Chapter 8 Cell Growth. In most cases, a living thing grows because it produces more and more cells.

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Chapter 8 Cell Growth

Transcript of Chapter 8 Cell Growth. In most cases, a living thing grows because it produces more and more cells.

Page 1: Chapter 8 Cell Growth. In most cases, a living thing grows because it produces more and more cells.

Chapter 8

Cell Growth

Page 2: Chapter 8 Cell Growth. In most cases, a living thing grows because it produces more and more cells.

In most cases, a living thing grows because it produces more and more cells

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Limits of Cell Growth

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Number 1Cell membrane- food oxygen and water enter and wastes leave

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How fast things enter and leave depends on the surface area

How fast products are used up and waste is produced depends on the volume

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Fig 8-2Surface Area and volume do not increase at the same rate so this is a problem

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Number 2All the information a cell needs to survive and function is stored in the DNAWhen a cell is small enough RNA is made to make all the proteins a cell needs

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Page 10: Chapter 8 Cell Growth. In most cases, a living thing grows because it produces more and more cells.

As a cell gets bigger it does not make more RNA so there is an information crisisAs the cell grows there is not enough RNA to support its growthThe cell becomes inefficient

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The Solution: Cell Division

The process where by the cell divides into two daughter cellsDraw picture in notes

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Rates of Cell GrowthE. coli – divides every 30 minutes1 day – 14kg mass3 days – mass of earth

Ideal conditions do not last long

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Controls on Cell GrowthCell behavior – cell growth and cell division are carefully controlledHeart and nervous system – cells rarely divide

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Skin and digestive tract – cells divide through life

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When cells come in contact with other cells they stop growing Scientists are still working on why this is true

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Cell growth can be turned on Example – a cut, broken boneCell growth stops when fixed

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Uncontrolled Cell GrowthResults are severeCancer – disorder where cells have lost the ability to control their own growth

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8-2 Cell Division: Mitosis and Cytokinesis

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Eukaryotic CellsNucleus and membrane bound organellesEukaryotic cells divide in two steps

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1. Mitosis – the process by which the nucleus of a cell is divided into 2 nuclei, each with the same number and kinds of chromosomes as the parent cell

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2. Cytokinesis – process of the cytoplasm dividing to form 2 new cells

http://www.edupic.net/Images/Mitosis/membrane_and_cytoplasm_telophase.png
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The process is complex

1.Large amounts of DNA need to be separated.2.Each cell needs one copy of a chromosome

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ChromosomesStructures in the cell that contain the genetic information that is passed from one generation to the next

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The cells of different organisms contain different numbers of chromosomesHumans – 46Goldfish – 94Dog – 78Cat – 32

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Chromosomes are made of chromatin.Chromatin is made of DNA and proteins.

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When a cell is not dividing chromatin is lose and spread outWhen a cell is going to divide chromatin condenses and chromosomes become visible

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The proteins in chromatin help in the folding of DNA.Helps it fit and keeps it organized.Total length of DNA 10,000x the length of a chromosome

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HistonesCircular proteins that the DNA is wrapped around

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NucleosomeBead like structures of DNA wrapped around a few histones

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Chromosome StructureReady to divide

DNA replicatedChromosomes become visible by condensing

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The structure of eukaryotic chromosomesThe structure of eukaryotic chromosomes

Centromere

Chromosome

Sister chromatids

Supercoil within chromosome

Continued coiling within supercoil

Histone H1

Nucleosome

DNA

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The chromosome has two identical parts – 2 Chromatids

The chromosome has two identical parts – 2 Chromatids

http://www.edupic.net/Images/Mitosis/cromatid_pair2_red.png
http://www.edupic.net/Images/Mitosis/cromatid_pair2_red.png
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The two chromatids are often called sister chromatidsCentromere – holds sister chromatids together

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The Cell Cycle

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The period of time from one mitosis to the nextA cell grows, prepares for division, and divides to form two daughter cellsIncludes mitosis

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Page 38: Chapter 8 Cell Growth. In most cases, a living thing grows because it produces more and more cells.
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Mitosis – M phase                                `

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InterphaseG1 – growth and activityS- DNA replicationG2 – growth and activity

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Some cells in the body go through the cell cycle every 6 hoursSome cells never do (nerve and muscle)

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InterphaseLongPeriod between cell divisions3 phases – G1, S, G2G1 – (gap1) – growth and development

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S (DNA synthesis phase) – replicationProteins associated with chromosomes are also madeG2- gap 2 – shortest phaseSynthesis of materials needed for cell division

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During interphase the cell is activeProteins are made DNA is copiedATP is made and used Cells that are specialized do their thingExample - secretion

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Page 46: Chapter 8 Cell Growth. In most cases, a living thing grows because it produces more and more cells.

