Chapter 9 Section 3&4

A New Social Order

• More complex social structure emerged• Upper class included superrich industrial and business

families and old nobility.• Upper class held the top jobs in government and military• Growing middle class was next group. Midlevel business

people and professionals such as doctors, scientists and lawyers

• Lower middle class, included teachers, office workers, shopkeepers and clerks. They still attempted to keep up with their “betters.”

• Workers and peasants at the bottom.

Middle Class Values

• Nuclear family lived In a large house or one of the new apartment houses. Rooms cramped with large overstuffed furniture.

• Clothing reflected taste in luxury and respectability

• Strict rules of etiquette governed social behavior

• Parents strictly supervised their children• Expected to have a cook and housekeeper

Courtship and Marriage

• Middle class families had large say in choosing whom children married

• Most considered practical side of marriage• Men had to convince girls father tha he could

support her style• Until late 1800s husbands controlled wife’s

property so contracts drawn up to protect daughter’s property rights

The Ideal Home

• By late 1800s most middle class husbands went to work In an office or shop

• Successful husband made enough for wife not to work• Wife raised children, directing servants, and religious or

charitable services• Cult of Domesticity: Idealized women and the home• Ideal woman was tender, self-sacrificing care giver who

provided nest for children and refuge for husband• Ideal rarely applied to lower class where wives were

expected to work and care for home

Rights for Women

• Women supported temperance movement: a campaign to limit or ban the sale or use of alcohol

• Obstacles: women could not vote barred from most schools and had little rights

Early Voices

• Elizabeth Clay Stanton and Susan B. Anthony crusaded against slavery

• Julia Brainerd Hall worked with her brother to develop and aluminum producing process

The Suffrage Struggle

• By late 1800s married women in some countries had won the right to control their own property

• In U.S. the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848 demanded that women demanded right to vote.

• Women’s Suffrage: Women’s right to vote

Growth of Public Education

• Three Rs (Reading, Writing and Rithmitic) • Public School – rural areas students attended class

when they weren’t needed on the farm or in parents’ shops

• Secondary schools students learned classical languages (Latin and Greek)

• Only middle class families could afford secondary schools, which trained males for serious study or government jobs. Girls were sent to school hoping they could marry well and become better wives and mothers

Higher Education

• University curriculum emphasized ancient history and languages, philosophy, religion and law

• By late 1800s universities added courses in the sciences

• By the 1840s a few colleges for women opened

New Directions in Science

• Atomic Theory – John Dalton developed modern atomic theory

• Showed how different kinds of atoms combine to make all chemical substances

• Dmitri Mendeleyev made table of elements according to atomic weight (basis for periodic table)

The Age of The Earth

• Principles of Geology, by Charles Lyell offered evidence to show Earth formed over millions of years

• Ran counter to biblical accounts of creation• 1856 workers in Neander valley of Germany

uncovered fossil bones of prehistoric people (Neanderthal)

The Darwin Challenge

• Theory of Natural Selection• Survival of the fittest • Claimed man descended from some less

highly organized form. • All life forms were still evolving

The Darwin Furor

• Darwin’s theory ran counter to Biblical account of creation.

• Believed Darwin’s theory reduced people to the level of animals and undermined belief in God and the soul

Social Darwinism

• Applied idea of survival of the fittest to war and economic competition

• Victory seen as proof of superiority• Encourage racism: belief that one racial group

is superior to another• Used to justify global expansion of imperialism

as well as racial discrimination and segregation

Religion in an Urban Age

• Grin realities of industrial life simulated feelings of compassion and charity

• Christian labor unions and political parties pushed for reforms

• Individuals and Church groups tried to help working poor

• Catholic church set up schools• Social gospel: Movement that urged Christians to

social service• Catherine Booth had set up Salvation Army

The Romantic Revolt Against Reason

• Romanticism: Rebelled against Enlightenment emphasis on reason and progress. They glorified nature and sought to excite strong emotions in their audience

The Romantic Hero

• A mysterious melancholy figure who felt out of step with society

• Lord Byron was a larger than life figure equal to those he created

Romance of the Past

• Alexander Duma recreated Frances past in novels like the Three Musketeers

Music

• Beethoven combined classical forms with stirring range of sound

• First to take advantage of broad range of instruments in the modern orchestra

• Chopin used Polish peasant dances to convey the sorrows and joys of people living under foreign occupation

The Call to Realism

• Realism: Attempt to represent the world as it was

• Often focused their work o the harsh side of life in cities or villages

The Novel

• Dickens wrote Oliver Twist, which portrayed poverty and mistreatment of childen

• Victor Hugo wrote Les Miserables about how hunger drove a man to crime

New Directions in Visual Arts

• Photography emerged in 1840s• Used in Civil War to capture grim realities of

life

Impressionists

• Impressionism: sought to capture the first fleeting impression made by a scene or object on the viewer’s eye

• Claude Monet brushed strokes of color side by side without blending