Chapter 8 America Secedes from the...
Transcript of Chapter 8 America Secedes from the...
![Page 1: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 8
America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783
![Page 2: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
I. Congress Drafts George Washington
• The Second Continental Congress meets in Philadelphia on May 10, 1775:
– First most important single action—to select George Washington to head the army:
• The choice was made with considerable misgivings
• He never rose above the rank of a colonel
• His largest command had numbered only 20,000
• Falling short of true military genius, he would actually lose more pitched battles than he won.
![Page 3: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
I. Congress Drafts George Washington (cont.)
• He was gifted with outstanding powers of leadership and immense strength of character
• He radiated patience, courage, self-discipline, and a sense of justice
• He was trusted and insisted on serving without pay, however, keeping a careful list of expenses-$100,000.
• The Continental Congress chose more wisely than it knew.
![Page 4: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
p133
![Page 5: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
II. Bunker Hill and Hessian Hirelings
• The war of inconsistency was fought for 14 months—April 1775 to July 1776—before the fateful plunge into independence.
– Gradually the tempo of warfare increased:
• May 1775 Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold captured garrisons at Ticonderoga and Crown Point in upper New York
• June 1775 the colonists seized Bunker Hill
![Page 6: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
II. Bunker Hill and Hessian Hirelings (cont.)
• July 1775 the Congress adopted the Olive Branch Petition:
– It professed American loyalty to the crown and begged the king to prevent further hostilities
– King George III slammed the door on all hope of reconciliation
– August 1775 he proclaimed the colonies in rebellion:
![Page 7: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
II. Bunker Hill and Hessian Hirelings (cont.)
• The skirmishes were now out-and out treason, a hanging crime
• Next he sealed arrangements for hiring thousands of German troops
• George III needed the men
• Because most of the soldiers-for-hire came from the German principality of Hesse, the Americans called all the European mercenaries Hessians
• News of the Hessian deal shocked the colonists
• Hessian hirelings proved to be good soldiers.
![Page 8: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
III. The Abortive Conquest of Canada
• October 1775 the British burned Falmouth (Portland), Maine:
– In autumn, the rebels daringly undertook a two-pronged invasion of Canada
– A successful assault on Canada would add a 14th colony and deprive Britain of a valuable base for striking the colonies in revolt
– Invasion northward was undisguised offensive warfare.
![Page 9: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
III. The Abortive Conquest of Canada (cont.)
• This broad stroke for Canada narrowly missed success (Map 8.1)
– One invading column under General Richard Montgomery pushed up the Lake Champlain route and captured Montreal.
– At Quebec he was joined by the army of General Benedict Arnold
– An assault on Quebec was launched on the day of 1775. Montgomery was killed.
![Page 10: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
III. The Abortive Conquest of Canada (cont.)
– Arnold was wounded in one leg.
– Bitter fighting persisted in the colonies:
• January 1776 the British set fire to Norfolk, Va.
• March 1776 they were forced to evacuate Boston
– In the South the rebels won two victories:
• February 1776 against some 15,000 Loyalists at Moore’s Creek Bridge North Carolina
• June 1776 against an invading fleet at Charleston harbor.
![Page 11: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
p134
![Page 12: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
IV. Thomas Paine Preaches Common Sense
• Loyalty to the empire was deeply ingrained:
– Americans continued to believe they were a part of a transatlantic community
– Colonial unity was poor
– Open rebellion was dangerous
– As late as January 1776 the king’s health was being toasted—”God save the king.”
• They gradually were shocked into recognizing the necessity to separate.
![Page 13: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
IV. Thomas Paine Preaches Common Sense (cont.)
• 1776 Common Sense by Thomas Paine:
– One of the most influential pamphlets ever published
– Began with a treatise on the nature of government
– And that the only lawful states were those that derive “their just powers from the consent of the governed.”
![Page 14: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
IV. Thomas Paine Preaches Common Sense (cont.)
– As for the king, he was nothing but “the Royal Brute of Great Britain”
– Within a week the astonishing total of 120,000 copies were sold.
– No where in the physical universe did the smaller heavenly bodies control the larger one
– So why should the tiny island of Britain control the vast continent of America?
![Page 15: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
IV. Thomas Paine Preaches Common Sense (cont.)
• Paine tried to convince the colonists that their true cause was independence rather than reconciliation with Britain.
• Paine could thus be said to have drafted the foundational document not only of American independence, but of American foreign policy as well.
