Chapter 8

•Marine Reptiles, Birds, & Mammals

Tetrapods•Four footed

animals

Terrapods•Land animals

Amphibians•Class: Amphibia•Frogs, toads, & salamanders

Characteristics•Soft delicate eggs must remain moist, born in water, move to land, porous skin, cold blooded

Reptiles•Class: Reptilia•Snakes, lizards, alligators, & crocodiles

Characteristics•Leathery eggs on land, born on land, scales, cold blooded, air breathing, internal fertilization

Unusual Examples

Iguanas, Turtles, Crocs

Homing Behavior•Returning to the identical island where the organism was born

Birds•Class: Aves•puffins, penguins, etc

Characteristics•Hard shelled eggs, beaks, adaptations for flight, warm blooded

Sea Birds•Mate on land but feed at sea at least some of the time

Types of Sea Birds•Penguins Gulls•Tubenoses Shorebirds

•Pelicans Duck & G

Penguins•Swimming birds

Tubenoses•Only come to shore to mate

•Albatross

Pelicans & Allies•Nest on shore & feed at sea

•Pelicans, etc.

Gulls•Garbage bird•Lives on land & feeds near shore

•Sea Gull

Shore Birds•Those birds that wade along the shoreline & feed

Ducks & Geese•Nest in Estuaries•Migrating birds

Unusual Examples

Penguins

Marine Mammals•Class: Mammalia•Seals, Whales, etc.

Characteristics•Mammary Glands•Hair•Blubber•Live birth

Blubber•Thick layer of fat just below the skin that insulates the mammals from the cold water

Order: Carnivora:•Examples: Polar bears & sea otters

•Tearing teeth, ripping claws,carnivorous

Order: Pinnipedia:•Examples: Seals, sea lions, walruses

•Tearing teeth, fins carnivorous

Order: Sirenia:•Examples: Manatees, sea cows

•Herbivore; docile, almost completely adapted to the sea

Order: Cetacea:•Whales, dolphin, etc•Completely adapted to sea, fluke , blowhole, echolocation, live birth in the sea

Fluke•Horizontal tail of whales & dolphins

Echolocation•Using sound waves to locate objects

•Like SONAR

Blowhole•Single or double opening on the dorsal side of a whale used for breathing

Convergent Evolution•When different species living under the same environmental conditions develop similar characteristics

Divergent Evolution•When similar species living under different environmental conditions develop different characteristics

Whale Groups•Toothed whales: have teeth•Non-toothed whales: have baleen instead of teeth

Baleen•Fibrous, fingernail like material hanging from the upper jaw used to strain food in non-toothed whales

Toothed Whales•Dolphin, Porpoise, Killer whale, Beluga, narwal, & Sperm whale

Non-Toothed Whales

•Baleen whales•Blue, gray, fin, humpback, right

Spermaceti•Gland full of oil (also called spermaceti) in the head of a sperm whale

Ambergris•Partially digested debris in the stomach & intestines of sperm whales

•Used for perfume

Rorquals• Grooves on the underside

of baleen whales to increase the capacity of their mouths

• Refers to group as well

Adaptations for Diving• Collapsible rib cage, large

lung capacity, high hemoglobin & myoglobin 90 % oxygen exchange, organ shut-down

Helps in Diving•Blow hole•Blubber

Whale Behavior

Pods•Groups of whales•Many species of whales travel in pods

Vocalization•Making noises•Whales communicate by vocalization

Breaching•Jumping out of the water

•Many whales breach•Reasons not known

Beaching•Swimming aground•Many whales beach•Reasons not known•New study suspects sonar

Migration•Moving from place to place

•Many whales migrate