific Oceanreached the Pacific Ocean..

They spent the winter there and traveled back along They spent the winter there and traveled back along different routes. different routes. Mysterious death of LewisMysterious death of Lewis

Outbound route shown in red, inbound in blue.

Great joy in Camp we are in view of the Ocean,this great Pacific Ocean which we been so long anxious to seeand the roaring or noise made by the waves braking on the rockyshores (as I suppose) may be heard distinctly.

                                                                  —William Clark in his Voyage of Discovery journal

"Clark Field Notes--Keelboat" William Clark Field Notes, 1804, page showing keelboat

At the expedition’s end, Clark resumed treating York as his slave. Clark, relocating with his new wife to St. Louis, forced York to accompany them, even though York’s wife was owned in the Louisville, Kentucky, area. York, desperate to be reunited with his wife, pleaded with his master to free him for his service on the voyage. Clark stubbornly refused. Finding York insolent and sulky, Clark beat him and threatened to sell him to a more severe master. Clark finally granted York his freedom (1811) long after the expedition ended.

2020

Imax Lewis & Clark Run Time: [42:20]Imax Lewis & Clark Run Time: [42:20]

SacagaweaSacagawea(c. 1790-1812 or 1884)(c. 1790-1812 or 1884)

Her Son “Pompy” Sacagawea’s son Jean Baptiste Charbonneau, or

“Pompy,” was three months old when the Corps of Discovery left Fort Mandan. His parents accepted William Clark’s offer to educate him, and he moved into Clark’s St. Louis home when he was six. At age 18, he went to Europe for six years with Duke Paul of Wuerttemburg, an enthusiastic early tourist of the American West. Returning to the U.S., Jean Baptiste became a mountain man and fur trader, and a guide whose clients included John C. Frémont. He later settled in California, and died in Oregon, en route to Montana, in 1866.

near Jordan Valley, Oregon

V. ContinuedV. Continued

Jefferson sent another expedition to Jefferson sent another expedition to exploreexplore (interactive (interactive

map)map) the wilderness. Lieutenant the wilderness. Lieutenant Zebulon PikeZebulon Pike Zebulon PikeZebulon Pike led two led two expeditionsexpeditions into a region into a region that is now Colorado. There he found a that is now Colorado. There he found a snowcapped mountain he called snowcapped mountain he called Grand PeakGrand Peak. . Today it is called Today it is called Pikes Peak.Pikes Peak. Peak Cam,Pike’s route animation world of nature video 6 minutesPeak Cam,Pike’s route animation world of nature video 6 minutes

A group of A group of Federalists Federalists who opposed the Louisiana who opposed the Louisiana Purchase planned to Purchase planned to secede, or withdrawsecede, or withdraw, from , from the Union. They were concerned that the new the Union. They were concerned that the new territory would become territory would become agriculturalagricultural and and RepublicanRepublican,, and because it was so large, they and because it was so large, they would lose power.would lose power.

…'What,' said I, interrupting him 'is not this the Red river?' 'No, Sir! the Rio del Norte.' I immediately ordered my flag to be taken down and rolled up, feeling how sensibly I had committed myself in entering their territory, and conscious that they must have positive orders to take me in." Diary of Zebulon Pike

Significance of Louisiana PurchaseSignificance of Louisiana Purchase

1. 1. Doubled sizeDoubled size of the United States of the United States 2. 2. Increased Increased store of store of natural resourcesnatural resources 3. Gave 3. Gave permanent controlpermanent control of of MississippiMississippi 4. 4. Strengthened national unityStrengthened national unity and made and made

westerners grateful the federal govt. was westerners grateful the federal govt. was

safeguarding their interestssafeguarding their interests 5. Promoted 5. Promoted westward expansionwestward expansion 6. Forced Jefferson to 6. Forced Jefferson to modify his viewmodify his view of of

ConstitutionConstitution 7. 7. Paved Paved way for future way for future struggle over slaverystruggle over slavery

in the new in the new territories.territories.

V. ContinuedV. Continued . . They wanted to form a Northern Confederacy They wanted to form a Northern Confederacy

including New York. To get the New York support, including New York. To get the New York support, the Federalists supported Aaron Burr for governor of the Federalists supported Aaron Burr for governor of New York in 1804.New York in 1804.

Hamilton, who never trusted Burr, heard rumors that Hamilton, who never trusted Burr, heard rumors that Burr had secretly agreed to lead New York out of the Burr had secretly agreed to lead New York out of the Union. Burr lost the election and blamed Hamilton.Union. Burr lost the election and blamed Hamilton.

