CHAPTER 8 OPERATIONS MANUAL PART A PAGE 1 ISSUE 1 ... 8. Aerodrome Operating... · 1 c operations...

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1 OPERATIONS MANUAL PART A AERODROME OPERATING MINIMA CHAPTER: 8 PAGE: ISSUE:1 REVISION: ORIGINAL DATE: 27/02/2018 Table of Content A .GENERAL / CHAPTER 8 . - AERODROME OPERATING MINIMA .............................................................................3 8 .METHODS FOR ESTABLISHING AERODROME OPERATING MINIMA........................................................................................... 3 8.1 Take-Off Conditions ........................................................................................................................................... 3 8.2 Take-off Minima ................................................................................................................................................ 3 8.2.1 RVR Values for Takeoff (Company Take-Off Minima) ................................................................................................... 3 8.3 Low Visibility Procedures ................................................................................................................................... 4 8.3.1 Low Visibility Takeoff ..................................................................................................................................................... 4 8.4 Aircraft Approach Category (ICAO) ................................................................................................................... 4 8.4.1 Increased Minima for Flight Crew Members with Less than 200 hours in the Aircraft ................................................ 5 8.4.2 Senior Pilot-in-Command Operational Control of the Flight Responsibilities ............................................................... 5 8.5 Take-off.............................................................................................................................................................. 6 8.5.1 Take-off Alternate.......................................................................................................................................................... 6 8.6 Continuation of Flight to an Aerodrome............................................................................................................ 6 8.7 Destination Aerodrome ..................................................................................................................................... 7 8.8 Destination Alternate and En Route Alternate Aerodromes Planning Minima ................................................ 7 8.9 Isolated Aerodromes.......................................................................................................................................... 8 8.10 Methods for Establishing of Aerodrome Operating Minima ........................................................................... 8 8.10.1 Non-Precision Approach Landing Minima ................................................................................................................... 8 8.10.1.1 Visual Reference .................................................................................................................................................. 8 8.10.1.2 System Minima .................................................................................................................................................... 9 8.10.1.3 Required RVR....................................................................................................................................................... 9 8.10.1.4 Additional requirements.................................................................................................................................... 10 8.11 CAT I Landing Minima.................................................................................................................................... 10 8.11.1 Definition ................................................................................................................................................................... 10 8.11.2 Required RVR ............................................................................................................................................................. 11 8.11.3 Additional Requirements ........................................................................................................................................... 12 8.12 CAT II Landing Minima (ACA not authorzed CAT II) ....................................................................................... 12 8.12.1 Definition ................................................................................................................................................................... 12 8.12.2 Required RVR ............................................................................................................................................................. 12 8.12.3 CAT II Aerodrome Operating Minima for Pilot-in-Commands with Insufficient Experience on Type ...................... 13 8.13 Equipment Deterioration ............................................................................................................................... 13 8.13.1 Effect on Landing Minima of Temporarily Failed or Downgraded Equipment ......................................................... 13

Transcript of CHAPTER 8 OPERATIONS MANUAL PART A PAGE 1 ISSUE 1 ... 8. Aerodrome Operating... · 1 c operations...

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OPERATIONS MANUAL PART A

AERODROME OPERATING MINIMA

CHAPTER: 8

PAGE: ISSUE:1

REVISION: ORIGINAL

DATE: 27/02/2018

Table of Content

A .GENERAL / CHAPTER 8 .- AERODROME OPERATING MINIMA .............................................................................3

8 . METHODS FOR ESTABLISHING AERODROME OPERATING MINIMA ........................................................................................... 3 8.1 Take-Off Conditions ........................................................................................................................................... 3 8.2 Take-off Minima ................................................................................................................................................ 3

8.2.1 RVR Values for Takeoff (Company Take-Off Minima) ................................................................................................... 3 8.3 Low Visibility Procedures ................................................................................................................................... 4

8.3.1 Low Visibility Takeoff ..................................................................................................................................................... 4 8.4 Aircraft Approach Category (ICAO) ................................................................................................................... 4

8.4.1 Increased Minima for Flight Crew Members with Less than 200 hours in the Aircraft ................................................ 5 8.4.2 Senior Pilot-in-Command Operational Control of the Flight Responsibilities............................................................... 5

8.5 Take-off .............................................................................................................................................................. 6 8.5.1 Take-off Alternate.......................................................................................................................................................... 6

