Chapter 9 DNA: The Genetic Material Read 192-198 Demo model (student race) Lab Activity from Binder...
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Transcript of Chapter 9 DNA: The Genetic Material Read 192-198 Demo model (student race) Lab Activity from Binder...
Chapter 9DNA: The Genetic Material
Read 192-198Demo model (student race) Lab Activity from Binder
DNA and RNA Crossword puzzle
DNA/RNA Vocabulary (53-62)
53. anticodon
54. codon
55. base sequence
56. genetic code
57. RNA polymerase
58. transcription
59. translation
60. restriction enzyme
61. DNA replication
62. ribosomal RNA
I. Introduction
• Heredity- The transmission of traits from one generation to the next
• Genetics- The study of heredity, usually at the molecular level.
• Heredity occurs in the form of DNA which is coiled into chromosomes.
• Humans have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) in each cell. These chromosomes are located in the nucleus of each cell.
II. HISTORY• Chromosomes have been observed
microscopically since 1850.• Chromosomes are composed of protein and
nucleic acid.• The structure of DNA was discovered by
James Watson (American) and Francis Crick (British)
– Proposed in 1953 the model of DNA as a“DOUBLE HELIX”
– Won the Nobel Prize in Physiology in 1962 for their discoveries
III. DNA
A. DNA Structure
Nucleotide- Repeating unitof DNA
Has 3 parts: Phosphate, deoxyribose sugar and base
A. Processes Involving DNA
1. Replication- See handout in binder• DNA DNA• Each new DNA produced has ½ from the original strand
and ½ that is newly built (semi-conservative).• DNA always stays in the nucleus.• DNA helicase unzips the original DNA during replication
(breaks hydrogen bonds). • DNA polymerase forms the new halves of DNA and
proofread them for errors.• This process occurs once in a cell’s lifetime.
2. Transcription- See handout in binder • DNA code is used as a template to produce
RNA
DNA RNA (single strand)• Only ½ of the DNA is used as a template. This
is called the sense strand. The other is the non-sense strand.
• RNA polymerase builds the strand of RNA.• RNA produced leaves the nucleus to enter the
cytoplasm.• 3 types of RNA are produced: messenger RNA
(mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and transfer RNA (tRNA)
IV. Contrasting DNA and RNA
DNA
• 2 strands• Deoxyribose sugar• Remains in Nucleus• Bases
– ATCG – A-T
G-C
RNA
• 1 strand• Ribose sugar• Exits nucleus• Bases
– AUGC
A-U
G-C
Chargraff’s Ratio: #C = #G
#A = #T
3 Types of RNA1. mRNA (messenger)- carries the
DNA’s instructions for making proteins out of the nucleus to the site of translation (cytoplasm)
• Every 3 nucleotides on mRNA is called a codon. Each codon codes for an amino acid.
– See codon table
2. tRNA (transfer)- carries a specific amino acid on one end and an anticodon on the other end. The anticodon complements the codon on mRNA.
Draw the tRNA structure:
3. rRNA (ribosomal)- Along with protein, this makes up the structure of a ribosome.
How Proteins are made (read 205-212)
Translation (protein synthesis)1. Begins when mRNA leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm.
2. mRNA attaches to a ribosome.
3. At the start codon (AUG), a tRNA brings the amino acid into position. When tRNA brings each new AA, it bonds with the adjacent AA by a peptide bond.
4. After amino acids have bonded, the tRNA leaves.
5. This process continues until the STOP codon is reached.
6. The new protein is released.
• DNA code TGA ______________ _______________
• mRNA codon _____________ UCU _______________
• tRNA anticodon _____________ ________________ _______________
• Amino acid ____________ ______________ tryptophan
• DNA code CAT ______________ _______________
• mRNA codon _____________ GUU _______________
• tRNA anticodon _____________ ________________ _______________
• Amino acid ____________ ______________ methionine
After 4 replications of a DNA molecule, what percentage of the resulting DNA molecules contain at least 1 strand of the original DNA?
CP Biology Article Presentation• 4-5 minute summary of article summary• DO NOT READ FROM THE SUMMARY – you can
use note cards if you want• You need at least one visual that will help illustrate
points that you are making in your presentation – posters, powerpoints (4-6 slides….Be creative!)
• If you do not do this correctly, you will have to redo this in front of the class…do it right the first time!
• Do the week of January 23rd- volunteers first• Dress appropriately for giving a presentation
TEST FRIDAY – Test Topics
• Notes on DNA/RNA
• Vocab 62-71
• Reading 192-198, 205-212
• Semi Conservative Replication, Transcription and Translation – Handouts in Binder that we colored…
• DNA/RNA Lab
• Crossword, Text Questions 200,220
NOTEBOOK CONTENTS2nd Quarter Notebook
Check• Cover Sheet • Assignment Sheet • Grade Sheet w/ • Vocabulary 22 (primary
prod.) - 69 (microvilli)• Notes• Systems • Life Processes (Digestive
System pg 83-85)
• Daily Work– Too hot Not to Handle– Ecosystems WS– CH 18 WS pg 57– CH 19 WS Human Impact– Ch 2 Chem of Life– Biochem Crossword– Enzyme WS
• Labs– Pred/Prey Lab
-Beano Lab– Enzyme Computer Lab– Bat Graph
Tot. Pts % Grade
THIS IS 10% OF YOURQUARTER GRADE!!!