Chapter 9
description
Transcript of Chapter 9
![Page 1: Chapter 9](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/568164aa550346895dd6aa9e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 9
Inequalities of Race and Ethnicity
![Page 2: Chapter 9](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/568164aa550346895dd6aa9e/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Race: Myth and Reality
• Myth 1 - Idea That Any Race is Superior– All Races Have Geniuses and Idiots– Genocide Still Around
• Myth 2 - Idea that Any Race is Pure– Human Characteristics Flow Endlessly Together
![Page 3: Chapter 9](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/568164aa550346895dd6aa9e/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The Significance of Race
• Race - a category of people with inherited physical features that distinguish it from another category.– Both a myth and a reality
• Myth of race makes a difference for social life.
![Page 4: Chapter 9](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/568164aa550346895dd6aa9e/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Race and Ethnicity
• Racism connects biological differences with judgment of innate superiority or inferiority.
• Ethnicity and ethnic – refer to cultural characteristics that distinguish people.
![Page 5: Chapter 9](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/568164aa550346895dd6aa9e/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Definition of a Minority• A minority refers to a relatively small number of
people.
• Refined the definition to specify:– a group of people who are physically or culturally
singled out from others for unequal treatment &– who regard themselves as objects of collective
discrimination.
• Not necessarily a numerical minority
![Page 6: Chapter 9](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/568164aa550346895dd6aa9e/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
The Significance of Ethnicity
• Ethnic minority – socially identified by its unique characteristics related to culture or nationality.
– Cultural differences define ethnic minorities.
– Because of their differences from the host culture, ethnic minorities are subcultures.
– Ethnic minorities have a way of life that is based on their own language, religion, values, beliefs, norms, and customs.
![Page 7: Chapter 9](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/568164aa550346895dd6aa9e/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Minority and Dominant Groups• Dominant Group - Group with Most…
– Power– Privileges– Highest Social Status
• Dominant Group Does the Discriminating
• Minority Groups Occur Because of…– Expansion of Political Boundaries
– Migration
![Page 8: Chapter 9](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/568164aa550346895dd6aa9e/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Patterns of Racial and Ethnic Relations
• When different racial and ethnic groups interact there are two major types of outcomes:– pattern of assimilation- groups become cultural
and socially fused• assimilation, multiculturalism
– pattern of conflict• genocide, population transfer, internal
colonialism, segregation
![Page 9: Chapter 9](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/568164aa550346895dd6aa9e/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Patterns of Racial and Ethnic Relations
![Page 10: Chapter 9](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/568164aa550346895dd6aa9e/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Theories of Prejudice and Discrimination
• Prejudice – is prejudging in some way, usually negative; an overgeneralization based on biased or insufficient information; attitude/belief.– Internalizing Dominant Norms
• Lighter/Darker Skin• Ethnic Maps
• Discrimination – unequal treatment of people based on their minority membership.– Discrimination is action
![Page 11: Chapter 9](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/568164aa550346895dd6aa9e/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
A Sense of Ethnicity
![Page 12: Chapter 9](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/568164aa550346895dd6aa9e/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Theories of Prejudice and Discrimination
• Stereotype – a set of ideas based on distortion, exaggeration, and oversimplification that is applied to all members of a social category.
• Hate Crime – a criminal act motivated by prejudice (related to race, religion, sexual orientation, national origin, or ancestry).
![Page 13: Chapter 9](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/568164aa550346895dd6aa9e/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Institutionalized Discrimination• Institutionalized discrimination – negative treatment
of a minority group that is built into society’s institutions.– the result of unfair practices that are part of the structure of
society and have grown out of traditionally accepted behaviors.
• American history reflects the open and legal practice of discrimination against members of various minorities (e.g., internment of Japanese Americans during WWII).
![Page 14: Chapter 9](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/568164aa550346895dd6aa9e/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Direct and Indirect Institutionalized Discrimination
• Direct institutionalized discrimination – refers to organizational or community actions intended to deprive a racial or ethnic minority of its rights (e.g., Jim Crow laws)
• Indirect institutionalized discrimination – refers to unintentional behavior that negatively affects a minority (e.g., high school exit exams).
• Color-blind Racism- Edward Bonilla Silva
![Page 15: Chapter 9](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/568164aa550346895dd6aa9e/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Institutional Discrimination• Health CareRace – Ethnicity and Mother/Child Deaths
![Page 16: Chapter 9](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/568164aa550346895dd6aa9e/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Institutional Discrimination• Home Mortgages and Car LoansBuying a House: Institutional Discrimination in Mortgages
![Page 17: Chapter 9](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/568164aa550346895dd6aa9e/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Functionalist Perspective
• Functionalists have focused on the functions and dysfunctions of prejudice and discrimination– Functions: in-group solidarity and out-group
antagonism– Dysfunctions: negative; destroys human relationships;
social, political, educational, and economic costs of the exploitation and oppression of minorities are extremely high.
![Page 18: Chapter 9](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/568164aa550346895dd6aa9e/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Conflict Perspective
• According to conflict perspective, a majority uses its prejudice and discrimination as weapons of power in the domination of a minority.
• Ruling class systematically pits group against group.– Solidarity among groups weakens = they benefit– Keep Workers Insecure– Exploit Racial-Ethnic Divisions
– Ex. Black / Latino conflict
![Page 19: Chapter 9](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/568164aa550346895dd6aa9e/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Symbolic Interactionist Perspective• Prejudice and discrimination are acquired through
socialization.
• The labels we learn color our perceptions – leading to selective perception (labels create prejudice)– We see certain things and are blind to others
• We learn our prejudices in interaction with others.
