Chapter 9: The Confederation and the Constitution.
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Transcript of Chapter 9: The Confederation and the Constitution.
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Chapter 9: The Confederation and
the Constitution
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State Governments (pg. 57)• While the Revolutionary War was being fought, leaders of the
13 colonies worked to change them into independent states (each w/ its own constitution).
1. List of Rights: basic rights & freedoms that state officials couldn’t infringe (encroach on).
2. Separation of Powers: most separated into 3 branches & safeguard against tyranny (legislative, elected legislatures) (executive, elected governor) (judicial, system of courts)
3. Voting: extended to all white males who owned property (property requirement, minimal amount)
4. Office-Holding: those seeking elected office were usually held to a higher property qualification than the voters.
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Social Change (pg. 58)1. Abolition of Aristocratic Titles: no legislature could grant
titles of nobility (primogeniture was done away with) (large estates taken from Loyalists, raise $ to pay for War).
2. Separation of Church & State: states refused to give financial support to any religious group (Anglican Church, unpopular) (connected to England) (religious tax eventually stopped)
3. Women: most important contribution was to help maintain the economy (remained 2nd class status)
4. Slavery: contradicted the spirit of the Revolution (“all men are created equal“) (some steps made to correct it) (northern states freed slaves) (south kept theirs, tied/economy)
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Articles of Confederation (pg. 59)Ratification
• Delayed by a dispute over the Alleghenies wilderness (R.I. & Md. want Congress to own it) (Va. & N.Y. finally agree)
Structure of Government• Congress was the only branch
• Each state given 1 vote (9 votes required to pass laws)
• To amend the Articles, a unanimous vote was required
Powers • Given: wage war, make treaties, send diplomatic
representatives, & borrow money
• Not given: regulate commerce, collect taxes (to finance its decisions, rely on states) (no executive power to enforce its laws)
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Accomplishments (pg. 60)1. Winning the War: credit for Revolution victory
(favorable terms with Great Britain)
2. Land Ordinance of 1785: congress established a public policy for the western lands (set aside 1 section of land in each township for education)
3. Northwest Ordinance of 1787: area between Great Lakes & Ohio River (rules set for creating states) (limits placed on territories) (limited self-government, no slavery)
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Problems w/ the Articles (pg. 126 cont.)1. Financial: most war debts went unpaid
(states & congress issued worthless paper money) (congress can’t tax, so can’t pay debts) (congress asks states to donate money)
2. Domestic: Summer of 1786, Captain Daniel Shays led other farmers in an uprising against: high taxes, debtor’s prison, lack of paper money. (stopped collection of taxes, forced closing of courts) (congress too weak to do anything) (Mass. Militia was sent to settle the problem)
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The U.S. Under the Articles (pg. 62)• Economic Weaknesses & Interstate Quarrels (failure to pay)
(little foreign trade, bad credit) (Articles can’t tax, worthless money) (13 states distrusted/taxed each other) (interstate, rivalry & tension)
• The Annapolis Convention (Washington hosted/conference) (successful) (4 states decided to meet again/Annapolis, Maryland) (all states invited, 5 showed up) (successful again) (Madison/Hamilton convinced others to meet again, Philadelphia) (purpose of meeting, revise the Articles)
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Drafting the Constitution in Philadelphia (Pg. 134) • The Delegates (college-educated, young, experience, wealthy)
(chose to be secretive) (Washington, chairperson) (pull it off) (James Madison, “father” of the Constitution) (push/strong nation) (nationalists/present) (major figures weren’t present) (S. Adams?)
• Representation (bigger/population, the more representation needed) (equal representation or get dominated by large states) (Virginia Plan vs. New Jersey Plan) (Connecticut Compromise) (birth of modern bicameral Congress)
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(pg. 64 cont.)
• Slavery (South angers North, insist on counting their slaves) (no political rights, shouldn’t be counted as part of population) (3/5’s Compromise, a slave counts as 3/5’s of a white person) (determines taxation & representation) (importation ends, 20 years)
• Trade (North wants to regulate trade, foreign/domestic) (tariffs?) (South doesn’t want tariff on exports) (Commercial Compromise)
• Powers & Election of President (disagreed over executives’ term) (how to elect him?) (don’t trust/masses, uneducated) (mob rule) (electoral college) (each state assigned a number of electors)
• Ratification (17 weeks later, convention approved) (draft the Constitution) (submit to states for ratification) (9 of 13 states required/ratification)
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Federalists & Anti-Federalists (pg. 66)• The Federalist Papers (ratification is fiercely debated/1 year)
(Federalists, support Constitution/strong central govt.) (Anti-Federalists, support Articles)
• The Federalist Papers (persuasive essays written/NY papers) (James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay) (explained advantages of ratification of Constitution)
• Outcome (Anti-Federalists objected, no Bill of Rights) (Federalists promised to include later) (Va./NY had not voted) (needed for unity/strength)
• Virginia (George Mason/Patrick Henry not sold, Constitution) (Virginia rallies around Washington/Madison/Marshall)
• Other States (states choose to follow Virginia’s lead) (promise of including a Bill of Rights)
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Adding the Bill of Rights (pg. 67)• Arguments for A Bill of Rights (fought a War to get rid of a tyrant)
(people need protection from a potentially abusive strong central govt)
• Arguments Against A Bill of Rights (unlisted rights, violated?) (elected officials have to follow people’s needs)
• The First Ten Amendments (adopted in 1791) (protect people)