![Page 16: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Map 8-1 p135
![Page 17: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
V. Paine and the Idea of “Republicanism”
• Paine was calling for a republic:
– For the creation of a new kind of political society where power flowed from the people themselves
– In biblical imagery, he argued that all government officials—governors, senators, and judges—and not just representatives should derive their authority from popular consent.
![Page 18: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
V. Paine and the Idea of “Republicanism” (cont.)
• Paine was not the first to champion a republican form of government:
– Greece and Rome revived in the 17th century Renaissance
– Republicanism appealed to British politicians critical of excessive power in the hands of the king and his advisers
– The American colonists interpreted the royal acts as part of a monarchical conspiracy.
![Page 19: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
V. Paine and the Idea of “Republicanism” (cont.)
• Paine’s summons to create a republic fell on receptive ears:
– New Englanders already had practiced a kind of republicanism:
• In their town meetings and annual election.
• Most American considered citizen “virtue” fundamental to any successful republican government.
![Page 20: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
V. Paine and the Idea of “Republicanism” (cont.)
• Individuals in a republic:
– Needed to sacrifice their personal self-interest to the public good
– The collective good of “the people” mattered more than private rights and interests of individuals
– Paine inspired his contemporaries to view America as fertile ground for the cultivation of such civil virtue.
![Page 21: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
V. Paine and the Idea of Republicanism (cont.)
• Not all Patriots agreed with Paine’s ultra-democratic approach to republicanism:
– Some favored a republic ruled by a “natural aristocracy” of talent
– They wanted an end to hereditary aristocracy, but not an end to all social hierarchy
– They were conservative republicans who wanted the stability of the social order.
• The contest of American republicanism would continue for the next 100 years.
![Page 22: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
VI. Jefferson’s “Explanation” of Independence
• On July 7, 1776, fiery Richard Henry Lee of Virginia moved that “these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be free and independent states.” The motion was adopted a month later on July 2, 1776.
– The passing of Lee’s resolution was the formal “declaration” of independence by the colonies
– Technically this was all that was needed to cut the British tie.
![Page 23: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
VI. Jefferson’s “Explanation” of Independence (cont.)
• An inspirational appeal was needed:
– To enlist other British colonies in the Americas
– To invite assistance for foreign nations
– To rally resistance at home.
• Congress appointed a committee to prepare a more formal statement:
– The task of drafting it fell to Thomas Jefferson
– He was fully qualified for it.
![Page 24: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
VI. Jefferson’s “Explanation of Independence (cont.)
• The Declaration of Independence
– Formally approved by Congress on July 4, 1776
– It had universal appeal by invoking the “natural rights of humankind—not just British rights
– He argued that the king had flouted these rights the colonists were justified in cutting their ties
– He set forth a long list of the presumably tyrannous misdeeds of George III
– The Declaration had a universal impact.
![Page 25: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
VII. Patriots and Loyalists
• The War of Independence was a war within a war:
– Loyalists—colonials loyal to the king who fought the American rebels called “Tories” after the dominant political factions in Britain
– Patriots—rebels who also fought the British redcoats called “Whigs” after the opposition factions in Britain.
![Page 26: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
VII. Patriots and Loyalists (cont.)
• The American Revolution was a minority movement:
– Many colonists were apathetic or neutral
– The Patriot militias played a critical role
– The rebel militiamen appeared and took the task of “political education” sometimes by coercion
– The ragtag militia units served as agents of Revolutionary ideas.
![Page 27: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
VII. Patriots and Loyalists
• Loyalists:
– Numbered about 16 percent of the American people, who remained true to their king
– Families often were split
– They were taught fidelity to the crown
– Many people of education and wealth, of culture and caution, remained loyal
– More numerous among the older generation
– Included the king’s officers and beneficiaries.
![Page 28: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
VII. Patriots and Loyalists (cont.)
• Loyalists:
– They were the Anglican clergy and their congregations notable exception was Virginia
– King’s followers entrenched in aristocratic New York City and Charlestown, Quaker Pennsylvania and New Jersey
– They were less numerous in New England
• Most numerous where Presbyterianism and Congregationalism flourished.
![Page 29: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
VIII. The Loyalist Exodus
• Before the Declaration in 1776, persecution of the Loyalists was relatively mild:
• Some were subject to brutality, tarring and feathering and riding astride fence rails
• Harsher treatment began after the Declaration
• Were regarded as traitors
• Were roughly handled, some were imprisoned and a few noncombatants were hung.
– There was no wholesale reign of terror.