Old NewsOld News Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel with armed pistols. It Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel with armed pistols. It

took place on took place on July 11, 1804July 11, 1804 in in Weehawken,Weehawken, drawingdrawing New New Jersey. Hamilton fired first but missed actually injuring Jersey. Hamilton fired first but missed actually injuring Burr. Burr. Burr,Burr, on the other hand, seriously on the other hand, seriously wounded Hamiltonwounded Hamilton,, infoinfo who died the next day. Burr fled so who died the next day. Burr fled so he would not be jailed.he would not be jailed.

Hamilton's tomb in the graveyard of Trinity Church NY, at Wall Street and Broadway

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Chapter 9, Section 3Chapter 9, Section 3

Did You Know? Did You Know? Thomas Jefferson founded the University of Thomas Jefferson founded the University of

Virginia by securing its land, obtaining state Virginia by securing its land, obtaining state funding, and designing its distinctive grounds funding, and designing its distinctive grounds and buildings. Jefferson devoted his last years and buildings. Jefferson devoted his last years to the project, completing the Rotunda in 1826, to the project, completing the Rotunda in 1826, the same year he died. Jefferson claimed the the same year he died. Jefferson claimed the University as one of his proudest achievements, University as one of his proudest achievements, along with authoring the Declaration of along with authoring the Declaration of Independence and Virginia's statute on religious Independence and Virginia's statute on religious freedom.freedom.

The Lawn during winter, with tracks through the snow. At center is the Rotunda, which was the original library building at the head of Jefferson's Academical Village.

VI. Americans in Foreign Seas VI. Americans in Foreign Seas (Pages (Pages 288-289)288-289)

Many American merchant ships profited from trade with foreign nations in Many American merchant ships profited from trade with foreign nations in the late1700s and early 1800s. the late1700s and early 1800s.

Sailing foreign waters could be dangerous, however. Ships had to watch for Sailing foreign waters could be dangerous, however. Ships had to watch for Barbary pirates from Tripoli and other Barbary Coast states of North Barbary pirates from Tripoli and other Barbary Coast states of North Africa. Africa.

The United States entered a war with Tripoli. When the ruler of Tripoli asked The United States entered a war with Tripoli. When the ruler of Tripoli asked the United Stated for the United Stated for more money in 1801more money in 1801, Jefferson refused. , Jefferson refused. War broke War broke outout. Jefferson sent ships to blockade Tripoli, but the Barbary pirates . Jefferson sent ships to blockade Tripoli, but the Barbary pirates were were too powerfultoo powerful to be defeated. to be defeated.

In In 1804 the pirates seized the United States 1804 the pirates seized the United States warship Philadelphiawarship Philadelphia and and towed it into Tripoli Harbor. When a United States navy captain towed it into Tripoli Harbor. When a United States navy captain Stephen Stephen DecaturDecatur and his raiding party and his raiding party burned the shipburned the ship, a British admiral called it a , a British admiral called it a "bold and daring act"bold and daring act.“ .“ Decatur killed Decatur killed in a duel in 1820in a duel in 1820

The conflict ended in The conflict ended in June 1805June 1805 when Tripoli agreed to stop demanding when Tripoli agreed to stop demanding tribute.tribute. However, the United States had to pay a 'ransom of However, the United States had to pay a 'ransom of $60,000 to $60,000 to release American prisoners.release American prisoners.

Saint Peter's Episcopal Churchyard Philadelphia

Our country! In her intercourse with foreign nations, may she always be in the right; but our country, right or wrong!”

Stephen Decatur

If you were an American merchant shipper, If you were an American merchant shipper, would you have sailed during the era of the would you have sailed during the era of the Barbary pirates? Would you sail today in Barbary pirates? Would you sail today in pirate infested waters? Why or why not? pirate infested waters? Why or why not?

Answers will vary, but should include the idea (1)that these people were in business despite the danger of the seas. (2) They made profits by trading their goods with foreign nations, so they risked capture. If they did not sail, they did not make money. Give reasons and be able to substantiate them in discussion

VII ContinuedVII Continued

Great BritainGreat Britain and and FranceFrance were involved in a were involved in a war that threatened to interfere with American war that threatened to interfere with American trade. America traded with both Britain and trade. America traded with both Britain and France when they went to war in 1803.France when they went to war in 1803.

