Chapter 9 Optical Properties
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Transcript of Chapter 9 Optical Properties
Chapter 9Optical Properties
Objectives Understand principles of:
• Refraction of light• Refractive indexes• Polarization of light• Birefringence• Pleochroism• Optical indicatrix• Dispersion
The importance of optical properties of minerals
Optical mineralogy:• study of interaction of polarized light in minerals• NB for:
ID minerals Reveal characteristics of minerals
Petrographic mineralogy:• Systematic description of minerals as they occur in rocks
in THIN SECTION Basis of petrographic mineralogy:
• Isotropy and anisotropy Isotropy: Homogeneity in all directions Anisotropy: presence of a preferred orientation
• Preferred orientation: concentration of linear or planar, structural or fabric elements with a preferred attitude
• Directional interaction of light with crystals
Isotropic/Anisotropic Isotropic Isometric
Anisotropic Uniaxial TetragonalHexagonalTrigonal
Anisotropic BiaxialOrthorombic
MonoclinicTriclinic
Waves and light Visible light is electromagnetic radiation (Fig 9.1)
• Electric field E creates magnetic field H (right angles to E)
• Propagate at velocity c in vacuum
Light: particle (photon) and wave properties; move in straight direction @ velocity c• Use either property depending on optical effect required
All visible wavelengths together (400-800nm) – white light
Monochromatic light – one wavelength (sodium vapor lamp)
Spectrum of electromagnetic radiation
Refraction Change in direction of a wave due to
a change in velocity Occur when wave passes between
different mediums Most common example: refraction of
light• Also in sound waves, water waves
Refraction of light
Refraction Described by Snell’s law:
• The angle of incidence and the angle of refraction are related to the velocity of the incidence and refracted rays and inversely related to the refractive index of the two mediums of travel
• In other words: When light goes from less dense to denser
medium, it changes direction – refracted• Except for 90º incidence angle
Snell’s law
READ: Box 9.1 in textbook for more detailed explanation
Refractive Index A measure for how much the speed of
waves is reduced inside a medium compared to inside a vacuum• n = c/v the velocity ratio
c = velocity of light in vacuum (vvacuum) v = velocity of light in medium (vmedium)
• In mineralogy the medium is a mineral (vmineral)• Thus: nmin = vvacuum / vmineral
Refractive index Light in mineral: scattered by electrons – time
delay observed• Thus: fundamental velocity of the light wave does not
change – in reality the denser electron-packing causes a longer path length for the wave
Refractive index increase when number of electrons per unit volume increase in general when density increase
RI can vary with:• direction of light• wavelength• temperature
Determining the refractive index of a mineral
Used in optical microscopic mineral ID• Minerals has characteristic refractive indices
• Make use of liquids with known refractive indices to determine the index of the mineral in question
• Determine by means of relief and Becke Line
Determining the refractive index of a mineral
Determining the refractive index of a mineral
Determining the refractive index of a mineral
Polarization Polarization - describes orientation of oscillations
of waves• Transverse waves (light)
Oscillations in plane perpendicular to direction of propagation
Polarization When a wave of light is filtered to
have only one vibrational direction Vibrations in plane perpendicular to
propagation
Under microscope:• Observed as:
Pleochroism – plane polarized light Birefringence – crossed polarized light
Obtaining polarization By using polaroid filter
• Organic synthetic crystals• The most common method of polarization
Shows strong preferential absorption due to different bonding forces in different crystal directions
• Made of material capable of blocking one of two planes of vibration of electromagnetic wave
Thus: filters out one-half of vibrations
• Unpolarized light into Polaroid filter emerges: half intensity; single plane vibrations polarized light
• Other crystals; many minerals also show directional absorption not complete absorption - only certain wavelengths Colour changes during rotation in polarized light
PLEOCHROISM – very useful ID tool
Also obtain polarization by:• Reflection• Refraction• Scattering
Birefringence When a ray of light is split into two
separate polarized rays – each with a single vibration direction perpendicular to that of the other ray
Under the microscope:• Observed under crossed polarized light
as: Interference colors Only in anisotropic minerals
Birefringence/double refraction Decomposition of a ray of light into two rays (the
ordinary ray, ω, and the extraordinary ray, ε) when passing through certain types of material, such as calcite crystals or boron nitride
Only in anisotropic minerals Uniaxial birefringence: material with two different
refractive indices – nω and nε Biaxial birefringence (trirefringence): material
with refractive index of three “equal” values - nα, nβ and nγ
Calculated as the path difference between polarized rays after leaving a crystal of thickness d – also called optical retardation
Birefringence• Incident light refracted into two different paths
- split into two beams• Show two images if object is viewed through
double refractive crystal• Result of BIREFRINGENCE of light – both beam
polarized, but perpendicular to each other Due to different refractive indices of mineral in the
two or three different directions• Two rays can be blocked out individually by
filters Evidence for the wavelike behaviour of light
Birefringence
Birefringence/double refraction Doubly refracted waves are polarized but
separate, vibrating in different planes – no interaction
Need interference to study interference colours and other properties• To get interference – a second polarizer
inserted – the analyzer: Crossed polarizer
• Used to analyze the interference effects of light in minerals
NB Terminology Optical mineralogy Anisotropy Polarized light Crystal Mineral Petrographic mineralogy Preferred orientation Refraction of light Refractive index Birefringence Ordinary ray Extraordinary ray Thin section
Pleochroism Uniaxial Biaxial Interference colors Monochromatic light Relief Becke line Plane polarized light Crossed polarized light Path difference Optical retardation Analyzer Optical plane Optical axis