Chapter 9 The Cellular Basis of Inheritance. Reproduction Asexual – process in which a single cell...
-
Upload
vernon-grant -
Category
Documents
-
view
216 -
download
0
Transcript of Chapter 9 The Cellular Basis of Inheritance. Reproduction Asexual – process in which a single cell...
![Page 1: Chapter 9 The Cellular Basis of Inheritance. Reproduction Asexual – process in which a single cell or set of cells produces offspring that inherit all.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649f165503460f94c2cdbc/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 9
The Cellular Basis of Inheritance
![Page 2: Chapter 9 The Cellular Basis of Inheritance. Reproduction Asexual – process in which a single cell or set of cells produces offspring that inherit all.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649f165503460f94c2cdbc/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Reproduction Asexual – process in which a single cell or set
of cells produces offspring that inherit all their genetic material from one parent Ex. Binary fission – bacteria
Sexual – process in which genetic material from two parents combines and produces offspring that differ genetically from either parent Fertilization – egg fuses with sperm (zygote)
Cellular division – division of the genetic material of a cell in which two new cells are created
![Page 3: Chapter 9 The Cellular Basis of Inheritance. Reproduction Asexual – process in which a single cell or set of cells produces offspring that inherit all.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649f165503460f94c2cdbc/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Chromosome Structure
Nucleus – control center of cell Contains DNA
Chromatin – thin fibers of protein and DNA found in a non-dividing cell
Chromosomes – Condensed, coiled, chromatin, that forms in dividing cells
Chromatid (sister) – each half of a duplicated chromosome
Centromere – Site of attachment for chromatids
![Page 4: Chapter 9 The Cellular Basis of Inheritance. Reproduction Asexual – process in which a single cell or set of cells produces offspring that inherit all.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649f165503460f94c2cdbc/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Chromosome Structure
![Page 5: Chapter 9 The Cellular Basis of Inheritance. Reproduction Asexual – process in which a single cell or set of cells produces offspring that inherit all.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649f165503460f94c2cdbc/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Chromosome Numbers
Each species has a characteristic number of chromosomes Humans – 46, 23 pairs Fruit Flies – 8 Chimps – 48 Carrot - 18
![Page 6: Chapter 9 The Cellular Basis of Inheritance. Reproduction Asexual – process in which a single cell or set of cells produces offspring that inherit all.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649f165503460f94c2cdbc/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Chromosome Numbers
Humans Sex Chromosomes (2) Determine the sex
Male XY Female XX
Autosomal Chromosomes (44)
![Page 7: Chapter 9 The Cellular Basis of Inheritance. Reproduction Asexual – process in which a single cell or set of cells produces offspring that inherit all.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649f165503460f94c2cdbc/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Chromosome Numbers Homologous
Chromosomes – One of a pair of morphologically similar chromosomes (mother, father) Carry genes for the
same traits
Karyotype – a technique for examining the chromosome makeup of an individual
![Page 8: Chapter 9 The Cellular Basis of Inheritance. Reproduction Asexual – process in which a single cell or set of cells produces offspring that inherit all.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649f165503460f94c2cdbc/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Chromosome Numbers Diploid (2N)
Cells that contains 2 of each type of chromosome Somatic cells – body cells
Haploid (1N) Cells that contain only 1 set
of chromosomes Germ cells – those that
give rise to gametes
![Page 9: Chapter 9 The Cellular Basis of Inheritance. Reproduction Asexual – process in which a single cell or set of cells produces offspring that inherit all.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649f165503460f94c2cdbc/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Cell Cycle Cell Cycle
Sequence of events from the production of a eukaryotic cell to the time the cell itself reproduces
Three Stages in the cell cycle Interphase Mitosis Cytokinesis
![Page 10: Chapter 9 The Cellular Basis of Inheritance. Reproduction Asexual – process in which a single cell or set of cells produces offspring that inherit all.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649f165503460f94c2cdbc/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: Chapter 9 The Cellular Basis of Inheritance. Reproduction Asexual – process in which a single cell or set of cells produces offspring that inherit all.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649f165503460f94c2cdbc/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Cell Cycle Interphase
Period of cell growth and development before cell division (90% cells life)
3 Phases of Interphase G1 – Time of cell growth S – Cells DNA is copied (replicated) G2 – Cell prepares for division
![Page 12: Chapter 9 The Cellular Basis of Inheritance. Reproduction Asexual – process in which a single cell or set of cells produces offspring that inherit all.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649f165503460f94c2cdbc/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Cell Cycle Mitosis
Cell (nuclear) division in which the number of chromosomes is kept the same from parent cells to daughter cells
2N parent cell creates 2 diploid daughter cells
4 stages of Mitosis Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