8.6 Continuation of Flight to an Aerodrome............................................................................................................ 6 8.7 Destination Aerodrome ..................................................................................................................................... 7 8.8 Destination Alternate and En Route Alternate Aerodromes Planning Minima ................................................ 7 8.9 Isolated Aerodromes .......................................................................................................................................... 8 8.10 Methods for Establishing of Aerodrome Operating Minima ........................................................................... 8

8.10.1 Non-Precision Approach Landing Minima ................................................................................................................... 8 8.10.1.1 Visual Reference .................................................................................................................................................. 8 8.10.1.2 System Minima .................................................................................................................................................... 9 8.10.1.3 Required RVR....................................................................................................................................................... 9 8.10.1.4 Additional requirements.................................................................................................................................... 10

8.11 CAT I Landing Minima .................................................................................................................................... 10 8.11.1 Definition ................................................................................................................................................................... 10 8.11.2 Required RVR ............................................................................................................................................................. 11 8.11.3 Additional Requirements ........................................................................................................................................... 12

8.12 CAT II Landing Minima (ACA not authorzed CAT II) ....................................................................................... 12 8.12.1 Definition ................................................................................................................................................................... 12 8.12.2 Required RVR ............................................................................................................................................................. 12 8.12.3 CAT II Aerodrome Operating Minima for Pilot-in-Commands with Insufficient Experience on Type ...................... 13

8.13 Equipment Deterioration ............................................................................................................................... 13 8.13.1 Effect on Landing Minima of Temporarily Failed or Downgraded Equipment ......................................................... 13

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A. GENERAL / CHAPTER 8.- AERODROME OPERATING MINIMA

8. Methods for Establishing Aerodrome Operating Minima

• Note: ACA understands that all operating minima in this section of the Operations Manual are

subject to the approval of the Authority.

• Note: ACA wishes to use Jeppesen Charting services published "Aerodrome Operating Minima" for

all ACA minimum flight altitudes for each flight. The Chief Pilot shall ensure that all Flight Crew use

the most current Jeppesen " Aerodrome Operating Minima ".

• Note: Minimum aerodrome operating minima will never be less than that stated in ACA's

Operations Specifications.

8.1 Take-Off Conditions

Before commencing take-off, the Pilot-in-Command shall be satisfied that:

According to the information available to the Pilot-in-Command, the weather at the aerodrome or

operating site and the condition of the runway or FATO intended to be used would not prevent a safe

take-off and departure; and

Established aerodrome operating minima will be complied with.

8.2 Take-off Minima

When the reported visibility is below that required for take-off and RVR is not reported, or when neither

reported visibility nor RVR is available, a take-off may only be commenced if the Pilot-in-Command can

determine that the RVR/visibility along the take-off runway is equal to or better than the required minimum.

This may require a runway visit to assess the RVR at the relevant RVR reporting points by a Company

dedicated observer or aerodrome authority’s observer.

Take-off minima shall be increased whenever there is a special need to see and avoid obstacles on

departure or for other performance requirements.

8.2.1 RVR Values for Takeoff (Company Take-Off Minima)

The required RVR values as given in the above table must be available for the take-off run )except for

which may be based on pilot's assessment( and a distance for a possible accelerate stop case, that is for

the Accelerate Stop Distance )ASD(. From this assumption, only that number of RVR values must be at or

above those required in the table of takeoff minima as needed to cover the distance from start of the take-

off until the aircraft would come to a stop in case of an aborted take-off.

RVR/Visibility minima for take-off are as defined in Table 1.

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Table 1

Facilities RVR/VIS

Runway edge and centerline lighting and

multiple RVR information, LVP in force RVR 150 m for CAT A, B, C Aircraft

Note: A take-off minimum of 125 m RVR )CAT A, B, C Aircraft( may be used

under the following conditions:

- High Intensity runway centerline lights must be spaced 15 meters or less and high Intensity edge lights are spaced at 60 m

or less -both systems must be In operation -,

-Flight Crew Members have satisfactorily completed a check in a Flight simulator,

- A 90 m visual segment is available from the cockpit at the take-off point, and

- The required RVR value has been achieved for all of the relevant RVR reporting points

Runway edge and centerline lighting, LVP in force RVR 200 m for CAT A, B, C Aircraft,

Runway edge lighting and/or centerline marking, LVP in force RVR 250 m for CAT A, B, C Aircraft,

Note: For night operations at least runway edge and runway end Identifier/stop lights are required and must he "ON".

