Chapter 9 Circles Define a circle and a sphere. Apply the theorems that relate tangents, chords and...
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Transcript of Chapter 9 Circles Define a circle and a sphere. Apply the theorems that relate tangents, chords and...
Chapter 9Circles
• Define a circle and a sphere.
• Apply the theorems that relate tangents, chords and radii.
• Define and apply the properties of central angles and arcs.
With your compass…
• Create a circle on your notes that is about half the page
• As we go through the basic terms for a circle label each one on your notes
9.1 Basic Terms
Objectives
• Define and apply the terms that describe a circle.
The Circle
is a set of points in a plane at a given distance from a given point in that plane
A
B
The Circle
The given distance is a radius (plural radii)
A
B
radius
How many radii does a circle have?
Are they all the same length?
The Circle
The given point is the center
A
B
radius
center “Circle with center A”
A
The Circle
A
BPoint on circle
What are some real world examples of circles?
Think – Pair - ShareThink – Pair - Share
•What is the difference between
a line and a line segment?
Chord
any segment whose endpoints are on the circle.
A
BC
chord
Diameter
A chord that contains the center of the circle
A
B
C
diameterWhat is another name for half of the diameter?
any line that contains a chord of a circle.
Secant
A
BC
secant
Tangent
any line that contains exactly one point on the circle.
A
B
tangent
C
ABC is tangent to
Point of Tangency
A
BPoint of tangency
Common Tangentsare lines tangent to more than one coplanar circle.
A
XB
R
X
B
Common External Tangents
A
X
B
R
D
Y
Common Internal Tangents
Tangent Circles
are circles that are tangent to each other.
A
B
R
A
B
R
Internally Tangent Circles
Externally Tangent Circles
Sphere
is the set of all points in space equidistant from a given point.
AB
Sphere
Radii
Diameter
Chord
Secant
TangentA
B
D
C
E
F
Congruent Circles (or Spheres)
WHAT DO THEY HAVE?• have equal radii.
A D
BE
Concentric Circles (or Spheres)
share the same center.
O
G
Q
Who can think of a real world example?
Think , throwing of pointy objects….
Inscribed/Circumscribed
A polygon is inscribed in a circle and the circle is circumscribed about the polygon if each vertex of the polygon lies on the circle.
P
M
Q
O
N
R
L
Name…1. 3 radii2. Diameter3. Chord 4. Secant 5. Tangent6. What is the name for ZX?7. What should point M be called?
X
Z
White Boards….
• Draw the following…1. An inscribed triangle
2. A circle circumscribed about a quadrilateral
3. 2 circles with common external tangents
4. 2 circle that are internally tangent to each other
5.
9.2 Tangents
Objectives
• Apply the theorems that relate tangents and radii
Experiment
• Supplies: Pencil, protractor, compass 1. Draw a circle with center X
2. Draw Point Y on the bottom of your circle
3. Create line ZY tangent to the circle at Point Y
4. Draw the radius to the point of tangency and measure the angle formed by the tangent and the radius (L XYZ)
5. Compare your measurements with those around you…
TheoremIf a line is tangent to a circle, then the line is perpendicular to the radius
drawn to the point of tangency.
A
B
tangent
C
90m ABC
What can we conclude based on our experiment?
Theorem (fill in the blank)
If a line in the plane of a circle is perpendicular to a radius at its endpoint,
AX
B
tangent
then the line is a tangent to the circle.
Dunce Cap Rule
Tangents to a circle from a common point are congruent.
Y Z
A
X
tangent
tangent
How do we know the 2 right triangles are congruent?
Inscribed/Circumscribed
When each side of a polygon is tangent to a circle, the polygon is said to be circumscribed about the circle and the circle is inscribed in the polygon.
Each side of the poly, is what to the circle?
• GIVEN– Radius = 6– BC = 8 – Find AC
• What allows you to come up with the correct answer?