![Page 13: Chapter 9 The Cellular Basis of Inheritance. Reproduction Asexual – process in which a single cell or set of cells produces offspring that inherit all.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649f165503460f94c2cdbc/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Cell Cycle Mitosis
Prophase 1. Each duplicated chromosome (consisting
of two sister chromatids) condenses from thread-like form to rod-like form
2. Nuclear envelope and nucleolus disappear 3. Centrioles form and move to opposite
ends of the cell and give rise to spindle fibers Spindle – football shaped framework of
microtubules
![Page 14: Chapter 9 The Cellular Basis of Inheritance. Reproduction Asexual – process in which a single cell or set of cells produces offspring that inherit all.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649f165503460f94c2cdbc/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: Chapter 9 The Cellular Basis of Inheritance. Reproduction Asexual – process in which a single cell or set of cells produces offspring that inherit all.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649f165503460f94c2cdbc/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Cell Cycle Mitosis
Metaphase (midway between) Spindle fibers (microtubules) attach to the
centromeres of the chromosomes and align them in the center of the cell (spindle equator)
![Page 16: Chapter 9 The Cellular Basis of Inheritance. Reproduction Asexual – process in which a single cell or set of cells produces offspring that inherit all.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649f165503460f94c2cdbc/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: Chapter 9 The Cellular Basis of Inheritance. Reproduction Asexual – process in which a single cell or set of cells produces offspring that inherit all.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649f165503460f94c2cdbc/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Cell Cycle Mitosis
Anaphase Sister chromatids of each chromosome
separate and move to opposite poles Each chromatid is now its own “daughter”
chromosome
![Page 18: Chapter 9 The Cellular Basis of Inheritance. Reproduction Asexual – process in which a single cell or set of cells produces offspring that inherit all.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649f165503460f94c2cdbc/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: Chapter 9 The Cellular Basis of Inheritance. Reproduction Asexual – process in which a single cell or set of cells produces offspring that inherit all.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649f165503460f94c2cdbc/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Cell Cycle Mitosis
Telophase 1. Chromosomes return to threadlike form 2. Nuclear envelopes begin to reform and
separate the 2 new sets of chromosomes 3. Spindle fibers disassemble 4. Nucleolus forms in each of the newly
forming cells
![Page 20: Chapter 9 The Cellular Basis of Inheritance. Reproduction Asexual – process in which a single cell or set of cells produces offspring that inherit all.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649f165503460f94c2cdbc/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: Chapter 9 The Cellular Basis of Inheritance. Reproduction Asexual – process in which a single cell or set of cells produces offspring that inherit all.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649f165503460f94c2cdbc/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Cell Cycle Cytokinesis
Division of the cytoplasm Splitting of a parent cell into daughter cells
Plants Cell plate – vesicles containing cell wall
building substances fuse together and separate the two new cells
Animals Cleavage furrow – area of cell membrane that
pinches inward until 2 new cells are formed
![Page 22: Chapter 9 The Cellular Basis of Inheritance. Reproduction Asexual – process in which a single cell or set of cells produces offspring that inherit all.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649f165503460f94c2cdbc/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: Chapter 9 The Cellular Basis of Inheritance. Reproduction Asexual – process in which a single cell or set of cells produces offspring that inherit all.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649f165503460f94c2cdbc/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: Chapter 9 The Cellular Basis of Inheritance. Reproduction Asexual – process in which a single cell or set of cells produces offspring that inherit all.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649f165503460f94c2cdbc/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Mitosis Video Clip
![Page 25: Chapter 9 The Cellular Basis of Inheritance. Reproduction Asexual – process in which a single cell or set of cells produces offspring that inherit all.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649f165503460f94c2cdbc/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Meiosis
The Formation of Gametes
![Page 26: Chapter 9 The Cellular Basis of Inheritance. Reproduction Asexual – process in which a single cell or set of cells produces offspring that inherit all.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649f165503460f94c2cdbc/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Meiosis Meiosis
Cell (nuclear) division in which the chromosome number is cut in half 2N cell divides to form 4 (1N) cells
Two cell divisions – 2 stages Meiosis I
Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I
Meiosis II Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II,
Telophase II
![Page 27: Chapter 9 The Cellular Basis of Inheritance. Reproduction Asexual – process in which a single cell or set of cells produces offspring that inherit all.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649f165503460f94c2cdbc/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Meiosis Prophase I 1. Chromosomes condense to rod-like form 2. Nucleolus and nuclear membrane disappear 3. Centrosomes form and move to poles, give
rise to spindle fibers 4. Homologous chromosomes pair up creating a
tetrad (4 chromatids) Crossing over – part of chromatid may break