![Page 30: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
VIII. The Loyalists Exodus (cont.)
• 80 thousand loyal supporters of King George were driven out or fled
• Several hundred thousand were permitted to stay
• The estates of the fugitives were confiscated and sold
• Some 50 thousand Loyalist volunteers bore arms for the British
• They helped the king’s cause by serving as spies, by inciting the Indians, and by keeping Patriot soldiers
• Ardent Loyalists had their hearts in their cause.
![Page 31: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
IX. General Washington at Bay
• General Washington:
– Only mustered 18,000 ill-trained troops to meet the British invaders at New York, March 1776
– Disaster befell the Americans at the Battle of Long Island summer and fall of 1776
– Washington escaped to Manhattan Island, finally reaching the Delaware River
– The Patriot cause was at low ebb and the rebel remnants fled across the river.
![Page 32: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
IX. General Washington at Bay (cont.)
– General William Howe, Washington’s adversary, did not speedily crush the demoralized American forces
– Washington stealthily recrossed the Delaware River at Trenton on December 26, 1776, he surprised and captured 1,000 Hessians
– A week later he defeated a small British fleet at Princeton.
– These two lifesaving victories revealed the “Old Fox” Washington at his military best.
![Page 33: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
X. Burgoyne’s Blundering Invasion
• London officials adopted an intricate scheme to capture the Hudson River valley in 1777:
– If successful it would sever New England from the rest of the states and paralyze the American cause:
• General John Burgoyne would push down the Lake Champlain route from Canada
• General Howe’s troops would advance up the Hudson and meet Burgoyne near Albany
![Page 34: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
X. Burgoyne’s Blundering Invasion (cont.)
• A third smaller British force, under Colonel Barry St. Leger, would come from the west by way of Lake Ontario and the Mohawk
• British planners did not reckon with General Arnold – Arnold came along the St. Lawrence River to the Lake
Champlain area where he assembled and outfitted a fleet of floatable vessels
– His fleet was destroyed, but time had been won
– The result would have been the British recapturing Fort Ticonderoga.
– If Burgoyne would have started from Montreal he most certainly would have succeeded in his venture.
![Page 35: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
X. Burgoyne’ Blundering Invasion (cont.)
• General Washington transferred his army to the vicinity of Philadelphia:
– There he was defeated in two pitched battles, at Brandywine Creek and Germantown
• General Howe settled down in the lively capital and left Burgoyne to flounder in upper New York
• Washington retired to Valley Forge
• Burgoyne was trapped with no possible advancement and was forced to surrender his entire command at Saratoga on October 17, 1777, to Gen. Horatio Gates.
![Page 36: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
X. Burgoyne’s Blundering Invasion (cont.)
• Saratoga ranks high among the decisive battles of both America and world history:
– The victory immensely revived the faltering colonial cause
– Even more important, it made possible the urgently needed foreign aid from France, which in turn helped ensure American independence.
![Page 37: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
p136
![Page 38: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
p138
![Page 39: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
p139
![Page 40: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
p140
![Page 41: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
p141
![Page 42: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
p142
![Page 43: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
p143
![Page 44: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
XI. Revolution in Diplomacy?
• France’s role in the Revolution:
– Hopefully France could regain its former position and prestige in North America:
• Her loss in the Seven Years’ War rankled deeply
– America’s revolutionaries badly needed help in her struggle to throw off the British:
• America needed to seal an alliance with France against the common British foe.
![Page 45: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
XI. Revolution in Diplomacy? (cont.)
• The rebellious Americans harbored revolutionary ideas about international affairs:
– They wanted an end to colonialism and mercantilism:
– They strongly supported free trade and freedom of the sea
– They wanted to support the rule of law to arbitrate the affairs of nations.
![Page 46: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
XI. Revolution in Diplomacy? (cont.)
• In the summer of 1776 the Continental Congress drafted a Model Treaty:
– To guide the American commissioners who would be dispatched to the French court
– John Adams, one of the chief authors, described its basic principles:
• “1. No political connection. . . .2. No military connection. . . .3. Only a commercial connection.”
• These were remarkable self-denying restrictions.
![Page 47: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
XI. Revolution in Diplomacy? (cont.)
• Benjamin Franklin negotiated treaty in Paris:
– He was determined that his very appearance should herald the diplomatic revolution
– He shocked the royal court
– Ordinary Parisians adored him as a specimen
of a new democratic social order
The British offered a measure to the effect of American home rule in the empire.
![Page 48: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
XI. Revolution in Diplomacy? (cont.)
– This was essentially what the colonials had asked for—except independence:
• On February 6, 1778, France offered the Americans a treaty of alliance
• The young republic concluded its first entangling military alliance and would soon regret it
• The Treaty with France constituted an official recognition of America’s independence
• Both allies bound themselves together to secure America’s freedom and to terms with the common enemy.