• GIVEN– LC = 45– BC = 4 – Find AC
A
B C
BC is tangent to A
Whiteboards
• Create a diagram of the following…1. A triangle circumscribed about a circle
2. A pentagon inscribed inside a circle
9.3 Arcs and Central Angles
Objectives
• Define and apply the properties of arcs and central angles.
Experiment
1. Draw a straight line using a straightedge
2. Extend the line so that its sides go past the outside of your protractor
3. Connect the two sides of your angle using the outer curved side of your protractor
4. What do you end up with?5. What do I get with a 70
degree angle?
Think – pair - shareThink – pair - share
How is the angle measurement that you just created related to the measurement of a
circle?
Central Angle
is formed by two radii, with the center of the circle as the vertex.
B
A
C
It’s like cutting out a slice of pizza!!
This represents the crust of your pizza
Arcan arc is part of a circle
like a segment is part of a line.
AC
ABCL
Central Angle / Arc Measurethe measure of an arc is given by the measure of its
central angle. (or vise versa)
B
AC
80
80
80mAC
The central angle tells us how much of the 360 ◦ of crust we are using from our pizza.
ABCm L = 80
Minor Arc
an unbroken part of a circle with a measure less than 180°.
BA
C
AC
Semicircle
an unbroken part of a circle that shares endpoints with a diameter.
B
A C
ABC
How do I know that AC is a diameter?
Major Arcan unbroken part of a circle with a measure greater
than 180°.
BA C
D
ACD
We only know how to measure angles up to 180, so how do you find the measure of a major arc?
Practice
Name two minor arcs
R
C
SA
O
AR, RC, RS, AS, SC
Practice
Name two major arcs
R
C
SA
O
White Board Practice
Name two semicircles
R
C
SA
O
Skip Remember….
• Adjacent angles ?• Angle addition postulate?
• Smartboard
Skip Adjacent Arcs
arcs that have exactly one point in common.
B
A C
D
AD DC
Arc Addition Postulate
B
A
C
D
mADCmDCmAD
Theorem
In the same circle or in congruent circles….
• congruent arcs = congruent central angles
B
A C
D
90 90DCAD
DBCABD
90 90
smartboard
Dissecting a Circle Diagram
FREE VISUAL EVIDENCE !!!• Central angles = minor arcs• All the arcs = 360• Diameters = straight lines = 180• Vertical angles / adjacent angles
R
C
SA
O
H
White Board Practice
R
C
SA
O
H
30
50
Find the following measurements…
RH
AOR
HCA
100
50
210
Group Practice
• Give the measure of each arc.
4x
3x 3x + 10
2x
2x-1
4
A
B
C
D
E
Group Practice
m AB = 88
m BC = 52
m CD = 38
m DE = 104
m EA = 784x
3x 3x + 10
2x
2x-1
4
A
B
C
D
E
The radius of the Earth is about 6400 km.
6400
6400
O
BA
The latitude of the Arctic Circle is 66.6º North. That means the m BE 66.6º.
6400
6400
O
BA
EW
66.6º
Find the radius of the Arctic Circle
6400
O
BA
EW
66.6º
xº
Find the radius of the Arctic Circle
6400
O
BA
EW
66.6º
23.4º
Section 9-4 Arcs and Chords
Objectives
• Define the relationships between arcs and chords.
REVIEW
• WHAT IS A CHORD?
• WHAT IS AN ARC?
Relationship between a chord and an arc
The minor arc between the endpoints of a chord is called the arc of the chord, and the chord between the endpoints of an arc is the chord of the arc.
BA
D
Chord BD “cuts off” 2 arcs..
BD and BFDF
Theorem In the same circle or in congruent circles…• congruent arcs have congruent chords • congruent chords have congruent arcs.
BA
C
D
F.
If arc BD is congruent to arc FC then…
Skip - Midpoint/ Bisector of an Arc
• Just as we have learned about the bisectors and midpoints of angles and line segments, an arc can be bisected into two congruent arcs
B AC
DIf D is the midpoint of arc BDC, then…….