By 1805 Britain and France took action against By 1805 Britain and France took action against America and its America and its neutral rightsneutral rights.. Britain Britain blockadedblockaded the French coast and threatened to the French coast and threatened to search all ships trading with France. France said search all ships trading with France. France said it would search and seize ships trading with it would search and seize ships trading with Britain. Britain. http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=348424 impressment 7:14http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=348424 impressment 7:14

The British needed sailors, so they kidnapped The British needed sailors, so they kidnapped American sailors. This practice American sailors. This practice of of impressment impressment did catch some deserters, but did catch some deserters, but thousands thousands of of the impressed sailors were native-the impressed sailors were native-born and naturalized American citizens.born and naturalized American citizens.

The "impressment" of American seamen. Both the French, in the Berlin and Milan Decrees, and the English through their " Orders in Council ," attempted to prevent American merchants from bringing supplies to the other country. The English further angered Americans by seizing merchant seamen from the vessels that they stopped and searched, claiming that these men were really Englishmen and impressing them into the British navy.

VII. ContinuedVII. Continued The The British attackedBritish attacked the American ship the American ship

ChesapeakeChesapeake in June 1807.in June 1807. Americans were furious at the British when Americans were furious at the British when

they heard they heard of of the attack. Jefferson chose a the attack. Jefferson chose a disastrous trade ban in December 1807 disastrous trade ban in December 1807 called thecalled the Embargo ActEmbargo Act.. The hope was The hope was to hurt Britain. Instead, to hurt Britain. Instead, the embargo the embargo banned imports from and exports banned imports from and exports to all foreign countriesto all foreign countries.. The act was a The act was a disaster. It wiped out all American disaster. It wiped out all American commerce with other nationscommerce with other nations. It was also . It was also ineffectiveineffective against against Britain because it Britain because it traded with Latin America for traded with Latin America for agricultural goods.agricultural goods.

"War is not the best engine for us to resort to; nature has given us one in our commerce, which if properly managed, will be a better instrument for obliging the interested nations of Europe to treat us with justice." --Thomas Jefferson, letter to Thomas Pickney, 1797

The Embargo Act (1807)The Embargo Act (1807)The “OGRABME” TurtleThe “OGRABME” Turtle

The Embargo Act (1807)The Embargo Act (1807)The “OGRABME” TurtleThe “OGRABME” Turtle

"Ograbme“-- is 'Embargo' spelled backwards

Known in North American folklore as the “Ograbme” (embargo spelled backwards) the snapping turtle earned a place in the history of our southern neighbors, becoming a feature in political cartoons commenting on the 1807 Jeffersonian embargo act which banned trade between the United States and other nations.

. On March 1, 1809, . On March 1, 1809, Congress repealed the act Congress repealed the act and passed theand passed the Nonintercourse Act.Nonintercourse Act. prohibited trade with only prohibited trade with only BritainBritain and and FranceFrance and their and their colonial possessions.colonial possessions. (This act repealed on 1 (This act repealed on 1

May 1810 in favor of what became known asMay 1810 in favor of what became known as Macon's Bill No. 2Macon's Bill No. 2,, which which reopened trade with which ever power recognized our neutral trading rights reopened trade with which ever power recognized our neutral trading rights would put us on a course for war with Britain) would put us on a course for war with Britain)

The Non-Intercourse Act The Non-Intercourse Act (1809)(1809)

The Non-Intercourse Act The Non-Intercourse Act (1809)(1809)

Q Replaced the Embargo Act.Replaced the Embargo Act.

Q Remained U. S. policy until 1812.Remained U. S. policy until 1812.

Q Unexpected ConsequencesUnexpected Consequences::

N. Eng. was forced to become N. Eng. was forced to become self-sufficient again [old self-sufficient again [old factories reopened].factories reopened].

Laid the groundwork for US Laid the groundwork for US industrial power.industrial power.

Jefferson, a critic of an Jefferson, a critic of an industrial America, ironically industrial America, ironically contributed to Hamilton’s view contributed to Hamilton’s view of the US!!!of the US!!!

Jefferson announced his departure after Jefferson announced his departure after two terms. The candidates nominated two terms. The candidates nominated werewere MadisonMadison for the for the RepublicansRepublicans and and PinckneyPinckney for the for the Federalists.Federalists. Madison Madison won with 122 electoralwon with 122 electoral votes to votes to Pinckney's 47.Pinckney's 47.

Why was the Embargo Act such a disaster?

It killed American commerce by banning imports from and exports to all foreign countries, and it did not hurt Britain, which was the true target. Congress realized its mistake and repealed the act, through probably too late.

