Chapter 8 The United StatesSection 1-History and Culture page 165

A) HistoryI. American Indian ancestors came 14,000 years ago.

I. Land bridge or by sea- still debated (Ice-Age + Bering Strait = Bering Land Bridge)

II. Explores from Europe I. Spanish 500 years ago (claim Florida-California)II. English settle along east coastIII. French –Louisiana purchase = Missouri

I. They explored the interior of North America- mapped rivers

Places-Names in the U.S Names throughout U.S. reflect local inhabitants…American

Indians• Examples

Alapachee Tribe = Appalachian Mountain range Algonquin world for great river is Mississippi Alaska, Arizona, Kansas, Nebraska, North and South

Dakota Spanish

• Southwest region (dry + hot =settlement by rivers)• Forts and Mission towns (convert local people)

French • Great lakes and Midwest

Trappers- St. Louis• French names along this region (N’ Orleans, Dubuque, and

Detroit English

• East coast • Charleston, Richmond, and New York

Colonial History 1600’s Europe ( Dutch, Germans, British)

Great Britain-1600’s- east coast -13 colonies• colony - territory controlled by people from a foreign land.• Located near ports/harbors and rivers • Economies

Slavery South –cotton and tobacco North- trade centers, ship building , fishing

E. Independence and Westward Expansion

July 4, 1776-U.S. declares independence Federal system-power divided among local, state and federal gov.

• System of checks and balances Federal Republic

• Power with the people

• Manifest destiny- movement west to civilize • Better farmland

• Gold rush 1848

• Plains between Mississippi River and Rocky Mountains =Great desert ( to dry to farm)• Gov gave away or sold cheap

• Indian Wars

F. Economic Development By 1830-Idustrializing south had an export economy

• grew tobacco and cotton on plantations- large farms producing one crop Slave labor Economic differences and secession led to Civil War (1861-1865)

Railroad expansion 1869 connecting the coast• Easier to move goods• Cities develop far from water

Agricultural advancement • more food fewer workers needed• Great American desert- irrigation

Industry developed • Attract people to cities

Rural areas Immigrants 1920’s more in cities than rural

• The 1900’s 1914-1918-WWI 1930’s-Great Depression 1939-1945-WWII Cold War-post WWII

Culture

mixing Pot • 99% of Americans are immigrants or descendants of immigrant• 1% are American Indian • 12% traced to Africa• Most can trace to Europe • Spanish fast growing now

No official language…English is main language while Spanish isn’t far behind (bilingual- more than one language)

Religion

More than 1,200 More than half are Protestant Christian

• 25% are Roman Catholic• 3. 6 million Jewish Americans

Settlement and land use Pop is centered in the Northeast region

• First region of settlement by the Europeans• Rust belt – Industry • Settlers move west• Now

People are moving to southwest sunbelt Decline of industry in rust belt

• Most populated urban• Least rural farmland, mountain and desert areas

Education 1. High standard of living

2. k-12 public education is free-80% grad HS 3. More than 3,000 colleges-best in world 4. Harvard, Princeton, Yale, Columbia

The Arts, Customs and Traditions Pioneered motion pictures-Hollywood our

royalty 1st to build skyscrapers…Chicago…Home

Insurance Building…10 stories high. Edgar Allan Poe, Mark Twain, Emily Dickinson,

Ernest Hemingway, Maya Angelou Jazz created from blending of African and

European music

E. Country, rock ‘n’ roll, rap F. Major influence on globalization and cultural

diffusion G. Holidays include Christmas, Easter,

Independence Day H. Americans love all kinds of sports

Section 2Regions of the U.S.

I. The NortheastA. 1/5 of country’s population-smallestB. Megalopolis-group of cities combined to form one large, built up area (Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, D.C.)

C. Industrialized-started producing textiles, produced steel- used running water to create first factories.

D. Manufacturing started to decline in the late 1990’s…rust belt

E. Cultures1. Until Mid 1960’s-mostly Greek, Irish, and Italian

(Europe) 2. Since then, many immigrants from Asia and Latin

America have moved in 3. Immigrants bring different cultures

F. Cities1. New York City is largest metropolitan area in U.S. More

than 20 million live in area.2. Leading center of commerce, banking, advertising,

fashion and media3. Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore(port cities), D.C.