• Self-fulfilling prophecy – Stereotypical behavior in those who are stereotyped– Ex. Asians’ pressure to succeed
![Page 20: Chapter 9](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/568164aa550346895dd6aa9e/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Theoretical Perspectives: Prejudice and Discrimination
![Page 21: Chapter 9](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/568164aa550346895dd6aa9e/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
African Americans• Face a legacy of discrimination.
• African Americans make up second largest minority group.
• Gap between African Americans and whites in education, income, and employment represents the legacy of centuries of prejudice and discrimination.
![Page 22: Chapter 9](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/568164aa550346895dd6aa9e/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
U.S. Population by Racial and Ethnic Group, 2008
![Page 23: Chapter 9](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/568164aa550346895dd6aa9e/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Socioeconomic Characteristics of African Americans
![Page 24: Chapter 9](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/568164aa550346895dd6aa9e/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Gender Differences for African Americans
• African American females with college degrees earn substantially more than the median for all African American men.
• African American college-educated women earn as much as white women with college degrees.
• 1/3 of African American women enter college and 1/4 of African American men enter college.
![Page 25: Chapter 9](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/568164aa550346895dd6aa9e/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
“Two Black Americas”
• According to Richard Freeman, a black elite has been emerging in America,
• As opposed to a black underclass composed of the permanently poor trapped in inner-city ghettos.
![Page 26: Chapter 9](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/568164aa550346895dd6aa9e/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
“Two Black Americas”• Some theorists, such as
William Julius Wilson, discuss the declining significance of race for African Americans.
• The premise is that race is less important than resources in determining life chances or economic class.
• Ex. Discrimination in Apartment Rentals
![Page 27: Chapter 9](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/568164aa550346895dd6aa9e/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Latinos• May be black, white, or Native American• Latinos make up largest minority group• Just under 2/3 of Latinos are of Mexican descent. About 1/10
are Puerto Ricans. Cubans are the third most populous category of Latinos.
![Page 28: Chapter 9](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/568164aa550346895dd6aa9e/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Socioeconomic & Educational Status of Latinos• 62% of Latinos (age 25+) have completed high school.
– Mexican Americans have the lowest levels of educational achievement, and Cubans the highest.
• Average income is higher than African Americans, but lower than whites.– Puerto Ricans are the poorest among Latino groups and Cubans are
the most affluent.
![Page 29: Chapter 9](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/568164aa550346895dd6aa9e/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Native Americans• Divided into approximately 500 tribes and bands.
• Tribal groups are as different from one another as from the dominant culture.
• Number between 2 million – 4.5 million.
• Median income is less than $35,000/year
• 14% of Native Americans 25 years or older had completed four years or more of college.
• Currently no Native American members of the U.S. Senate and two in the House of Representatives.
• Invisible minority
![Page 30: Chapter 9](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/568164aa550346895dd6aa9e/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Asian Americans• Nearly 15 million Asians live in the United States.
• Largest groups are from China, the Philippines, Japan, India, Korea, and Vietnam.
• Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) suspended all Chinese immigration for 10 years; Strict federal legislation continued to be passed until after 1940.
• 1942 led to internment of Japanese in America (2/3 were American citizens).
• Asian Americans have been particularly successful at using the education system for upward mobility.• Almost 50% of Asian Americans have completed 4 years of college.
![Page 31: Chapter 9](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/568164aa550346895dd6aa9e/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
White Ethnics
• WASPS – very ethnocentric and racist
• White ethnics are immigrants or descendants of immigrants from eastern and southern European nations.
• White ethnics, when compared to WASPs, were more likely to be sympathetic to government help for the poor and were more in favor of integration.
![Page 32: Chapter 9](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/568164aa550346895dd6aa9e/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Middle Easterners• Arabs are people from the Middle East (Pakistan,
Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Turkey, the Arabian peninsula) and Arab North Africa.
• Muslims are followers of Islam; Not all Arabs are Muslims and not all Muslims are Arabs.
• Immigrant population: 200,000 in 1970 to 1.5 million today.
• ½ of all Middle Easterners have graduated from college; 20% with post-graduate degrees.
![Page 33: Chapter 9](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/568164aa550346895dd6aa9e/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
What are the consequences of increased immigration?
Positive• helps employers because
immigrants will often do work avoided by the native population, and they will work longer for less pay
• immigrants can promote increased tolerance and understanding of diversity
• educated immigrants provide a talent pool benefiting their new country
Negative• employers exploit immigrants
because they work more cheaply at unpleasant jobs
• the poorer countries from which many immigrants come experience a talent pool drain
• immigration may bring increased criminal activity
• immigrant minorities• can create conflict within a
society
![Page 34: Chapter 9](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/568164aa550346895dd6aa9e/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Dual Labor Market Theory• The dual labor market theory - the existence of a
split between core and peripheral segments of the economy and the division of the labor force into preferred and marginalized workers.
• Rewards for hard work, education, and training vary.– Workers in the core sector enjoy high wages,
opportunities for advancement, and job security. – Those in the peripheral sector are employed in low-
paying jobs with little hope for advancement.
![Page 35: Chapter 9](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/568164aa550346895dd6aa9e/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Global and U.S. Ethnic Diversity
• Normally, immigration is from developing countries to more developed countries, with people seeking better jobs, wages, and living conditions.– push and pull factors
![Page 36: Chapter 9](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/568164aa550346895dd6aa9e/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Looking Towards the Future
• The Immigration Debate
• Affirmative Action
• Towards a True Multicultural Society
![Page 37: Chapter 9](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/568164aa550346895dd6aa9e/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Projections of the Racial–Ethnic Makeup of the US Population
![Page 38: Chapter 9](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/568164aa550346895dd6aa9e/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Race – Ethnicity and Comparative Well-Being
![Page 39: Chapter 9](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062813/568164aa550346895dd6aa9e/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Race – Ethnicity and Education