VIII. War Fever VIII. War Fever (Pages (Pages 292-294)292-294)

When When James James Madison took office, the country was Madison took office, the country was suffering from the suffering from the embargo crisisembargo crisis and the possibility and the possibility of of war.war.

The war cry grew close, but it was hard to determine The war cry grew close, but it was hard to determine if the enemy was France or Britain. In 1801 if the enemy was France or Britain. In 1801 Congress passed a law permitting direct trade with Congress passed a law permitting direct trade with either France either France or or Britain. Britain. ImpressmentImpressment however was however was a major source of anger toward England a major source of anger toward England

The country also had problems in the West. The country also had problems in the West. Between Between 1801 and 1810, white settlers continued to 1801 and 1810, white settlers continued to move onto lands that had been guaranteed to Native move onto lands that had been guaranteed to Native AmericansAmericans..

“The present situation of the world is indeed without a parallel, and that of our own country full of difficulties. The pressure of these, too, is the more severely felt because they have fallen upon us at a moment when the national prosperity being at a height not before attained, the contrast resulting from the change has been rendered the more striking…”

James Madison first inaugural address 2nd paragraph

“…One year ago, I took office amid two wars, an economy rocked by a severe recession, a financial system on the verge of collapse, and a government deeply in debt. Experts from across the political spectrum warned that if we did not act, we might face a second depression.” …So we face big and difficult challenges. And…” Barak Obama’s 1st Inaugural Address

Roy Nafziger, IBC’s founder, described his Dolly Madison® snack cakes at their introduction in 1937. Roy’s fascination with the First Lady Dolley Madison lent him the name and inspiration to create a high quality snack fit for a socialite like Madison yet affordable for everyone. Dolly Madison is credited with creating the role of the First Lady.

VIII Cont.VIII Cont.

Ohio became a state in 1803.Ohio became a state in 1803.

Native Americans renewed their Native Americans renewed their associations with British agents and fur associations with British agents and fur traders in Canada for protection.traders in Canada for protection.

Some Native Americans built a Some Native Americans built a confederacy confederacy among their nations in the Northwest. They among their nations in the Northwest. They were led bywere led by Tecumseh Tecumseh, , TecumsehTecumseh a a Shawnee chief. Tecumseh believed that Shawnee chief. Tecumseh believed that the treaties with separate Native American the treaties with separate Native American nations were worthless and the land was nations were worthless and the land was meant for Native Americans to live on.meant for Native Americans to live on.

“The being within, communing with past ages, tells me that until lately there was no white man on this continent. It then all belonged to red men, children of the same parents,…”

From a speech Tecumseh made to Governor Harrison. Voices of Freedom p.81-8Tecumseh

VIII. Cont.VIII. Cont. TecumsehTecumseh's brother, 's brother, the Prophet,the Prophet, attracted a attracted a

huge following with his teachings. huge following with his teachings. The ProphetThe Prophet Tecumseh met with the white people and the Tecumseh met with the white people and the

governor governor of of the Indiana Territory,the Indiana Territory, General General William Henry HarrisonWilliam Henry Harrison, after , after

Harrison had warned him Harrison had warned him of of the weakness the weakness of of a a Native American-British allianceNative American-British alliance and the and the power power of of the United States against them. the United States against them.

Prophetstown at the Prophetstown at the Battle Battle of of TippecanoeTippecanoe. . The Americans proclaimed a victory, while the The Americans proclaimed a victory, while the Prophet's forces fled. Unfortunately for the Prophet's forces fled. Unfortunately for the Americans, Americans, TecumsehTecumseh and the and the British British forces unitedforces united as a result as a result of of the American the American victory. victory. http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=35104 Battle of http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=35104 Battle of Tippecanoe 2:03 minTippecanoe 2:03 min

VIII. Cont.VIII. Cont.

The The War Hawks, led by Henry Clay from Kentucky and John War Hawks, led by Henry Clay from Kentucky and John Calhoun from South CarolinaCalhoun from South Carolina, pushed for the president to , pushed for the president to declare war with Britain. The Federalists in the Northeast declare war with Britain. The Federalists in the Northeast remained opposed to war.remained opposed to war.

The The War HawksWar Hawks were eager to expand the nation's were eager to expand the nation's power.power.

By their efforts, the size of the army quadrupled through By their efforts, the size of the army quadrupled through additional military spending.additional military spending.