No facilities )day only(

- controlled aerodromes with published SID's- RVR 500 m

VFR - aerodromes with a control zone whose

upper limits coincide or penetrate a TMA or another controlled

airspace to allow a controlled flight after take-off

VIS1500 m*

*Plus the requirement to keep clear of clouds until IFR

clearance becomes effective

Note: If the appropriate ATS Authority permits flights with VIS less than 5000 m.

VFR - aerodromes without a control zone

VIS 3000 m/1500 ft ceiling

VMC must be maintainable until IFR clearance becomes

effective.

8.3 Low Visibility Procedures

The operation of AC aviations is not applicable to this requirement

8.3.1 Low Visibility Takeoff

The operation of AC aviations is not applicable to this requirement

8.4 Aircraft Approach Category (ICAO)

The following ICAO table indicates the specified range of handling speeds )IAS( for each category of

Aircraft to perform the maneuvers specified. These speed ranges have been assumed for use in

calculating airspace and obstacle clearance for each procedure.

Note: The Pilot-in-Command shall check if other categories apply for certain States for the planned

flight.

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Aircraft

Approach

Category

Vat

(Vref)

Initial Approach

Speeds

Final Approach

Speeds

Max Speed for Visual

Maneuvering (Circling)

Max Speeds for

Missed

Approach

Intermediate Final

A <91 90/150 70/100 100 100 110

B 91/120 120/180 85/130 135 130 150

C 121/140 160/240 115/160 180 160 240

D 141/165 185/250 130/185 205 185 265

Vat or Vref: Speed at threshold based on 1.3 times stall speed in the landing configuration at maximum

certificated landing mass which is equivalent to 1,23 VS1g, whichever is applicable by certification.

Upon special request and approval by the authority an operator may permanently restrict the max landing

weight so as to make use of a lower aircraft approach category. The minima given on the next pages

represent the absolute lowest minima permissible under the given conditions. If the minima presented in

the ACA OM, Part C )Jeppesen route manual(, any other Aeronautical Information publication or in the

RTOW/M charts of the ACA OM, Part A., are higher, then those higher minima will apply unless special

approval is given by the competent authority for a particular aerodrome.

Visual Maneuvering / Circling Approaches:

A maneuver initiated by the pilot to align the aircraft with a runway for landing when a straight-in landing from

an instrument approach is not possible or is not desirable. This maneuver is made only after ATC

authorization has been obtained and the pilot has established required visual reference to the aerodrome.The

lowest minima are:

Category MDH Visibility

Category MDH (ft) Visibility (m)

A 400 1500

B 500 1600

C 600 2400

D 700 3600

Visual Approach (to an IFR qualified runway):

• The minimum RVR for a visual approach shall be at least 800 m

8.4.1 Increased Minima for Flight Crew Members with Less than 200 hours in the Aircraft

Approach and landing minima will increase +200 DH / MDA and +400 m RVR for Flight Crew Members

acting as PF for the flight sector that have less than 200 hrs total time in the aircraft.

8.4.2 Senior Pilot-in-Command Operational Control of the Flight Responsibilities

The Senior Pilot-in-Command shall assume the duty of PF anytime that they feel the safety of the flight is in

question or if any of the following aircraft conditions occur, weather conditions exist or are forecast:

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Aircraft equipment failure in-flight;

Aerodrome ground facilities equipment failure occur in-flight;

Crosswinds or tailwind components within 5 knots of the maximum component listed in the approved

AFM;

Runway contamination or reported breaking action is below the safe level of experience as determined

by the Senior Pilot-in-Command;

Moderate or severe turbulence has been reported on final approach;

Deteriorating aerodrome weather on final approach;

8.5 Take-off

For an IFR flight, weather minima at the departure aerodrome shall not be less than the applicable minima

for landing at that aerodrome unless a take-off alternate meeting the landing minima requirements during a

period of 1 hour before and ending 1 hour after ETA, is available within:

For 2-engined aircraft, a range of 1 hour flying time at one-engine- out cruising speed based on the

actual takeoff mass.

For 3 or 4-engined aircraft, a range of 2 hours flying time at one- engine-out cruising speed based on

the actual takeoff mass.