![Page 49: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
p146
![Page 50: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
XII. The Colonial War Becomes a Wider War
• England and France came to blows in 1778, and the shot fired at Lexington widened into a global conflagration.
– Spain entered in 1779 as did Holland
– The weak maritime neutrals of Europe began to demand their rights (see Table 8.1)
• Catherine the Great, Russia, led in organizing the Armed Neutrality—it lined all remaining European neutrals in an attitude of passive hostility toward Britain.
![Page 51: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
XII. The Colonial War Becomes a Wider War (cont.)
• The war was fought not only in Europe and North America, but South America, the Caribbean and Asia
• The Americans deserve credit for keeping the war going until 1778 with secret French aid
• Their independence was not achieved until the conflict erupted into a multipower world war too big for Britain to handle
• From 1778 to 1783 France provided the rebels with guns, money, equipment and armed forces.
![Page 52: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
XII. The Colonial War Becomes a Wider War (cont.)
– France’s entrance:
• Forced the British to change their basic strategy
• They counted on blockading the colonial coast and commanding the seas
• Now the French had powerful fleets in American water
• British decided to evacuate Philadelphia and concentrate their strength in New York City
• In June 1778 the redcoats were attacked by Washington but the battle was indecisive and Washington remained in the New York area.
![Page 53: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Table 8-1 p147
![Page 54: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
XIII. Blow and Counterblow
• 1780: French army of 6000 regular troops, under commander Comte de Rochambeau arrived in Newport
– But French gold and goodwill melted hard hearts
– No real military advantage came from the French reinforcement
– 1780 General Benedict Arnold turned traitor.
– British planned to roll up the colonies in Loyalist South (See Map 8.2).
![Page 55: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
XIII. Blow and Counterblow (cont.)
– Georgia was ruthlessly overrun in 1778-1779 Charleston, South Carolina, fell in 1780
– Warfare intensified in the Carolinas
– 1781: American riflemen wiped out a British detachment at King’s Mountain, then defeated a smaller force at Cowpens
– In the Carolina campaign of 1781, General Nathaniel Greene, a Quaker-raised tactician, distinguished himself by his strategy of delay.
![Page 56: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
XIII. Blow and Counterblow (cont.)
– Standing and retreating, he exhausted his foe, General Cornwallis, in vain pursuit.
– The “Fighting Quaker” succeeded in clearing most of Georgia and South Carolina of British troops.
![Page 57: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Map 8-2 p148
![Page 58: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
XIV. The Land Frontier and the Sea Frontier
• The West was ablaze during the war:
– Indian allies of George III were busy with torch and tomahawk
– Fateful 1777 was known as “the bloody year” on the frontier:
• Two nations of the Iroquois Confederacy, the Oneidas and the Tuscarora, sided with the Americans
• The Senecas, Mohawks, Cayugas, and Onondagas joined the British, encouraged by chief Joseph Brant, who believed in a victorious Britain.
![Page 59: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
XIV. The Land Frontier and the Sea Frontier (cont.)
• In 1784 the pro-British Iroquois were forced to sing the Treaty of Fort Stanwix:
– First treaty between the United States and an Indian nation
– Under its teams the Indians ceded most of their land.
![Page 60: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
XIV. The Land Frontier and the Sea Frontier (cont.)
• In Illinois, the British were especially vulnerable to attack:
• They held only scattered posts captured from French
• George Rogers Clark conceived the idea of seizing these forts by surprise
• In 1778-1779 going down the Ohio River, he captured in quick succession the forts Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and Vincennes (see Map 8.3)
• Clark’s admirers argued that his success forced the British to cede the region north of the Ohio River to the United States at the peace table in Paris.
![Page 61: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
XIV. The Land Frontier and the Sea Frontier (cont.)
• America’s infant navy:
– Navy under Scotsman John Paul Jones
• This tiny naval force never made a dent in Britain’s thunderous fleets
• Its chief contribution was in destroying British merchant shipping
• Thus carrying the war into the waters around the British Isles.
![Page 62: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
XIV. The Land Frontier and the Sea Frontier (cont.)
• The swift privateers:
– These craft were privately owned armed ships—legalized pirates
– Specifically authorized by Congress to prey on enemy shipping
– 1,000 American privateers responded to the call of patriotism and profit, with about 70,000 men.
– They captured some 600 British prizes, while British captured merchantmen and privateers.