Their nationalism appealed to a new sense of Their nationalism appealed to a new sense of American patriotism.American patriotism.

On On June I, 1812June I, 1812, , MadisonMadison asked Congress for a asked Congress for a declaration declaration of warof war,, concluding that war with Britain was inevitable. concluding that war with Britain was inevitable. At the At the same time, same time, Britain ended their policy of searching and seizingBritain ended their policy of searching and seizing American ships. However, because the news took so long to American ships. However, because the news took so long to travel across the ocean, the United States did not know of the travel across the ocean, the United States did not know of the change.change.

Henry ClayJohn C. Calhoun

Sympathy for Impressed Americans

Captain of British Ship the Leander Basil Hall

“I refer to the impressment of those seamen who we found serving on board American merchant ships but who were known to be or supposed to be British subjects. To place the full annoyance of these matters in a light to be viewed fairly by English people, let us suppose…?

Voices of Freedom p.80

OvervieOvervieww

of theof theWarWarofof

18121812

OvervieOvervieww

of theof theWarWarofof

18121812In August 1812 The USS Constitution met the British frigate Guerrier off coast of Maine and defeated it as well as the Java in another famous battle. The Constitution was the most famous ship to ever have flown the American flag. USS Essex commanded by Capt. David Porter. “The Essex was like a wolf in a pasture of unguarded sheep” The USS United States commanded by Stephen Decatur was another successful frigate

4242

Did You Know?Did You Know? Although Although Francis Scott Francis Scott

KeyKey wrote the lyrics in 1814 wrote the lyrics in 1814 to what eventually was called to what eventually was called

""The Star-Spangled The Star-Spangled Banner”,Banner”, it originally was it originally was

called called "Defense of Fort "Defense of Fort McHenry'”McHenry'” and wasn't and wasn't adopted as our national adopted as our national anthem until anthem until March 3, 1931. March 3, 1931. Some suggest a less war- Some suggest a less war- like song such as America like song such as America the Beautiful should be the the Beautiful should be the nation’s anthem .nation’s anthem .

IX. IX. War Begins War Begins (Pages (Pages 296-298)296-298)

The United States was unprepared for the war. It had a government that The United States was unprepared for the war. It had a government that provided no leadershipprovided no leadership, a small army of , a small army of 7,000, and state militias7,000, and state militias with with 50,000 to 100,000 poorly trained soldiers50,000 to 100,000 poorly trained soldiers, some of whom were too old , some of whom were too old to fight.to fight.

The war began in July 1812. The war began in July 1812. General William HullGeneral William Hull led the army from led the army from Detroit to Canada, but was forced to retreat. Detroit to Canada, but was forced to retreat. General General William Henry HarrisonWilliam Henry Harrison made another attempt without luck and made another attempt without luck and decided that as long as the British controlled Lake Erie, they would not be decided that as long as the British controlled Lake Erie, they would not be able to invade Canada.able to invade Canada.

Naval battles were more successful. On September 10, 1813, after a Naval battles were more successful. On September 10, 1813, after a bloody battle along Lake Erie led by bloody battle along Lake Erie led by Oliver Hazard PerryOliver Hazard Perry, , Oliver Oliver Hazard PerryHazard Perry American ships destroyedAmerican ships destroyed the British naval force. the British naval force.

Although they lost the Revolutionary War, the British caused trouble for the United States from their Although they lost the Revolutionary War, the British caused trouble for the United States from their stronghold in Canada. Trace the Great Lakes' importance in the War of 1812stronghold in Canada. Trace the Great Lakes' importance in the War of 1812 . 3:53. 3:53

IX. Cont.IX. Cont. British troops and their Native American allies tried to British troops and their Native American allies tried to

pull back from Detroit now that America controlled Lake pull back from Detroit now that America controlled Lake Erie.Erie. In the In the Battle of the ThamesBattle of the Thames on October 5, on October 5, Tecumseh Tecumseh was killedwas killed when Harrison and his troops when Harrison and his troops cut off the British and Native American forces.cut off the British and Native American forces.

Canada remained unconquered, although Americans Canada remained unconquered, although Americans attacked York (present-day Toronto), burning the attacked York (present-day Toronto), burning the Parliament buildings.Parliament buildings.