A take-off must not be commenced unless, at the estimated times of arrival at destination and/or alternate,

the meteorological conditions are forecast to be at or above the applicable aerodrome minima.

On a VFR flight, takeoff must not be commenced unless current meteorological reports indicate that the

weather conditions en-route - or for that route segment to be flown under VFR weather minimums for the

airspace.

8.5.1 Take-off Alternate

For selection as a take-off alternate aerodrome must satisfy the following conditions:

Meteorological reports must indicate that the weather at the aerodrome, will be at or above the

applicable landing minima for ± 1 hour of the aircrafts estimated time of arrival )ETA(; and

If only non-precision and/or circling approaches are available ceiling must be taken into account; and

Any one-engine inoperative limitations must be taken into account.

All required alternates will be specified in the operational flight plan by Dispatch and or the Pilot-in-

Command

8.6 Continuation of Flight to an Aerodrome

A flight shall not be continued towards the aerodrome of intended landing, unless the latest available

weather forecast and combination of aerodrome information indicates that at the expected time of arrival, a

landing can be effected at the aerodrome or at least one destination alternate aerodrome, in compliance

with the operating minima established in accordance with the most current Jeppesen Aerodrome Operating

Minima.

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8.7 Destination Aerodrome

For selection as a destination an aerodrome must satisfy the following conditions:

Meteorological reports and/or forecasts must indicate that the weather at the aerodrome will be at or

above the applicable planning minima as specified in )1( and )2( below for +/- 1 hour of the aircrafts

ETA:

1( RVR/Visibility in accordance with operating minima.

2( For a non-precision or circling approach the ceiling must be at or above MDH.

If planning minima at destination is not fulfilled, two destination alternate aerodromes must be selected.

8.8 Destination Alternate and En Route Alternate Aerodromes Planning Minima

If IFR conditions are forecast, Dispatch or the PIC shall specify at least one destination alternate on the

ATS flight plan.

A take-off will not be commenced unless at the estimated time of arrival at destination and/or alternate, the

meteorological conditions are forecast to be at or above the applicable aerodrome minima as specified in

table below.

For selection as a destination alternate or en-route alternate, an aerodrome must satisfy the following

conditions:

Meteorological reports and/or forecasts must indicate that the weather at the aerodrome will be

at or above the planning minima specified in Table 1 for en-route alternate, Table 2 below for +/-

1 hour of the aircrafts expected time of arrival:

Table 1

Planning Minima for En-route and Destination Alternates

Type of Approach Planning Minima

CAT II and III CAT I RVR

CAT I

RVR and Ceiling)*( above MDH

RVR + 1000m and Ceiling)*( above MDH + 200ft )**(

Circling Circling

• (*) Ceiling is lowest layer that is BKN or OVC

• Note 1: When two alternates are required because the weather forecast for the destination is below

landing minima, fuel for the alternate aerodrome must be such as to reach the most distant

alternate..

• (**) Note 2: All non-precision approaches shall be flown using the continuous descent final

approaches (CDFA) technique unless otherwise approved by the Authority for a particular approach

to a particular runway.

When calculating the minima, the operator shall ensure that the applicable minimum RVR is increased by

200 meters (m) for Cat A/B aeroplanes and by 400 m for Cat C/D aeroplanes for approaches not flown using

the CDFA technique, providing that the resulting RVR/CMV value does not exceed 5000 m.

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For approaches flown utilising the CDFA technique an increment of 50ft is to be added to the published

MDA (H).

Table 2

Planning Minima for En-route Alternates and Destination Alternates

Approach Facility Configuration Alternate Airfield Ceiling Weather Minima Visibility

For aerodromes with at least one operational navigation

facility, providing a precision or non- precision runway

approach procedure or a circling maneuver from an

instrument approach or the landing can be made under VFR

conditions and separate runways are available.

A ceiling derived by adding 400

feet to the published DA/MDA or

circling minima.

A visibility derived by adding

1500m )5000ft / 1sm( to the

published minima.

8.9 Isolated Aerodromes

Flights to an isolated aerodrome shall not continued past the point of no return unless a current assessment

of meteorological conditions, traffic, and other operational conditions indicate that a safe landing can be

made at the estimated time of arrival, and:

Separate runways are two or more runways at the same aerodrome configured such that if one runway

is closed, operations to the other runway)s( can be conducted, and

Guidance on planning operations to isolated aerodromes is contained in the flight planning and fuel

calculations.