off and attach to adjacent chromatid on the homologous chromosome
Genetic recombination – regrouping of genes due to an exchange of maternal and paternal genetic material
![Page 28: Chapter 9 The Cellular Basis of Inheritance. Reproduction Asexual – process in which a single cell or set of cells produces offspring that inherit all.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649f165503460f94c2cdbc/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: Chapter 9 The Cellular Basis of Inheritance. Reproduction Asexual – process in which a single cell or set of cells produces offspring that inherit all.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649f165503460f94c2cdbc/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Meiosis Metaphase I
Spindle fibers attach to the centromeres, and homologous pairs line up side by side (tetrad) on the spindle equator
![Page 30: Chapter 9 The Cellular Basis of Inheritance. Reproduction Asexual – process in which a single cell or set of cells produces offspring that inherit all.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649f165503460f94c2cdbc/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: Chapter 9 The Cellular Basis of Inheritance. Reproduction Asexual – process in which a single cell or set of cells produces offspring that inherit all.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649f165503460f94c2cdbc/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Meiosis Anaphase I
Homologous chromosomes are separated and moved to opposite poles
![Page 32: Chapter 9 The Cellular Basis of Inheritance. Reproduction Asexual – process in which a single cell or set of cells produces offspring that inherit all.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649f165503460f94c2cdbc/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
![Page 33: Chapter 9 The Cellular Basis of Inheritance. Reproduction Asexual – process in which a single cell or set of cells produces offspring that inherit all.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649f165503460f94c2cdbc/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Meiosis Telophase I
Cytokinesis occurs and produces 2 haploid (1N) cells
Each new cell contains one chromosome from each homologous pair
![Page 34: Chapter 9 The Cellular Basis of Inheritance. Reproduction Asexual – process in which a single cell or set of cells produces offspring that inherit all.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649f165503460f94c2cdbc/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
![Page 35: Chapter 9 The Cellular Basis of Inheritance. Reproduction Asexual – process in which a single cell or set of cells produces offspring that inherit all.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649f165503460f94c2cdbc/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Meiosis Prophase II
Spindle fibers form and attach themselves to the centromeres of the chromosomes
![Page 36: Chapter 9 The Cellular Basis of Inheritance. Reproduction Asexual – process in which a single cell or set of cells produces offspring that inherit all.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649f165503460f94c2cdbc/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
![Page 37: Chapter 9 The Cellular Basis of Inheritance. Reproduction Asexual – process in which a single cell or set of cells produces offspring that inherit all.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649f165503460f94c2cdbc/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Meiosis Metaphase II
Chromosomes are moved to the equator of the cell
![Page 38: Chapter 9 The Cellular Basis of Inheritance. Reproduction Asexual – process in which a single cell or set of cells produces offspring that inherit all.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649f165503460f94c2cdbc/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
![Page 39: Chapter 9 The Cellular Basis of Inheritance. Reproduction Asexual – process in which a single cell or set of cells produces offspring that inherit all.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649f165503460f94c2cdbc/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Meiosis Anaphase II
Chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles of the cell
![Page 40: Chapter 9 The Cellular Basis of Inheritance. Reproduction Asexual – process in which a single cell or set of cells produces offspring that inherit all.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649f165503460f94c2cdbc/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
![Page 41: Chapter 9 The Cellular Basis of Inheritance. Reproduction Asexual – process in which a single cell or set of cells produces offspring that inherit all.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649f165503460f94c2cdbc/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Meiosis Telophase II
4 daughter nuclei Each cell has a haploid chromosome number
and all are in the unduplicated state Gametes (sperm, egg)
![Page 42: Chapter 9 The Cellular Basis of Inheritance. Reproduction Asexual – process in which a single cell or set of cells produces offspring that inherit all.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649f165503460f94c2cdbc/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
![Page 43: Chapter 9 The Cellular Basis of Inheritance. Reproduction Asexual – process in which a single cell or set of cells produces offspring that inherit all.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649f165503460f94c2cdbc/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Meiosis Video Clips
pull up video on flash drivecopy & paste address:
http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/chapter28/animation__how_meiosis_works.html
![Page 44: Chapter 9 The Cellular Basis of Inheritance. Reproduction Asexual – process in which a single cell or set of cells produces offspring that inherit all.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649f165503460f94c2cdbc/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)