Chapter 8 Opposition to Slavery 1800-1833
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Transcript of Chapter 8 Opposition to Slavery 1800-1833
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Chapter 8
Opposition to Slavery 1800-1833
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I. A Country in Turmoil
Late 1820s was a time of great change– Transportation and market revolution– Industrialization and immigration– Banking and money influence public policy
Fears– People felt threatened– Paranoia
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Political Paranoia Corrupt bargain Democratic party
– Protected workers and farmers from the “money power”
– States’ rights• Protected slavery from national
government interference– Supported expanding slavery into new
regions
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Political Paranoia (cont.)
Democratic party– Traditional view of women’s role in society
• Subservient
– Advocated white supremacy– African Americans designed by God to be slaves– “Slave power”
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Political Paranoia (cont.)
Whigs– Opposed Jackson and the Democrats– Anti-Masonic party
• Believed Freemasons wanted to destroy government
– Supported active, nationalist government– Greater emphasis on morality and Protestantism
• Reformers• Opposed territorial expansion
– Attracted opponents to slavery
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The Second Great Awakening
Government and heaven becoming democratic– Take control in religion away from established
clergy– People have a role in their own salvation– Influenced black churches that emerged in 1800s-
1810s– Charles G. Finney
• Perfectionism • Reform movements
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The Benevolent Empire
Practical Christianity– Reform: public education, temperance,
prison reform, mentally and physically handicapped
– Antislavery societies
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Abolitionism Begins in America
Pre-revolutionary Southern slaves sought to free
themselves – Received help from free blacks and a few whites– Did not seek to destroy slave labor system
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Abolitionism Begins in America (cont.)
Post-revolutionary – Black and white abolitionists from the North– Quakers
• Organized first antislavery society, 1775– Society for the Promotion of the Abolition of Slavery,
1784» Attracted non-Quakers
• Gradual emancipation• Not equal rights• Little emphasis on southern slavery
– Emotionalism and Action• Second Great Awakening and Benevolent Empire
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From Gabriel to Denmark Vesey Gabriel’s Conspiracy, 1800
– Haitian refugees– Revolutionary rhetoric– Revolutionary spirit– Insurrectionary network lived on
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From Gabriel to Denmark Vesey (cont.)
Gabriel’s Conspiracy, 1800– Consequences
• Chesapeake antislavery societies declined• Ended hope to abolish slavery in Maryland,
Virginia, and North Carolina– Fears of race war
• Rebellions – Not caused by slavery– Black people were suited and content– Free black people
» Free black people were dangerous and criminal» Economic threat to white people
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From Gabriel to Denmark Vesey (cont.) Denmark Vesey, 1822
– Familiar with revolutionary rhetoric– Haitian revolts– French Revolution– Missouri Crisis
• Antislavery speeches
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From Gabriel to Denmark Vesey (cont.) Denmark Vesey: Consequences
– Charleston• Destroyed AME church• Improved slave patrols • Outlawed slave assemblages• Banned teaching slaves to read• Black seaman jailed until ships ready to leave
port• Increasingly suspicious of
– Free African-Americans– White Yankee visitors
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III. The American Colonization Society ACS, 1816
– Proposed gradual emancipation• With compensation
– Sending ex-slaves and freed people to Liberia
• Support of southern slaveholders• Northern supporters preferred giving a choice
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Black Nationalism
White prejudice denied blacks full citizenship– Liberia– Haiti– Prince Hall– Paul Cuffe– Henry Highland Garnet– Alexander Crummel
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Opposition to Colonization
– Americans not Africans– Preferred to improve conditions in America– Worried that “voluntary” colonization would be
forced• Most southern states required the expulsion of slaves
individually freed by masters• Efforts to expel all free black people or return them to
slavery– Arkansas, 1858
• ACS considered a proslavery scheme to force free black people to choose between reenslavement or banishment.
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IV. Black Women Abolitionists
– 19th century rigid gender hierarchy• Denied women access to law, politics,
business, – Most black women poor, lacked education– Slave and free risked all harboring fugitive slaves– Used meager savings to purchase freedom
– Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society, 1833
• Maria Stewart (See PROFILE)– First women to address male audiences in public
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V. The Baltimore Alliance Benjamin Lundy
– Quaker– Genius of Universal Emancipation
William Watkins (See VOICES)– Freedom’s Journal
William Lloyd Garrison– The Liberator– Immediate emancipation without compensation or
expatriation– Equal rights– Altered abolition in America
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VI. David Walker’s Appeal
David Walker– Appeal . . . to the Colored Citizens of the
World, 1829• Aggressively attacked slavery and white racism• Advocated violence
– Frightened white southerners– Pamphlet was regarded as dangerous in the
Old South» Found among slaves in southern parts
• See PROFILE
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VII. Nat Turner
– Nat Turner• Learned to read as a child• Studied the Bible• Saw visions
– Believed God intended him to lead people to freedom– Revolt, August 1831
– Virginia state constitutional convention, 1829• Class tensions
– Emancipation
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Nat Turner (cont.) Turner’s Revolt
– Shaped a new era in American abolition• Whites everywhere blamed abolitionists• Northern abolitionists asserted hope for peaceful
struggle• Accorded heroic stature by northern abolitionists
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VIII. Conclusion
The Second Great Awakening and Reform Movement– Shaped slavery
Gabriel, Vesey, and Turner– Employed violence
Northern abolitionists– Employed newspapers, books, petitions, and
speeches Slaves’ resistance
– Influenced northern abolitionists