Chapter 8. Dolphins, sea lions, parrots, chimpanzees Vocal apparatus issue American Sign Language...
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Transcript of Chapter 8. Dolphins, sea lions, parrots, chimpanzees Vocal apparatus issue American Sign Language...
![Page 1: Chapter 8. Dolphins, sea lions, parrots, chimpanzees Vocal apparatus issue American Sign Language Allen and Beatrice Gardner (1969) Chimpanzee.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022033102/5697c02c1a28abf838cd8dbe/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Language and ThoughtChapter 8
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Can Animals Develop Language?
Dolphins, sea lions, parrots, chimpanzees Vocal apparatus issue American Sign Language
Allen and Beatrice Gardner (1969) Chimpanzee - Washoe 160 word vocabulary
Sue Savage-Rumbaugh Bonobo chimpanzee - Kanzi Symbols Receptive language – 72% of 660 requests
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Theories of Language Acquisition
Behaviorist Skinner ▪ learning of specific verbal responses
Nativist Chomsky▪ learning the rules of language▪ Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
Interactionist Cognitive, social communication, and
emergentist theories
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Figure 8.5 Interactionist theories of language acquisition
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Problem Solving: Types of Problems
Greeno (1978) – three basic classes Problems of inducing structure
Series completion and analogy problems
Problems of arrangement String problem and Anagrams▪ Often solved through insight
Problems of transformation Hobbits and orcs problem Water jar problem
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Figure 8.6 Six standard problems used in studies of problem solving
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Effective Problem Solving
Well defined vs. ill defined problems
Barriers to effective problem solving: Irrelevant Information Functional Fixedness Mental Set Unnecessary Constraints
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Figure 8.12 The tower of Hanoi problem
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Approaches to Problem Solving
Algorithms Systematic trial-and-error Guaranteed solution
Heuristics Shortcuts No guaranteed solution▪ Forming subgoals▪ Working backward▪ Searching for analogies▪ Changing the representation of a problem
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Figure 8.16 Representing the bird and train problem
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Culture, Cognitive Style,and Problem Solving
Field dependence – relying on external frames of reference
Field independence – relying on internal frames of reference Western cultures inspire field
independence Cultural influence based in ecological
demands Holistic vs. analytic cognitive styles
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Decision Making:Evaluating Alternatives and Making Choices
Simon (1957) – theory of bounded rationality
Making Choices Additive strategies Elimination by aspects Risky decision making▪ Expected value▪ Subjective utility▪ Subjective probability
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Table 8.3 Application of the additive model to choosing an apartment
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Heuristics in Judging Probabilities
The availability heuristic The representativeness heuristic The tendency to ignore base rates The conjunction fallacy The alternative outcomes effect
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Figure 8.18 The conjunction fallacy
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Understanding Pitfalls in ReasoningAbout Decisions
The gambler’s fallacy Overestimating the improbable Confirmation bias and belief
perseverance The overconfidence effect Framing
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Evolutionary Analyses: Flaws in Decision Making and Fast and Frugal Heuristics
Cosmides and Tooby (1996) Unrealistic standard of rationality Decision making evolved to handle
real-world adaptive problems Problem solving research based on
contrived, artificial problems Gigerenzer (2000)
Quick and dirty heuristics Less than perfect but adaptive