Chapter 8: Social and Personality Development in Early Childhood.
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Transcript of Chapter 8: Social and Personality Development in Early Childhood.
Theories of Social and Personality Development
Psychoanalytic Perspectives
Freud: gain control over bodily functions and renegotiate parent relationships Anal Stage Phallic Stage
Theories of Social and Personality Development
Psychoanalytic Perspectives
Erikson: agreed with Freud with added focus on social skill development Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt Initiative versus Guilt
Gender Development
Explanations and Theory: Psychoanalytic Explanations Social-Cognitive Explanations Gender Schema Theory
Gender DevelopmentGender Concept Sequence
Gender understanding develops in stages: Gender identity Gender stability Gender constancy
What is this five-year-old conveying about her understanding of gender?
“This is how I will
look when I grow up.”
Figure 8.2 Gender Stereotyping in a Child’s Drawing
Gender DevelopmentSex-Typed Behavior
Sex-type behavior: Develops earlier than ideas about gender
Learned from older same-sex children
Learned differently by gender
Family Relationships and StructureParenting Styles: Authoritarian
Parenting Characteristics High levels of demand and control Low levels of warmth and communication
Child Consequences Good school performance Lower self-esteem and less peer interaction
skills Some subdued; others highly aggressive
Family Relationships and StructureParenting Styles: Permissive
Parenting Characteristics High in warmth and communication Low in demand and control
Child Consequences Poor adolescent school performance More aggressive and immature Less responsible and independent
Family Relationships and StructureParenting Styles: Authoritative
Parenting Characteristics High in warmth and communication High in demand and control
Child Consequences Higher self-esteem, independence, and
altruism More parental compliance Self-confident and achievement-oriented Better school performance
Family Relationships and StructureParenting Styles: Uninvolved
Parenting Characteristics Low in levels of demand and control Low in levels of warmth and communication
Child Consequences Disturbances in social relationships More impulsive and antisocial in adolescence Less competent with peers Much less achievement-oriented in school
Family Relationships and StructureEffects of Parenting Styles: Spanking
Most parents believe spanking effective if used sparingly Short-term effects Long-term effects Premack’s principle
Is “authoritative” always best?
Authoritative pattern Positive outcomes seen in all ethnic
groups More common in white families and
middle class Usually more common among intact
families Least common among Asian Americans
Ethnicity, Socio-Economic Status and Parenting Styles
Authoritarian pattern in Asian American families High levels of school achievement in
Asian American children Economic success Maintenance of ethnic identity
Ethnicity, Socio-Economic Status and Parenting Styles
Authoritarian pattern in African American families Enhances children’s potential for self-
control and success Prepares children to deal with social
forces such as racism that impede social success
Reduces use of substance abuse
What kind of parenting style was used to raise you? What effects did it have on your development? What style will you use as a parent?
Questions To PonderQuestions To PonderQuestions To PonderQuestions To Ponder
Family Relationships and Structure
Family Structure: Diversity in Two-Parent and Single-Parent Families Only 70% of U.S. children lived with both
biological parents in 2007. Many children from two-parent families
have experienced single-parenting. 2% of U.S. children live with custodial
grandparents.
Family Structure and EthnicitySingle Parents
Family Structure: Single-Parent Families More common among African Americans
and Native Americans Single mothers are less likely to marry. Grandparents and other relatives
traditionally help support single mothers. Some single mothers are financially secure.
Family Relationships and StructureOther Types of Family Structures
Custodial Grandparents Aging and parenting stress cause anxiety
and depression.
Gay and Lesbian Parents No expressed social or cognitive
developmental differences between the children of gay and lesbian parents and the children of heterosexual couples.
Can you define two types of aggression?
Aggression: Behavior intended to hurt another or object
Instrumental Hostile