Cellular Respiration Chapter 8 Cellular Respiration Chapter 8.
Chapter 8
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Transcript of Chapter 8
Chapter 8
Rotational Kinematics
8.1 Rotational Motion and Angular Displacement
In the simplest kind of rotation,points on a rigid object move oncircular paths around an axis ofrotation.
8.1 Rotational Motion and Angular Displacement
The angle through which the object rotates is called theangular displacement.
o
8.1 Rotational Motion and Angular Displacement
DEFINITION OF ANGULAR DISPLACEMENT
•When a rigid body rotates about a fixed axis, the angular displacement is the angle swept out by a line passing through any point on the body and intersecting the axis of rotation perpendicularly.
•By convention, the angular displacement is positive if it is counterclockwise and negative if it is clockwise.
•SI Unit of Angular Displacement: radian (rad)
8.1 Rotational Motion and Angular Displacement
r
s
Radius
length Arcradians)(in
For a full revolution:
360rad 2 rad 22
r
r
8.1 Rotational Motion and Angular Displacement
Example 1 Adjacent Synchronous Satellites
Synchronous satellites are put into an orbit whose radius is 4.23×107m.
If the angular separation of the twosatellites is 2.00 degrees, find the arc length that separates them.
8.1 Rotational Motion and Angular Displacement
rad 0349.0deg360
rad 2deg00.2
miles) (920 m1048.1
rad 0349.0m1023.46
7
rs
r
s
Radius
length Arcradians)(in
8.2 Angular Velocity and Angular Acceleration
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How do we describe the rate at which the angular displacement is changing?
8.2 Angular Velocity and Angular Acceleration
DEFINITION OF AVERAGE ANGULAR VELOCITY
timeElapsed
ntdisplacemeAngular locity angular ve Average
ttt o
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SI Unit of Angular Velocity: radian per second (rad/s)
8.2 Angular Velocity and Angular Acceleration
Example 2 Gymnast on a High Bar
A gymnast on a high bar swings throughtwo revolutions in a time of 1.90 s.
Find the average angular velocityof the gymnast.
8.2 Angular Velocity and Angular Acceleration
rad 6.12rev 1
rad 2rev 00.2
srad63.6s 90.1
rad 6.12
8.2 Angular Velocity and Angular Acceleration
Changing angular velocity means that an angular acceleration is occurring.
DEFINITION OF AVERAGE ANGULAR ACCELERATION
ttt o
o
timeElapsed
locityangular vein Change on acceleratiangular Average
SI Unit of Angular acceleration: radian per second squared (rad/s2)
8.2 Angular Velocity and Angular Acceleration
Example 3 A Jet Revving Its Engines
As seen from the front of the engine, the fan blades are rotating with an angular speed of -110 rad/s. As theplane takes off, the angularvelocity of the blades reaches-330 rad/s in a time of 14 s.
Find the angular acceleration, assuming it tobe constant.
8.2 Angular Velocity and Angular Acceleration
2srad16s 14
srad110srad330
8.3 The Equations of Rotational Kinematics
atvv o
tvvx o 21
axvv o 222
221 attvx o
Five kinematic variables:
1. displacement, x
2. acceleration (constant), a
3. final velocity (at time t), v
4. initial velocity, vo
5. elapsed time, t
Recall the equations of kinematics for constant acceleration.
8.3 The Equations of Rotational Kinematics
to
to 21
222 o
221 tto
The equations of rotational kinematics for constant angular acceleration:
ANGULAR DISPLACEMENT
ANGULAR VELOCITY
ANGULAR ACCELERATION
TIME
8.3 The Equations of Rotational Kinematics
8.3 The Equations of Rotational Kinematics
Reasoning Strategy1. Make a drawing.
2. Decide which directions are to be called positive (+) and negative (-).
3. Write down the values that are given for any of the five kinematic variables.
4. Verify that the information contains values for at least three of the five kinematic variables. Select the appropriate equation.
