Chapter 9: Economic Geography, Agriculture and … · Primary Activities Hunting and gathering...
Transcript of Chapter 9: Economic Geography, Agriculture and … · Primary Activities Hunting and gathering...
Chapter 9: Economic Geography,
Agriculture and Primary Activities
Oil tanker indicating increasing
economic interdependence
Categories of Activities
Primary Activities: related to harvesting
or extracting something from the earth
Primary Activities
Hunting and gathering
Subsistence agriculture
Nomadic herding
Extractive industries (forestry, mining)
Secondary Activities: add value to raw
materials by changing their form
Secondary Activities
Manufacturing
Processing (freezing, canning)
Construction
Primary and secondary activities.
Wood harvesting and paper mill.
Tertiary Activities: provide goods and services to
secondary activities such as banking, real estate and
health care.
Tertiary Activities
Retail and wholesale
Personal and professional services
Planned Economy: Production and
prices are controlled by the
government
Planned Economies
Found in Communist countries
Goals include the adequate production
of food and the equal distribution of
wealth
Profit by individuals is limited or
eliminated
Vendors in China: Planned Economy
with Free Market Elements
Collective Farm in Siberia
Collective Farms in the former Soviet
Union
Collective
Farms in
North Korea
Gross
national
income
compared to
purchasing
power
Informal economies involve about 40% of
jobs in Latin America
Subsistence Economies
Intensive: cultivation of small holdings
Extensive: involves use of large areas
of land
Subsistence Economies
Subsistence Agriculture
Hunting and gathering
Nomadic herding
Shifting cultivation
Intensive rice farming
Hunting
Gathering of roots, nuts, and berries
Nomadic Herding: Camels in Niger
Nomadic Herding: Sheep in Bolivia
Nomadic Herding: Cattle in Africa
Nomadic Herding: Reindeer in Lapland
Nomadic Herding: Yak in Central Asia
Shifting Cultivation: The Process
Trees are girdled during dry season
The forest is burned
Ash is used as fertilizer
Crops are planted for about five years
Family moves to a new area
Slash and Burn or swidden
agriculture in rainforest regions
Slash and Burn: Amazonia
Slash and Burn: Amazonia
Rice Farming: Southern Asia
Terracing Yunnan province, China
von Thünen’s
Model
von Thünen’s Model
Costs near cities are higher. Farm
products tend to be of higher value.
Costs distant from cities are lower.
Farm products tend to be of lower
value.
Commercial Agriculture: Farming for
profit, usually highly mechanized
Sugar beet harvesterSwitchgrass
harvested for energy
production
Modern Irrigation Systems
Agricultural
Regions of
North
America
U.S. Farm Regions
New England, Great Lakes: Dairy
Florida, California coasts: Truck farming
Midwest: Corn Belt
Great Plains: Wheat
Intensive Commercial Agriculture
Truck farming
Livestock-grain farming
Truck Farming: Lettuce and carrots
Truck Farming: Strawberries
Truck Farming: Tomatoes
Truck Farming: Cabbage
Truck Farming: Apple orchard and
blueberries
The Corn Belt: Midwestern U.S.
Iowa: Open Storage of Corn
The Corn Belt: centered in the
Midwestern U.S.
Poultry and livestock farming
Dairy Farming: Northeast and Great Lakes
Chickens and hogs
Extensive Commercial Agriculture
Wheat farming
Livestock ranching
Range Livestock: Cattle
India Ireland
Large-scale Grain: Wheat and oats
Wheat Production in the U.S. is
concentrated in the Great Plains
Special Crops
Mediterranean Agriculture: crops that
prefer long growing season and can
tolerate drought
Plantation Agriculture: high value crops
commonly grown in tropical wet
climates for export
Special Crops/Livestock Ranching
Mediterranean Agriculture: Grapes
Mediterranean Agriculture: Olives
Mediterranean Agriculture: Figs and Dates
Mediterranean Agriculture: Citrus Fruits
Plantation Agriculture: Tea
Plantation Agriculture: Coffee
Plantation Agriculture: Bananas
Plantation Agriculture: Cacao
Plantation Agriculture: Rubber
Sugar being loaded for export in
the Philippines
The Southeast: Cotton
Cotton Production in the U.S.
The Southeast: Tobacco
Tobacco Production in the U.S.
Peanuts in the U.S.