(capital-district of Columbia –not a state)

II. The Midwest-smaller than northeastA. Major farming region, leading producer of industrial goods-connected by rivers, highways, great lakesB. Settlers moved here during 1800s.C. Agriculture

1. Most of land is arable-fit for growing crops 2. Nebraska to Ohio (Corn Belt) 3. Soybeans used to make margarine, vegetable oil, and bean curdD. Other things-http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art51655.asp

4. Dairy Belt - Wisconsin, Minnesota and Michigan 5. Wisconsin-butter, cheeseE. Cities

1. Chicago is largest city in Midwest with major port on Lake Michigan.2. Major railroad hub, major airport (O’Hare)3. Cleveland, Detroit, Milwaukee, Toledo- along great lakes

4. Detroit (Motor City)- cars

5. Minneapolis and St. Paul (twin cities) are major distribution centers in upper Midwest. 6. St. Louis is a major shipping and transportation center.

Detroit

III. The South ( Virginia –Texas )

A. More than 30% of population

B. Once agricultural- economy destroyed

C. Lacked industries and railroads after Civil War

D. Industry has settled back into the region with new labor from the Caribbean, Mexico and other areas of Latin America.

E. Economy- cheap land more lenient laws 1. Lumber, cotton, tobacco, old geezers2. Cotton helps large textile industry in the

Piedmont region.3. Texas and Louisiana - producers of mineral and

energy resources4. High-tech and aerospace industries have moved

into area

5. Foreign automobile makers-BMW, Mercedes, Nissan, Toyota, Honda, Volkswagen, Hyundai, Kia

6. Large banks7. Biotechnology

http://www.gabio.org/attachments/3/pr/PR10122006102556.pdf

8. Tourism very big…lots of old people

F. Cities

1. Dallas-Ft. Worth area is largest-railroad shipping stop for cattle and cotton

2. Other cities include Houston (2nd largest area), Atlanta, Miami and New Orleans

IV. WestA. Large and sparsely populatedB. Dry and rugged- hard to live in C. Interior West-west of Rockies

1. Wheat Belt - Montana to Texas2. Irrigation water comes from Ogallala Aquifer

3. Mining of gold, silver, copper, lead4. Skiing, Vegas, Glacier, Grand Canyon, Grand

Teton and Yellowstone National Parks, Mount Rushmore

Hey, Frank, let’s put a resort in a desert in the middle of nowhere!

Brilliant Idea!

D. The Pacific States

1. Add military to productive industries like farming and film.2. Aircraft industries in Seattle-Boeing.3. Farmers use 80% of water supply fight with

residents 4. Silicon Valley- just south of San Francisco ( leader

in computer technology)

5. 1867- Alaska purchased -biggest commodities include fish and oil6. Hawaii became state in 19597. Sugarcane, military, pineapples and tourism and …

E. Cities

1. Los Angeles- started in 1781 as Spanish settlement

2. 1913-new aqueduct connected to Sierra Nevada's brought in water

*Colorado River Aqueduct added later

3. Industries include entertainment, oil refining, chemicals, and manufacturing

4. Smog issues (reaction between pollutants and sunlight)5. San Francisco, Seattle, San Diego, Phoenix

Section 3

I. Environmental IssuesA. Largest consumer of energyB. Major polluter…New England suffers greatly from emissions from Ohio River ValleyC. Midwest fertilizers drain out of Mississippi River-Dead Zone. Chemicals promote algae growth bacteria consume algae which reduces the amount of oxygen

D. Dams on Columbia and Snake rivers have hurt salmon migrationE. Arizona and California are taking almost all of the Colorado Rivers’ water.

II. Natural HazardsA. Earthquakes in the WestB. Flooding affects various placesC. TornadoesD. Hurricanes

III. Cities and PopulationA. Suburbanization has put strain on survival of citiesB. Gentrification-young investors have been moving back to cities to purchase run down buildings and convert them to upscale lofts/homes

C. Changing population patterns have been source of conflict. Immigration is full of positives and negatives. What are they?

IV. Economy and TradeA. U.S. is superpower-leader economically, politically and militarily

B. Usually operates with in trade deficit…value of exports is less than importsC. Once imposed tariffs, now more open to free tradeD. NAFTA-started in 1994-good or bad?Got rid of some tariffs= free trade