CHAPTER 9 “Joints” COMMON COURSE OBJECTIVES: 1. 1. Joints: Structural and functional...

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CHAPTER 9 CHAPTER 9 Joints” Joints” COMMON COURSE OBJECTIVES: 1. Joints: Structural and functional classification 2. Structure of a typical synovial joint 3. Types of synovial joints 4. Terms for descriptions of movements

Transcript of CHAPTER 9 “Joints” COMMON COURSE OBJECTIVES: 1. 1. Joints: Structural and functional...

Page 1: CHAPTER 9 “Joints” COMMON COURSE OBJECTIVES: 1. 1. Joints: Structural and functional classification 2. 2. Structure of a typical synovial joint 3. 3. Types.

CHAPTER 9CHAPTER 9““Joints”Joints”

COMMON COURSE OBJECTIVES:

1. Joints: Structural and functional classification

2. Structure of a typical synovial joint3. Types of synovial joints4. Terms for descriptions of movements

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JOINTSJOINTS – Defined:Defined: any place where two bones come any place where two bones come

togethertogether

– General Function of Joints:General Function of Joints:

- Hold the skeleton together- Hold the skeleton together

- Allow for increased mobility and - Allow for increased mobility and flexibility of skeletonflexibility of skeleton

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CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTSCLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS

Joints can be classified based on: Joints can be classified based on:

--functionfunction (what kind of movement (what kind of movement they allow) they allow)

--structurestructure (what material is found in (what material is found in the joint and if is there a joint cavity the joint and if is there a joint cavity present). present).

You are required to know each of these categories.You are required to know each of these categories.

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Functional classificationFunctional classification

SynarthrosesSynarthroses – – joints that have joints that have NO NO movementmovement..– Examples: sutures of the skull, gomphoses- teethExamples: sutures of the skull, gomphoses- teeth

AmphiarthrosesAmphiarthroses – – partiallypartially movable movable jointsjoints..– Examples: intervertebral disc and pubic symphysisExamples: intervertebral disc and pubic symphysis

DiarthrosesDiarthroses – – freelyfreely movable joints. movable joints.

The most common type of The most common type of functional joint in functional joint in the body.the body.

– Examples: knee joint, shoulder joint, finger joints, ankle Examples: knee joint, shoulder joint, finger joints, ankle and wrist joints, etc.and wrist joints, etc.

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Structural ClassificationStructural Classification

1.1. Fibrous joints (synarthroses):Fibrous joints (synarthroses): adjacent bones are joined by collagen adjacent bones are joined by collagen fibers. 3 kinds:fibers. 3 kinds:

- sutures, gomphoses and syndesmoses.- sutures, gomphoses and syndesmoses.

2.2. Cartilaginous joints Cartilaginous joints (amphiarthroses):(amphiarthroses): two bones are two bones are joined by cartilage. 2 kinds:joined by cartilage. 2 kinds:

- - synchondroses, and symphyses.synchondroses, and symphyses.

3.3. Synovial joints (Synovial joints (Diarthroses):Diarthroses): freely freely movable and most common joint in the movable and most common joint in the body. body.

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Joint mobility comparisonJoint mobility comparison

Note that as mobility decreases, stability increases. Note that as mobility decreases, stability increases.

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Fibrous joints Fibrous joints (synarthroses):(synarthroses):

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Cartilaginous joints Cartilaginous joints (amphiarthroses)(amphiarthroses)

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Synovial Joints (diarthroses)Synovial Joints (diarthroses)

this type of joint is defined by the this type of joint is defined by the presence of a presence of a joint cavity filled with joint cavity filled with fluidfluid. .

Most joints of the body fall into this Most joints of the body fall into this class.class.

ExamplesExamples: knee joint, elbow joint, shoulder : knee joint, elbow joint, shoulder and hip joints and the phalanges of hands and and hip joints and the phalanges of hands and feet, etc.feet, etc.

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Structures in a Synovial Joint

1. articular capsule – external and internal2. joint/synovial cavity – filled with synovial

fluid3. articular cartilage – Hyaline cartilage4. synovial fluid – viscous/ clear colorless fluid5. ligaments – give the joint reinforcement

and strength6. Nerves – provide feelings of pain and

stretch7. Vessels - provide nutrients to joint

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Typical Synovial JointTypical Synovial Joint

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Hip JointHip Joint

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Additional joint structuresAdditional joint structures LigamentsLigaments- join bones to bones- join bones to bones

– Consists of dense regular connective tissue.Consists of dense regular connective tissue.

