Chapter 8

Motivation and Emotion

Motivation

The biological, emotional, cognitive, or social forces that activate and direct behavior

Instinct Theory

The view that certain human behaviors are innate and due to evolutionary programming.

Drove Theories

The view that behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs

Homeostasis

The idea that the body monitors and maintains internal states, such as body temperature and energy supplies, at relatively constant levels; in general, the tendency to reach or maintain equilibrium

Drive

A need or internal motivational state that activates behavior to reduce the need and restore homeostasis

Incentive theories

The view that behavior is motivated by the pull of external goals. Such as rewards

Arousal theory

The view that people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal that is neither to high nor too low

Sensation seeking

The degree to which an individual is motivated to experience high levels of sensory and physical arousal associated with varied and novel activities

Humanistic Theories of motivation

The view that emphasizes the importance of psychological and cognitive factors in motivation, especially the notion that people are motivated to realize their personal potential

Glucose

Simple sugar that provides energy and is primarily produced by the conversion of carbohydrates and fats; commonly called blood sugar

Insulin

Hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood levels of glucose and signals the hypothalamus, regulating hunger and eating behavior

Basal Metabolic Rate

When the body is at rest, the rate at which it uses energy for vital functions, such as heartbeat and respiration

Adipose tissue

Body fat that is the main source of stored, or reserve, energy

Energy homeostasis

The long-term matching of food intake to energy expenditure

Positive incentive value

in eating behavior, the anticipated pleasure of consuming a particular food, in general, the expectation of pleasure or satisfaction in performing a particular behavior

Satiation

In eating behavior, the feeling of fullness and diminished desire to eat that accompanies eating a meal; in general, the sensation of having an appetite or desire fully or excessively satisfied

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Hormone secreted primarily by the small intestines that promotes satiation; also found in the brain

Sensory-specific satiety

the reduced desire to continue consuming a particular food

Leptin

The hormone produced by fat cells that signals the hypothalamus, regulating hunger and eating behaviors

Neuropeptide Y (NPY)

Neurotransmitter found in several brain areas, most notably the hypothalamus, that stimulates eating behavior and reduces metabolism, promoting positive energy balance, and weight gain

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

Hormone manufactured promarily in the hypothalamus that reduces eating behavior and increase metabolism, promoting negative energy balance and weight loss

Set-point theory

Theory that proposes that humans and other animals have a natural, or optimal body weight, called the set-point weight, that the body defends from becoming higher or lower by regulating feelings of hunger and body metabolism

Settling-point models of weight regulation

General model of weight regulation suggesting that body weight settles, or stabilizes, around the point at which there is balance between the factors influencing energy intake and energy expenditure

Body Mass Index

A numerical scale indicating adult height in regulation to weight; calculated as:

(704.5 x weight in pounds)

(height in inches)2

Obese

Condition characterized by excessive body fat and a body mass index equal to or greater then 30.0.

Cafeteria Diet Effect

The tendency to eat more when a wide variety of palatable foods is available

Leptin resistance

A condition in which higher-than-normal blood levels of the hormone leptin do not produce the expected psychological response

Weight cycling

Repeated cycles of dieting, weigth loss, and weight regain

Eating disorder

A category of mental disorders characterized by severe disturbances in eating behavior

Anorexia nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by excessive weight loss, an irrational fear of gaining

weight, and distorted body self-perception

Bulimia Nervosa

an eating disorder characterized by binges of extreme overeating followed by self

induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives or other inappropriate methods to purge the excessive food and prevent weight gain

Binge-Eating Disorder

A proposed category of eating disorder characterized by recurring episodes of binge

eating that are not followed by purging

Hierarchy of Needs

Maslow’s hierarchical division of motivation into levels that progress from basic physical

needs to psychological needs to self-fulfillment needs.

Self-actualization

Defined by Maslow as a person’s “full use and explication of talents, capacities and

potentialities.

Self-determination Theory (SDT)

Edward Deci and Richard Ryan’s theory that optimal human functioning can occur only if the psychological needs for autonomy,

competence, and relatedness are satisfied

Intrinsic Motivation

Behavior motivated by the desire to engage in tasks that the person fins inherently satisfying and enjoyable, novel, or

optimally challenging; the desire to do something for its own sake

Extrinsic Motivation

Behavior motivated by external factors or influences, such as rewards, consequences,

or social expectations

Competence Motivation

Motivated behavior directed toward demonstrating competence and exercising control in a situation

Achievement Motivation

Motivated behavior directed toward excelling, succeeding, or outperforming others at a task

Thematic Apperception Test

A projective test developed by Henry Murray and his colleagues that involves creating stories about ambiguous scenes that can be interpreted in a variety of ways.

Emotion

A complex psychological state that involves subjective experience, a physiological response, and a behavior or expressive response

Emotional Intelligence

The capacity to understand and manage your own emotional experiences and to perceive, comprehend, and respond appropriately to the emotional responses of others.

Basic Emotions

the most fundamental set of emotion categories, which are biologically innate, evolutionary determined, and culturally universal.

Interpersonal Engagement

Emotion dimension reflecting the degree to which emotions involve a relationship with another person or other people.

Amygdala

almond shaped cluster of neurons in the brain’s temporal lobe, involved in memory and emotional responses, especially fear.

Brain finger-printing

technique to detect lies or deception, which uses an EEG to analyze brain waves; determines whether a stimulus is familiar or unfamiliar

Display Rules

Social and cultural rules that regulate emotional expression, especially facial expressions

Anthropomorphism

The attribution of human traits, motives, emotions, or behaviors to nonhuman or animals or innate objects

James-Lange Theory of emotions

The theory that emotions arise from the perception of body changes

Cannon-Bard Theory of emotions

The theory that emotions arise from the simultaneous activation of the sympathetic nervous system, which causes physical arousal, and the cortex, which causes the subjective experience of emotion

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

The view that expressing a specific emotion, especially facially, causes the subjective experience of that emotion

Two-factor of emotion

Schacther and Singer’s theory that emotion is the interaction of physiological arousal and the cognitive label that we apply to explain the arousal

Cognitive-mediational Theory of Emotion

Lazarus’s theory that emotions results from the cognitive appraisal of a situation’s effect on personal well-being

Self-efficacy

the degree to which a person is convinced of his or her ability to effectively meet the demands of a particular situation

PEOPLE

Walter Cannon

American physiologist who developed an influential theory of emotion called the Cannon-Bard Theory of emotion

Charles Darwin

English naturalist and scientist whose theory of evolution through natural selection was first published in On the Origin of the Species by Means of Natural Selection in 1859

Edward Deci

American psychologist who, along with Richard M. Ryan, developed self-determination theory, which contends that optimal psychological functioning and growth can occur only if the psychological needs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness are satisfied.

Paul Ekman

American psychologist and emotion researcher who is best known for his work in classifying basic emotions, analyzing facial expressions, and demonstrating that basic emotions and facial expressions are culturally universal

William James

American psychologist who developed an influential theory of emotion called the James-Lang Theory

Richard Lazarus

American psychologist who promoted the cognitive perspective in the study of emotion, proposed the cognitive-mediational theory of emotion

Abraham Maslow

American psychologist and a founder of humanistic psychology who developed a hierarchical model of human motivation in which basic needs must be satisfied before people can strive for self-actualization

Richard M. Ryan

American psychologist who, developed self-determination theory.