Chapter 8States of Matter

SPI 0807.9.1 Recognize that all matter consists of atomsSPI 0807.9.6 Compare the particle arrangement and type of

particle motion associated with different states of matter

I can: Describe the particle arrangement and motion of the

states of matter. Explain the differences between the states of matter. Describe factors that affect how gases behave. Describe how energy is involved in changes of state Compare the particle arrangement and motion when a

change of state occurs.

Objectives

The physical forms in which a substance can exist Solid Liquid Gas Plasma

States of Matter

I can describe the particle arrangement and motion of the states of matter.

Matter is made up of atoms and molecules Very small Always in motion Always bumping into one another Interact with one another

Particles of Matter

I can describe the particle arrangement and motion of the states of matter.

Solids (#81)

Definite volume Definite shape Strong attraction

between particles Do not move fast Particles are close

together Particles vibrate in

placeI can describe the particle arrangement and motion of the states of matter.

I can describe the particle arrangement and motion of the states of matter.

Types of solids

1. Crystalline-orderly, 3-D arrangement of particles

Iron Diamond Ice

I can describe the particle arrangement and motion of the states of matter.

Types of Solids

2. Amorphous-particles do not have any special arrangement, no pattern Glass Rubber Wax

I can describe the particle arrangement and motion of the states of matter.

I can describe the particle arrangement and motion of the states of matter.

Liquids (#49)

Definite volume No definite shape

Takes the shape of its container

Move fast enough to overcome some attraction b/t particles

Particles slide past one anotherI can describe the particle arrangement and motion of the states of matter.

I can describe the particle arrangement and motion of the states of matter.

Liquid Characteristics

1. Surface tension - force that acts on the particles at the surface of a liquid.

Creates spherical drops like beads of water

Different liquids have different surface tensions Low ST → flat drops High ST→ spherical

drops

I can describe the particle arrangement and motion of the states of matter.

Liquid Characteristics

2. Viscosity – liquid’s resistance to flow

Slower flow → higher viscosity

Faster flow → lower viscosity

Ex: Honey is more viscous than waterI can describe the particle arrangement

and motion of the states of matter.

Gases (#37)

No definite volume No definite shape Little attraction between

particles Particles can break away

completely from one another

Move quickly Far apart Move independently of

one another Large amount of empty

space b/t particlesI can describe the particle arrangement and motion of the states of matter.

I can describe the particle arrangement and motion of the states of matter.

Plasma Similar to gases No definite volume No definite shape Ionized gases (charged

particles) Make up 99% of all

matter in the universe Examples:

Neon signs Lightning Sun Jupiter Stars Fire

I can describe the particle arrangement and motion of the states of matter.

I can describe the particle arrangement and motion of the states of matter.

Solid

GasLiquid

I can explain the differences between the states of matter.

1. Temperature (T) – measure of how fast particles in an object are moving

Faster moving → more energy → gas expands → higher temp.

slower moving → less energy → gas shrink → lower temp.

2. Volume (V) – amt. of space object takes up Depends on container the gas is in Gas can be compressed or squeezed together into a

smaller volume

3. Pressure (P) – amt. of force exerted on a given area of surface

High pressure → more particles → harder surface Low pressure → fewer particles → softer surface

Gas PropertiesI can describe factors that affect how

gases behave.

Boyle’s Law V is inversely proportional to P when T is constant

P inc. → V dec. P dec. → V inc.

Charles’s Law V is directly proportional to T of a gas when P is

constant T inc. → V inc. T dec. → V dec.

Gas Behavior Laws

I can describe factors that affect how gases behave.

I can describe factors that affect how gases behave.

Temp. Volume Pressure

Boyle’s Inc.

Boyle’s Dec.

Charles’s Inc.

Charles’s Dec.

I can describe factors that affect how gases behave.

Temp. Volume Pressure

Boyle’s Constant

=

Decrease

↓

Increase

↑

Boyle’s Constant

=

Increase

↑

Decrease

↓

Charles’s Increase

↑

Increase

↑

Constant

=

Charles’s Decrease

↓

Decrease

↓

Constant

=I can describe factors that affect how

gases behave.

Change of a substance from one physical form to another

Physical change – identity of substance does not change

To change state → add or remove energy Ex: ice, liquid water, and steam are all the

same substance → WATER

Changes of State

I can describe how energy is involved in changes of state.I can compare the particle arrangement and motion when a change of state occurs.

I can describe how energy is involved in changes of state.I can compare the particle arrangement and motion when a change of state occurs.

Endothermic (#30) – Energy is gained by the substance Energy is added

Exothermic (#34) – Energy removed from substance

Energy

I can describe how energy is involved in changes of state.I can compare the particle arrangement and motion when a change of state occurs.

1. Melting Solid to liquid Inc. T → particles move faster Endothermic – add energy Melting Point – T @ which object melts Ex.: ice melting

2. Freezing Liquid to solid Exothermic – remove energy Freezing point – T @ which liquid changes to solid Ex.: water freezing

Melting Point = Freezing Point

Changes of State

I can describe how energy is involved in changes of state.I can compare the particle arrangement and motion when a change of state occurs.

3. Evaporation Liquid to gas Endothermic – add energy Boiling Point – T @ which liquid boils Ex.: steam

4. Condensation Gas to liquid Exothermic – remove energy Condensation Point – T @ which gas becomes liquid Ex.: morning dew

Boiling point = Condensation Point5. Sublimation

Solid to gas Endothermic – add energy ex.: dry ice

Changes of State

I can describe how energy is involved in changes of state.I can compare the particle arrangement and motion when a change of state occurs.

I can describe how energy is involved in changes of state.I can compare the particle arrangement and motion when a change of state occurs.

I can describe how energy is involved in changes of state.I can compare the particle arrangement and motion when a change of state occurs.