Circle Handout Experiment
1. Label the center A
2. DRAW A CHORD AND LABEL IT DC
3. FIND THE MIDPOINT OF THE CHORD AND LABEL IT X
4. DRAW A RADIUS THAT PASSES THROUGH THE MIDPOINT AND INTERSECTS THE ARC OF THE CIRCLE AT Y
5. USE A PROTRACTOR AND MEASURE LAXC
Think – Pair - ShareThink – Pair - Share
• What facts can you conclude about the arcs, chords, or any other segments?
• What is congruent to what?
• What about perpendicular?
Theorem A diameter (or radius) that is perpendicular to a chord
bisects the chord and its arc.
B
AC
D
X
Y
DC BY
DX XC
DY YC
EC: What other 2 segments do I know are congruent that are not explicitly shown?
Remember
• When you measure distance from a point to a line, you have to make a perpendicular line.
A
Putting Pythagorean to Work..
BA
C
D
X
Y
E
AY = 3 AX = 3
4
Partners: Use the given information do make a conclusion about the chords shown.
Hint: Just because something is not shown, doesn’t mean it doesn’t exist! (other radii)
Theorem • In the same circle or in congruent circles:
– Chords equally distant from the center (or centers) are congruent
– Congruent chords are equally distant from the center (or centers)
.
B
AC
D
X
YA XA
BD EC
Y
E
WHITEBOARDS
B
A
5
D
13
yxC
Solve for x and y
x = 12y = 12
IF arc DB is 55 degrees, then arc CB is?
WHITEBOARDS
yx
Solve for x and y
x = 8y = 16 8
Whiteboards
• Find the length of a chord 3cm from the center of a circle with a radius of 7cm.
WARM - UP
1. What does the term inscribed mean to you in your own words?
– Describe the placement of the vertices of an inscribed triangle
2. What do we call the 2 sides and vertex (in circle terms) of a central angle that you learned in 9.3?
– What is the measure of the angle equal to?
9.5 Inscribed Angles
Objectives• Solve problems and
prove statements about inscribed angles.
• Solve problems and prove statements about angles formed by chords, secants and tangents.
What we’ve learned…• Inscribed means that something is inside of
something else – we have looked at inscribed polys and circles
• We know that an angle by definition has a vertex and 2 sides that meet at the vertex
• In a central angle…– The vertex is the center and the sides are radii
Inscribed Angle
B
A
C
An angle formed by two chords or secant lines whose vertex lies on the circle.
“Intercepted arc”
What do you think the sides are in ‘circle
terms’? Where is the vertex?
Create a circle using a compass & an inscribed angle in your
notes
Experiment
1. Measure the inscribed angle created with a protractor
2. Using the endpoints of the intercepted arc, draw 2 radii to create a central angle and then measure.
3. Compare the measurement of the inscribed angle with that of the central angle measure.
4. Discuss with your partner
Theorem
B
A
C
The measure of an inscribed angle is half the measure of the intercepted arc.
mACABCm ___2
Corollary
B
A
C
If two inscribed angles intercept the same arc, then they are congruent.
ABC ADC D
Don’t write down, just recgonize
WHITEBOARDS• Find the values of r, s, x, y , and z
– Take inventory of the diagram before trying to solve!
– Concentrate on parts of the whole
z◦
y◦
x◦
O 80
r = 50s = 50x = 160y = 100z = 100
r◦
s◦
Corollary
C
A
If the intercepted arc is a semicircle, the inscribed angle must = 90.
90m ABC
B
O
What is the measure of an inscribed angle whose intercepted arc has the endpoints of the diameter?
Corollary
C
A
If a quadrilateral is inscribed in a circle, then its opposite angles are supplementary.
B
O D
180
180
m A m C
m B m D
Theorem
C
A
B
O
D
mADBABCm
F
Treat this angle the same as you would and inscribed angle!
___2
Whiteboards
• Page 353 – #7, 6
WHITEBOARDS
z◦
60◦
x◦
O
y◦
• Find the values of x, y , and z
X = 30Y = 60Z = 150
9.6 Other Angles
Objectives
• Solve problems and prove statements involving angles formed by chords, secants and tangents.