![Page 63: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
XIV. The Land Frontier and the Sea Frontier (cont.)
• Privateering was not an unalloyed asset: • It diverted manpower from the main war
• It involved Americans, including Benedict Arnold.
• Privateering was also good: • They did bring in urgently needed gold
• Harassed the enemy
• Raised American moral
• Ruined British shipping
– Shippers and manufacturers wanted to end the war.
![Page 64: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
p149
![Page 65: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Map 8-3 p149
![Page 66: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
XV. Yorktown and the Final Curtain
• One of the darkest periods of the war was 1780-1781, before the last decisive victory:
– Government was virtually bankrupt
– It declared it would repay its debt at only 2.5 cents on the dollar
– Despair prevailed, the sense of unity was withered, and mutinous sentiments infected the army.
![Page 67: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
XV. Yorktown and the Final Curtain (cont.)
• British general Cornwallis was blundering into a trap:
– After futile operations in Virginia, he fall back to Chesapeake Bay at Yorktown:
• To await seaborne supplies and reinforcements.
• He assumed Britain would continue to control the sea
• It was during the period that the British naval superiority was slipping away.
![Page 68: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
XV. Yorktown and the Final Curtain (cont.)
• French actions:
– They were prepared to cooperate in a stroke
– Admiral de Grasse informed the Americans he was free to join against Cornwallis at Yorktown
– Washington make a swift march, 300 miles, to Chesapeake from New York
– Accompanied by Rochambeau’s French army, Washington beset the British at land
– While de Grasse blockaded the sea.
![Page 69: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
XV. Yorktown and the Final Curtain (cont.)
• Completely cornered, Cornwallis surrendered his entire force of 7000 men on October 19, 1781.
– George III planned to continue the struggle
– Fighting continued for a year after Yorktown, with Patriot-Loyalist warfare in the South very savage.
– Washington’s most valuable contributions was to keep the languishing cause alive, the army in the field, and the states together.
![Page 70: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
p150
![Page 71: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
XVI. Peace at Paris
• Aftermath of the war: • Many Britons were weary of war
• They suffered loses in India and the West Indies
• The island of Minorca in the Mediterranean fall
• Lord North’s ministry collapsed in March 1782 temporarily ending George III’s personal rule
• A Whig ministry , favorable to the Americans, replaced the Tory regime of Lord North.
![Page 72: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
XVI. Peace at Paris (cont.)
• American peace negotiators:
– Three were gathered at Paris: Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay:
• They had specific instructions to make no separate peace
• To consult with their French allies at all stages
• However, the American representatives chafed under this directive, because they knew that it had been written by a subservient Congress, with the French Foreign Office indirectly guiding the pen.
![Page 73: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
XVI. Peace at Paris (cont.)
• France was in a painful position: • She had induced Spain to enter the war on her side,
promising to deliver British Gibraltar
• She coveted the immense trans-Allegheny area
• She desired an independent United States, trying to keep the New Republic east of the Allegheny Mountains
• A weak America would be easy for Spain to manage in promoting French interests and policy
• She was paying a heavy price to win America’s independence and wanted her money’s worth.
![Page 74: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
XVI. Peace at Paris (cont.)
– John Jay was unwilling to play the French game.
• He secretly made overtures to London
• London speedily came to terms with the Americans
• A preliminary treaty of peace was signed in 1782 the final peace, the next year.
– The Treaty of Paris of 1783:
• Britain formally recognized the independence of the United States
• Granted generous boundaries: – From the Mississippi (west) to Great Lakes (north) Spanish
Florida (south).
![Page 75: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
XVI. Peace at Paris (cont.)
• The Yankees retained the fisheries of Newfoundland
– American concessions:
• Loyalists were not to be further persecuted
• Congress was to recommend to the state legislatures that confiscated Loyalists’ property be restored
• Debts long owed to British creditors had to be paid
• However, the debt promises were not carried out.
– British concessions:
• Had to accept defeat in North America
• Shut down the wage enable her to rebuild.
![Page 76: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
XVII. A New Nation Legitimized
• British terms were liberal:
– She gave the enormous trans-Appalachian area
– In spirit, the Americans made a separate peace—contrary to the French alliance
– France was immensely relieved by the prospect of ending the costly conflict
– America alone gained from the world-girdling war and began their national career with a splendid territorial birthright/priceless heritage.
![Page 77: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
p152
![Page 78: Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire,mrcasey.weebly.com/uploads/8/4/3/1/8431925/chapter_8.pdf · 2020. 1. 24. · Chapter 8 America Secedes from the Empire, 1775–1783 . I.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022063021/5fe4edea99930921ee7fe807/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
p154