The war at sea saw more victories.The war at sea saw more victories. http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=317456 Battle of Horseshoe Bend 8:12http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=317456 Battle of Horseshoe Bend 8:12

The Native Americans had some setbacks. When The Native Americans had some setbacks. When Tecumseh died, hopes of a Native American Tecumseh died, hopes of a Native American confederation also diedconfederation also died. . In March 1814, at the Battle of In March 1814, at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, Mississippi Territory, Jackson Horseshoe Bend, Mississippi Territory, Jackson attacked and defeated the Creeksattacked and defeated the Creeks.. They were forced to They were forced to give up most of their lands in the United States.give up most of their lands in the United States.

Jackson’s Florida Jackson’s Florida CampaignsCampaigns

Jackson’s Florida Jackson’s Florida CampaignsCampaigns

X.X. The British Offensive The British Offensive (Pages 298-300)(Pages 298-300)

In the spring In the spring of of 1814, the British won the war with the 1814, the British won the war with the French. Now they could send more troops to America. French. Now they could send more troops to America. On August 24,1814, the British marched into the capital On August 24,1814, the British marched into the capital of of Washington, D.C., burning and Washington, D.C., burning and destroying the city.destroying the city.

The British then went on to attack The British then went on to attack Baltimore,Baltimore, but but Baltimore was ready.Baltimore was ready. The British attacked but could not The British attacked but could not enter.enter.

Roads were barricaded, the harbor was blocked, and some Roads were barricaded, the harbor was blocked, and some 13,000 13,000 militiamen stood guard.militiamen stood guard.

Frances Scott Key wrote the "Star-Spangled Frances Scott Key wrote the "Star-Spangled BannerBanner"" to exemplify the patriotic feeling when he saw the to exemplify the patriotic feeling when he saw the American flag still flying overAmerican flag still flying over Fort Fort McHenryMcHenry when the battle when the battle was over.was over. Sept. 13-14, 1814Sept. 13-14, 1814

X. ContinuedX. Continued C. The British goal to capture Plattsburgh, a key city on the C. The British goal to capture Plattsburgh, a key city on the

shore shore of of Lake Champlain, was stopped when the American Lake Champlain, was stopped when the American naval naval force force on Lake Champlainon Lake Champlain defeated the British fleet on the defeated the British fleet on the lake on September 11, 1814. Knowing the American ships lake on September 11, 1814. Knowing the American ships could overtake them, the British retreated to Canada.could overtake them, the British retreated to Canada.

D. D. The British decided after the The British decided after the Battle of Lake ChamplainBattle of Lake Champlain lossloss that the war in North America was too costly and that the war in North America was too costly and unnecessaryunnecessary.. In December 1814, in Ghent, Belgium, American In December 1814, in Ghent, Belgium, American and British representatives signed the and British representatives signed the Treaty of GhentTreaty of Ghent Treaty Treaty of of GhentGhent to end the war. The treaty did not change any to end the war. The treaty did not change any of of the the existing borders.existing borders.

http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=317457 Jackson defeats the British 15min.http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=317457 Jackson defeats the British 15min.

E. E. One final battle was fought after the peace treaty was signed One final battle was fought after the peace treaty was signed but before word reached the United States but before word reached the United States of of the peace the peace agreement. agreement. The Battle The Battle of of New OrleansNew Orleans in December 1814 was in December 1814 was a bloody battle in which the Americans were victorious. a bloody battle in which the Americans were victorious.

Andrew JacksonAndrew Jackson led the American army and led the American army and became a herobecame a hero. . His fame helped him later win the presidency His fame helped him later win the presidency in in 18271827.. Battle Of New Orleans - Johnny HortonOfBattle Of New Orleans - Johnny HortonOf New Orleans (British Answer) - Jimmy Driftwood New Orleans (British Answer) - Jimmy Driftwood

The Battle of New Orleans, The Battle of New Orleans, 18151815

The Battle of New Orleans, The Battle of New Orleans, 18151815

The Federalists in New England had The Federalists in New England had opposed the war from the start. At the opposed the war from the start. At the Hartford ConventionHartford Convention, they drew up a list of , they drew up a list of proposed amendments to the constitution.proposed amendments to the constitution.

Once the word came of Jackson's victory Once the word came of Jackson's victory and the peace treaty, their grievances and the peace treaty, their grievances seemed unpatriotic and their party lost seemed unpatriotic and their party lost favorfavor..

Essay QuestionsEssay QuestionsPick one of the questions below to prepare for tomorrow’s testPick one of the questions below to prepare for tomorrow’s test

How do today’s elections differ How do today’s elections differ from the election of 1800?from the election of 1800?

Why did the Embargo Act of 1807 Why did the Embargo Act of 1807 divide the American People?divide the American People?