12
3
4
WARM UP: •Draw a central angle and label it •Draw an inscribed angle and label it•FOR BOTH CREATE AN EQUATION FOR THEIR MEASURES IN COMPARISON TO THE INTERCEPTED ARC
WARM UP: •For this diagram….•Write down the different equations that represent the angle relationships shown.•There’s more than one!
TheoremThe angle formed by two intersecting chords
is equal to half the sum of the intercepted arcs.
A
D
B
C
E
1
2
Partners: How do you think we can determine the measure of L1?
)(1 mDEmCBm _________2
)(2 mDBmCEm _________2
Angles formed from a point outside the circle…
2 secants2 tangents
1tangent1 secant
In each circle, 2 arcs are being intercepted by the angle.
The larger arc is always further away from the vertex.
TheoremThe angle formed by secants or tangents with the
vertex outside the circle has a measure equal to half the difference of the intercepted arcs.
A
D
B
CE
1
F
)(1 mEFmBDm _________2
WHITEBOARDS
• ONE PARTNER OPEN BOOK TO PG. 358
• ANSWER #1– 35
• ANSWER # 6– 40
• ANSWER # 4– 80
• ANSWER # 7– X=50
AO
G
F
D
E
CB
123
45
6
7
8
AB is tangent to circle O.AF is a diameterm AG = 100m CE = 30m EF = 25
100
30
25
WARM – UP
• READ PG. 361 – 363– Identify what elements are involved in each of
the 3 theorems in this section – Example: “Theorem 9-11 refers to the
relationship of 2 ___________ intersecting”
– What is the idea behind this section…. Angles, segments, circles?
9.7 Circles and Lengths of Segments
Objectives
• Solve problems about the lengths of chords, secants and tangents.
Skip - Open Books to Pg. 361
• Read the paragraphs for section 9-7
• “segments of a chord”– AP and PB
O
B
D
P
A
C
TheoremIf a chord intersects another
chord each chord now has how many parts?– If you multiply those 2 parts
together they will equal the product of the other chords 2 parts.
D
B
X
E
F
XBFXXDEX
Example
2
3
12
x
Solve for x
2 • 12 = 3 • x 24 = 3x 8 = x
Skip - Pg. 362• Read the middle
paragraph
• “external segments”– aka “outside piece”– BP and DP
• “Secant segments”– Aka “whole piece”– AP and CP
O
BD
P
A
C
Theorem
A
D
B
CE
FCFCDCECB
Whole Outside Part = Whole Outside Part
2 Secants •Each one is made up of an outside part and an inside part that make the whole.
Example
8
8
x
4
8 •x = 12 •48x = 48x = 6
Whole Outside Part = Whole Outside Part
Skip Pg. 362 and 363
• Read the bottom of 362 and top of 363
• “external segments”– BP and PD
• “Secant segments”– AP and PD
A
P
D
B
Whole Outside Part = Whole Outside Part
Theorem
A
D
C
E
FCECECFCD
Whole Outside Part = Whole Outside Part
1 Secant •Still the same parts… outside + inside = whole
1 Tangent •Only made up of an outside part…which is also the whole!!
Example
186
x
Whole Piece Outside Piece = Whole Piece Outside Piece
x •x = 24 •6x2 = 144x = 12
WHITEBOARDS• ONE PARTNER OPEN BOOK TO PG. 363/364
• ANSWER #1– x = 8
• ANSWER # 4– x = 4
• ANSWER # 5– x = 4
x
5
4
y
3
WHITEBOARDS
X = 9Y = 6
x 5
4
1
3A
B
CD
E
FG
H
I
7 2
6
ANGLES QUIZ
1. Central angle2. Inscribed angle3. Angle formed inside4. Angle formed outside5. 90 angle
8
• Identify a numbered angle that represents each of the bullet points.
• Write an equation representing the measure of the angle •i.e. m L12 =
K