Chapter 9

American Foreign Policy

Nationalism and Sectionalism

JOHN QUINCY ADAMS

• Secretary of State under James Monroe.

• Through his efforts Americans gained the right to settle in the Oregon Country

• Negotiated several treaties with Britain (Rush-Bagot, Convention of 1818) and the Adams-Onis Treaty with Spain.

RELATIONS WITH BRITAIN

• In the years following the War of 1812, President Monroe and his Secretary of State John Quincy Adams tried to resolve our long-standing disputes with Great Britain.

• Many important treaties were reached with Britain. We would never again war with Britain and they would become our strongest ally in the years to come.

RUSH-BAGOT TREATY

• 1817 treaty between the US and Britain which set the number of naval vessels each could have on the Great Lakes.

• provided for the disarmament –the removal of weapons– on an important part of the US-Canada border

CONVENTION OF 1818

• set the boundary of the Louisiana Territory between the US and Canada at the 49° parallel

• Also both countries agreed to JOINTLY OCCUPY the Oregon Country in the Pacific .

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RELATIONS WITH SPAIN

• Spain owned East Florida and claimed West Florida.

• US claimed West Florida was part of the Louisiana Purchase.

• In 1810 and 1812 the US simply added parts of West Florida (Louisiana and Mississippi) to its territory.

• Spain objected but took no action.

RELATIONS WITH SPAIN and ANDREW JACKSON

• In April 1818, General Andrew Jackson invaded Spanish East Florida and captured several Spanish forts.

• Jackson had been ordered to secure the border with Spanish Florida and stop Seminole raids into Georgia but went beyond his orders in invading Florida.

• The Spanish Prime Minister protested and demanded that Jackson be punished.

RELATIONS WITH SPAIN and ANDREW JACKSON

• Secretary of War Calhoun said that Jackson should be court-martialed for over-stepping his authority.

• Adams, although he did not authorize Jackson’s raid, did nothing to stop it. He guessed that the Spanish did not want war with the US and might be ready to negotiate a settlement to the dispute over Florida.

RELATIONS WITH SPAIN and the ADAMS-ONIS TREATY

• Troubled by rebellions in Mexico and South America Spain signed the Adams-Onis Treaty in 1819.

• This treaty gave East Florida to the US and Spain gave up all claims to West Florida.

• In return, the US agreed to take over responsibility of paying $5 million that American citizens claimed were owed to them by Spain.

• The two countries also agreed on the Western border of the Louisiana Purchase.

• The new border extended northwest from the Gulf of Mexico to the 42nd parallel and then West to the Pacific Ocean.

• The US had become a transcontinental power.

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LATIN AMERICA REPUBLICS• The American Revolution sparked a number of

revolution around the world.• In the early 1800’s, revolts against Spanish

colonial rule occurred in Central and South America.

• Miguel Hidalgo, a Spanish priest, led a revolt in Mexico.

• Jose de San Martin led revolts in Chile and Peru.

• Simon Bolivar, known as The Liberator, led revolts in the present-day countries of Venezuela, Columbia, Panama, Bolivia, and Ecuador

THE MONROE DOCTRINE

• In 1822, Spain was desperately trying to hold on to its fast disappearing empire in America.

• Spain asked Prussia, France, Austria, and Russia (the Quadruple Alliance) for help in fighting the revolutions.

• This possibility of increased European involvement in the Americas led President Monroe into action.

THE MONROE DOCTRINE• On December 2, 1823, President Monroe

issued a statement that would become known as the Monroe Doctrine.

• This statement said that the US would not interfere with any existing European colonies in the Americas but it would oppose any new ones.

• This was a warning to Europe not to interfere with any of the newly established countries in the Americas.

THE MONROE DOCTRINE

• In 1823, the US had little military power to back up this statement.

• Nevertheless, the Monroe Doctrine became an important element in American foreign policy and would remain so for over 170 years.

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Era of Good Feelings• Federalists were pro-British in the war

between Britain and France

• US and Britain fought the War of 1812

• Federalists fell out of power.

• Jefferson and Madison were both Democratic- Republicans (16 years)

• By 1815, the Federalist had ceased to exist as a national party.

9-2 Nationalism and Sectionalism

Era of Good Feelings

• Monroe (another Republican) was elected in 1816.

• Political party differences seemed to have faded away with the sense of national unity that swept the country following the War of 1812.

• A Boston newspaper called these years, “The Era of Good Feelings”

HC: Era of Good Feelings

Sectionalism

• Regional differences soon brought the Era of Good Feelings to an end.

• Sectionalism—loyalty to a particular region– became more intense as differences arose over national policies

• Some of the issues were slavery, the need for tariffs, the national bank, and internal improvements.

• The country became divided into three main regions—North, South and West

Daniel Webster

• became a powerful voice for the North

• Senator from New Hampshire

• supported free trade and the shipping interests on New England, the Tariff of 1816

• eloquent speaker…known for “Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable!”

John C. Calhoun

• spokesman for Southern interest

• Senator from South Carolina. He was a planter and a War Hawk.

• In the 1820’s he emerged as a leader on states’ rights; opposed protective tariffs, the national bank, and internal improvements

Henry Clay• Spokesman for the Western states• Speaker of the House of Representatives • War Hawk from Kentucky; negotiated the

Treaty of Ghent• National leader who tried to resolve

regional disputes through compromise• Proposed THE AMERICAN SYSTEM

(protective tariffs + internal improvements + national bank = development of industry

HC: The American System

INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS

• Federal, state, and privately funded projects, such as roads and canals, used to develop the nation’s transportation system

MISSOURI COMPROMISE

• Missouri was the first state from the Louisiana Purchase that was ready to become a state.

• Missouri wanted to enter as a slave-holding state.

• Northerners wanted Missouri to be a free state.

MISSOURI COMPROMISE

• At the time (1820), there were 22 states in the US (11 slave-holding states and 11 “free” states)

• Adding Missouri would upset this delicate balance

• Many observers feared for the future of the US

MISSOURI COMPROMISE

• The debate raged on as to whether to allow Missouri in as a slave state or free state.

• During the debate, Maine (formerly part of Massachusetts) applied for statehood

• Henry Clay worked out a compromise called the MISSOURI Compromise

MISSOURI COMPROMISE

• The Missouri Compromise allowed Missouri to enter as a slave state and Maine to enter a free state.

• The delicate balance between free and slave states was maintained.

• In an attempt to limit the future spread of slavery, the Missouri Compromise banned slavery in the remainder of the Louisiana Territory north of 36°30’ N parallel.

HC; The Missouri Compromise