Isolated Aerodrome Fuel Operations into isolated aerodromes do not require the selection of a destination alternate aerodrome(s) and shall be planned in accordance Trip Fuel plus Contingency Fuel of 5%.

8.10 Methods for Establishing of Aerodrome Operating Minima

8.10.1 Non-Precision Approach Landing Minima

8.10.1.1 Visual Reference

No pilot may continue an approach below MDA )MDH( unless at least one of the following visual references

for the intended runway is distinctly visible to and identifiable by the pilot:

Elements of the Approach Lights System;

Threshold;

Threshold marking;

Threshold lights;

Threshold identification lights;

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Visual glide slope indicator;

Touchdown zone or touchdown zone markings;

Touchdown zone lights;

Runway edge lights;

Other visual reference accepted by the authority.

8.10.1.2 System Minima

The minimum descent height shall not be lower than the obstacle clearance height )OCH( or the obstacle

clearance altitude )OCA( for the category of Aircraft or the applicable system whichever is higher. See

table below.

Facilities Lowest DH / MDH (ft)

Instrument Landing System )ILS( 200

Global navigation satellite system )GNSS(/Satellite-based augmentation

system )SBAS( )Lateral precision with vertical guidance approach )LPV(( 200

GSS )Lateral Navigation )LNAV(( 250

Localiser )LOC( with or without distance measuring equipment )DME(

250

SRA )terminating at 1/2 NM( 250 ft

SRA )terminating at 1 NM( 300 ft

SRA )terminating at 2 NM( 350 ft

VHF omnidirectional radio range )VOR( 300 ft

VOR/DME 250 ft

Non-directional beacon )NDB( 300 ft

NDB / DME 300 ft

VHF Direction Finder )VDF( 350

8.10.1.3 Required RVR

The required RVR values depend upon:

1. The published applicable MDH and

2. The ground facilities, either full facility, intermediate or basic facilities )depending upon the length of

the approach lighting system(.

The touch-down zone RVR is always controlling. If reported and relevant, the mid-point and stopped RVR

are also controlling. The minimum RVR value for mid-point is 125 m or the RVR required for touch-down

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zone if less, and 75 m for the stop-end. “Relevant" means that part of the runway used during the high

speed phase of the landing down to a speed of approximately 60 knots.

RVR for CAT I

Facilities Full Intermediate Basic

Nil

Approach

Lights

Runway Markings Yes Yes Yes Yes

Approach Lights ≥ 720 m

HI/MI

719 to 420

HI/MI

≤ 419 m

HI/MI

X

Runway Edge Lights Yes Yes Yes Yes *

Threshold Lights Yes Yes Yes Yes *

Runway End Lights Yes Yes Yes Yes *

CAT RVR (in 00's of meters)

MDH (ft) A B C D A B C D A B C D A B C D

250 - 299 8 8 8 12 10 11 12 14 12 13 14 16 15 15 16 18

300 - 449 9 10 10 14 12 13 14 16 13 14 16 18 15 15 18 20

450 - 649 10 12 12 16 14 15 16 18 15 15 18 20 15 15 20 20

650 and

above 12 14 14 18 15 15 18 20 15 15 20 20 15 15 20 20

Note: Lights must be serviceable and "ON" if required

* Or: no lights at all for daytime operation only

8.10.1.4 Additional requirements

)1( A maximum glide slope angle of 4° must not be exceeded unless specially authorized by the

competent authority and when an ACA is provided )aircraft needs to be certified for steep approach(.

)2( Above figures may either be reported RVR's or meters. Visibility converted to RVR.

)3( For night operations at least runway edge, threshold and runway end lights must be on.

8.11 CAT I Landing Minima

8.11.1 Definition

A CAT I operation is a precision Instrument approach and landing using ILS/MLS or ACAR with a decision

height not lower than 200 ft and with an RVR of not less than 550m.