TendonsTendons- join muscles to bone- join muscles to bone– Consists of dense regular connective tissue.Consists of dense regular connective tissue.

BursaeBursae- fibrous sac lined with synovial - fibrous sac lined with synovial membrane and containing synovial fluidmembrane and containing synovial fluid– Occurs between bones and tendons or Occurs between bones and tendons or

musclesmuscles– Acts to decrease friction during movementActs to decrease friction during movement

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Accessory joint structuresAccessory joint structures

1.1. fatty pads - cushioningfatty pads - cushioning

2.2. menisci – tough fibrocartilagemenisci – tough fibrocartilage

3.3. bursae -flattened fibrous sac lined by bursae -flattened fibrous sac lined by synovial membrane. synovial membrane.

4.4. tendon sheaths -fibrous tissue tendon sheaths -fibrous tissue connecting a muscle to a bone connecting a muscle to a bone

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Knee joint structuresKnee joint structures1. Articular capsule2. Synovial membrane3. Medial and lateral menisci4. Suprapatellar, infrapatellar and

prepatellar bursae5. Anterior and posterior cruciate

ligaments6. Tibial and fibular collateral ligaments7. Patellar capsule8. Articular cartilage9. Tendon of quadriceps femoris

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Knee Joint Anterior viewKnee Joint Anterior view

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Knee Joint posterior viewKnee Joint posterior view

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Types of Synovial JointsTypes of Synovial Joints

1.1. Plane (gliding) Joints Plane (gliding) Joints

2.2. Hinge Joints Hinge Joints

3.3. Pivot Joints Pivot Joints

4.4. Condyloid Joints Condyloid Joints

5.5. Saddle Joints Saddle Joints

6.6. Ball and Socket Joints Ball and Socket Joints

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Movements allowed by Synovial JointsMovements allowed by Synovial Joints

1. gliding –1. gliding – - bony surfaces of bone slide or glide - bony surfaces of bone slide or glide over each otherover each other

2. flexion –- bending movement that decreases the 2. flexion –- bending movement that decreases the angleangle

3. extension – movement the increases the angle, 3. extension – movement the increases the angle, opposite of lexion opposite of lexion

4. abduction –moving away from longitudinal axis4. abduction –moving away from longitudinal axis

5. adduction –movement toward the longitudinal axis5. adduction –movement toward the longitudinal axis

6. circumduction –movement of the limb such that it 6. circumduction –movement of the limb such that it describes a cone describes a cone

7. rotation7. rotation – – turning the bone or limb around its long turning the bone or limb around its long axisaxis

8.8. supination –rotating the forearm laterally such supination –rotating the forearm laterally such that the palm faces superiorlythat the palm faces superiorly

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Movements allowed by Synovial JointsMovements allowed by Synovial Joints

9. pronation –- rotating the forearm medially such 9. pronation –- rotating the forearm medially such that the palm faces inferiorlythat the palm faces inferiorly

10. inversion –- sole of the foot faces or turns 10. inversion –- sole of the foot faces or turns mediallymedially

11. eversion –- sole of the foot turn laterally11. eversion –- sole of the foot turn laterally

12. protraction –-juttting out of the jaw12. protraction –-juttting out of the jaw

13. retraction –- moving the jaw backward13. retraction –- moving the jaw backward

14. elevation –- lifting the limb or body superiorly14. elevation –- lifting the limb or body superiorly

15. depression –- moving the body part inferiorly15. depression –- moving the body part inferiorly

16. opposition –- to bring the thumb and index 16. opposition –- to bring the thumb and index finger tips togetherfinger tips together

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Body movementsBody movements

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Extension and flexion Extension and flexion

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Abduction and adductionAbduction and adduction

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Protraction/RetractionProtraction/Retraction Pronation/SupinationPronation/Supination

Opposition of thumb and pinkyOpposition of thumb and pinky

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Elevation/ DepressionElevation/ Depression

Inversion/EversionInversion/Eversion

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CircumductionCircumduction