5. When the motion is divided into segments, remember that the final angular velocity of one segment is the initial velocity for the next.
6. Keep in mind that there may be two possible answers to a kinematics problem.
8.3 The Equations of Rotational Kinematics
Example 4 Blending with a Blender
The blades are whirling with an angular velocity of +375 rad/s whenthe “puree” button is pushed in.
When the “blend” button is pushed,the blades accelerate and reach agreater angular velocity after the blades have rotated through anangular displacement of +44.0 rad.
The angular acceleration has a constant value of +1740 rad/s2.
Find the final angular velocity of the blades.
8.3 The Equations of Rotational Kinematics
θ α ω ωo t
+44.0 rad +1740 rad/s2 ? +375 rad/s
222 o
srad542rad0.44srad17402srad375
2
22
2
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8.4 Angular Variables and Tangential Variables
velocityl tangentiaTv
speed l tangentiaTv
8.4 Angular Variables and Tangential Variables
tr
t
r
t
svT
t
rad/s)in ( rvT
8.4 Angular Variables and Tangential Variables
t
rt
rr
t
vva ooToT
T
to
)rad/sin ( 2raT
8.4 Angular Variables and Tangential Variables
Example 5 A Helicopter Blade
A helicopter blade has an angular speed of 6.50 rev/s and anangular acceleration of 1.30 rev/s2.For point 1 on the blade, findthe magnitude of (a) thetangential speed and (b) thetangential acceleration.
8.4 Angular Variables and Tangential Variables
srad 8.40rev 1
rad 2
s
rev 50.6
sm122srad8.40m 3.00 rvT
a. Calculating angular speed and tangential speed.
8.4 Angular Variables and Tangential Variables
22 sm5.24srad17.8m 3.00 raT
22
srad 17.8rev 1
rad 2
s
rev 30.1
b. Calculating angular acceleration and tangential acceleration.
8.5 Centripetal Acceleration and Tangential Acceleration
rad/s)in ( 2
22
r
r
r
r
va T
c
8.5 Centripetal Acceleration and Tangential Acceleration
Example 6 A Discus Thrower
Starting from rest, the thrower accelerates the discus to a final angular speed of +15.0 rad/s in a time of 0.270 s before releasing it. During the acceleration, the discus moves in a circular arc of radius 0.810 m.
Find the magnitude of the total acceleration.
8.5 Centripetal Acceleration and Tangential Acceleration
2
22
sm182
srad0.15m 810.0
rac
2sm0.45
s 0.270
srad0.15m 810.0
t
ω-ωrra o
T
22222 sm187sm0.45sm182 cT aaa
With use of the Pythagorean Theorem, we can determine the overall magnitude of the acceleration.
8.6 Rolling Motion
The tangential speed of a point on the outer edge of the tire is equal to the speed of the car over the ground.
v = rThis may seem confusing, but there are
two ways to explain.
1. Since the arc length and distance along the ground are equal
s/t = d/t = v.
2. Secondly, the speed of any point on the tire is relative to the axle, not the road. A point at the top of rotation will be moving at twice the velocity relative to the road while a point on the tire that makes contact with the road has a zero component of linear velocity. Hence, the average velocity of any point on the
tire will be v.
8.6 Rolling Motion(cont.)
The acceleration of the vehicle can be analyzed in a similar fashion to linear and tangential velocity.
Thus:
ra
8.6 Rolling Motion
Example 7 An Accelerating Car
Starting from rest, the car accelerates for 20.0 s with a constant linear acceleration of 0.800 m/s2. The radius of the tires is 0.330 m.
What is the angle through which each wheel has rotated?
8.6 Rolling Motion
221 tto
θ α ω ωo t? -2.42 rad/s2 0 rad/s 20.0 s
22
srad42.2m 0.330
sm800.0
r
a
rad 484s 0.20srad42.2 22221