Visual Reference-no pilot may continue an approach below the CAT I decision height, unless at least one of

the following visual references for the intended runway is distinctly visible and Identifiable to the pilot:

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Elements of the approach light system

The threshold

The threshold markings

The threshold lights

Threshold Identification lights

The Visual glide slope indicator

The touchdown zone or touchdown zone markings

The touchdown zone lights

The runway edge lights

8.11.2 Required RVR

The touch-down zone RVR is always controlling. If reported and relevant, the mid-point and stop end RVR

is also controlling. The minimum RVR value for mid-point is 125 m or the RVR required for touch-down zone

if less, and 75 m for the stop-end. “Relevant" means that part of the runway used during the high speed

phase of the landing down to a speed of approximately 60 knots.

RVR for CAT I

Facilities Full Intermediate Basic

Nil

Approach

Lights

Runway Markings

Approach Lights ≥ 720 m

HI/MI

719 to 420

HI/MI

≤ 419 m

HI/MI

Runway Edge Lights *

Threshold Lights *

Runway End Lights *

DH (ft) RVR (meters)

200 550 700 800 1000

201 – 250 600 700 800 1000

251 – 300 650 800 900 1200

300 and above 800 900 1000 1200

Note: Lights must be serviceable and "ON" if required

* Or: no lights at all for daytime operation only

Note: For night operations at least runway edge, threshold and runway end lights must be "ON".

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8.11.3 Additional Requirements

(1) A maximum glide slope angle of 4° must not be exceeded unless specially authorized by the

certificating Authority )aircraft needs to be certified or approved for a steeper approach(.

(2) Above figures may either be reported RVR's or meteorological visibilities converted to RVR.

8.12 CAT II Landing Minima (ACA not authorzed CAT II)

8.12.1 Definition

A CAT II operation is a precision Instrument approach and landing using ILS/MLS with a decision height

below 200ft but not lower than 100 ft and with an RVR not less than 300 m.

Visual reference - a pilot may not continue an approach below the Category II decision height unless visual

reference containing a segment of at least 3 consecutive lights being the centerline of the approach lights, or

touchdown zone lights, or runway Centerline lights, or runway edge lights, or a combination of these is

attained and can be maintained. This visual reference must include a lateral element of the ground pattern,

i.e. an approach lighting crossbar or the landing threshold or a barrette of the touchdown zone lighting.

8.12.2 Required RVR

The touchdown zone RVR is always controlling. If reported and relevant, the mid-point and stop end RVR is

also controlling. The minimum RVR value for mid-point is 125 m or the RVR required for touchdown zone if

less, and 75 m for the stop-end. “Relevant" means that part of the runway used during the high speed phase

of the landing down to a speed of approximately 60 knots.

RVR for CAT II

*Auto-coupled to DH

DH (t) Cat. A, B and C Cat. D

100 - 120 ft 300 m 300 m

121 - 140 ft 400 m 400 m

141 ft and above 450 m 450 m

* The reference to 'auto-coupled to below DH in this

table means continued use of the automatic flight control system down to a height which is not

greater than 80% of the applicable DH.

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Visibility/RVR Conversion )only landing case only(

The following table may be used to convert reported meteorological visibilities into RVR values.

RVR = Reported MET Vis multiplied by

Lighting in Operation Day Night

HI approach + runway lighting 1.5 2.0

Any type of lighting installation other than the above 1.0 1.5

No lighting 1.0 -

• Note: This table must not be used for calculating take-off-minima, CAT II/III minima or when a

reported RVR is available.

8.12.3 CAT II Aerodrome Operating Minima for Pilot-in-Commands with Insufficient Experience on

Type

A Pilot-in-Command with less than 100 hours or 40 sectors as PIC on the aircraft type must add to CAT II

an increment of 100m, unless he has been previously qualified for CAT II operations with another CAAT

authority operator.

These procedures/instructions are applicable for flight release.

8.13 Equipment Deterioration

If an aircraft system or aerodrome systems failure necessitates a reversion to a degraded approach

category the approach may not commence, or continue if already below 1,000 FT AAL or equivalent

position, unless the RVR’s reported are at or above the minima for the degraded approach category.

8.13.1 Effect on Landing Minima of Temporarily Failed or Downgraded Equipment

• Note: Refer to the most current Jeppesen Airway Manual for "Effect on Landing Minima of

Temporarily Failed or Downgraded Equipment" information.

If failure of ground equipment, other than the primary approach aid in use, occurs after passing the FAF,

the approach may be continued at Pilot-in-Command's discretion. If failures are known before this stage,

the effect on the approach must be considered and the approach may need to be abandoned and a missed

approach executed.

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