Do NowWhat are the 2 phases of the cell cycle?

What happens in g1?What happens in S phase?What happens in the g2 phase?

What is chromatin?What are histones and nucleosomes?

What do uncopied chromosome s look like?What do copied chromosomes look like?How many chromosomes do humans have?

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Mitosis is divided into 4 stages.

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Prophase (Ready)Metaphase (Middle)Anaphase (away)Telophase (two)

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ProphaseLongest phase50-60% of total mitosis timeChromosomes become visible – coil tightlyCentrioles separate and move to opposite sides

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Chromosomes attach to the spindleNucleolus disappearsNuclear envelope breaks down

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SpindleMeshlike structure that develops from the centriolesHelps chromosomes move

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MetaphaseShortest – few minutesChromosomes line up at the center of the cell

http://www.edupic.net/Images/Mitosis/metaphase.png
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AnaphaseCentromeres that join sister chromatids splitSister chromatids separates into individual chromosomesChromosomes separate into two groups near the poles

http://www.edupic.net/Images/Mitosis/anaphase_3D.png
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Over when chromosomes separate

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TelophaseChromosomes loosen up – go back to chromatinOccurs in the area where the nucleus will formNuclear envelope reformsNucleolus becomes visibleMitosis is over

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Page 57: Chapter 8 Cell Growth. In most cases, a living thing grows because it produces more and more cells.
Page 58: Chapter 8 Cell Growth. In most cases, a living thing grows because it produces more and more cells.

CytokinesisLast step in cell divisionTwo nuclei form – each with a set of chromosomesCytokinesis – division of the cytoplasm

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Animal Cells – cell membrane pinches inPlant cells – cell plate forms down the middleThe cell wall forms in the cell plate

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Plant Cell undergoing Mitosis

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Mitosis Movie

Page 64: Chapter 8 Cell Growth. In most cases, a living thing grows because it produces more and more cells.
Page 65: Chapter 8 Cell Growth. In most cases, a living thing grows because it produces more and more cells.

9-3 MeiosisA type of cell division that gametes (eggs and sperm) undergo

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A cell has two copies of each chromosome.Humans have 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs.

Page 67: Chapter 8 Cell Growth. In most cases, a living thing grows because it produces more and more cells.

Homologous ChromosomesTwo chromosomes that make up a pairCarry the same types of informationOne originally came from mom and one originally came from dad

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DiploidA cell with pairs of chromosomesOne from mom and one from dad2NDiploid number for humans is 46

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HaploidA single set of chromosomes1N

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AutosomesBody cell chromosomesHumans have 22 pairs

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Sex ChromosomesX and YHumans have twoFemales have 2 X chromosomesMales have an X and Y chromosome

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KaryotypeA picture of all of the chromosomes found in one cell.Can be used to determine gender and genetic diseases.

Page 73: Chapter 8 Cell Growth. In most cases, a living thing grows because it produces more and more cells.
Page 74: Chapter 8 Cell Growth. In most cases, a living thing grows because it produces more and more cells.

Meiosis2N produces 1NProcess of reduction division in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half2 rounds of cell divisionMeiosis I and Meiosis IIProduces gametes (eggs and sperm)

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Page 76: Chapter 8 Cell Growth. In most cases, a living thing grows because it produces more and more cells.
Page 77: Chapter 8 Cell Growth. In most cases, a living thing grows because it produces more and more cells.

Meiosis I

Prophase IMetaphse IAnaphase ITelophase I

Tetrad

Page 78: Chapter 8 Cell Growth. In most cases, a living thing grows because it produces more and more cells.

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Page 79: Chapter 8 Cell Growth. In most cases, a living thing grows because it produces more and more cells.
Page 80: Chapter 8 Cell Growth. In most cases, a living thing grows because it produces more and more cells.
Page 81: Chapter 8 Cell Growth. In most cases, a living thing grows because it produces more and more cells.

Prophase IIMetaphase IIAnaphase IITelophase II

Telophase II produces gametes (IN) (eggs or sperm)

Meiosis II

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Page 83: Chapter 8 Cell Growth. In most cases, a living thing grows because it produces more and more cells.
Page 84: Chapter 8 Cell Growth. In most cases, a living thing grows because it produces more and more cells.

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