CHAPTER 8 1975 to 1985 Augmenting Human Intellect 1.
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Transcript of CHAPTER 8 1975 to 1985 Augmenting Human Intellect 1.
CHAPTER 8 1975 to 1985
Augmenting Human Intellect
1
1975+Altair + others and expansion Minicomputer also “booming”
DEC: PDP-8, PDP- 11 Prime: 32 bit mini Interdata - “mega-mini” Systems engineering Laboratory; 32-bit
Popular NASA / aerospaceGould bought
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DEC AttitudeProud of architecture innovationsRejected 8080 to keep architectural
decision in their controlDid not license the PDP-11 instruction
set to chip makers Give away “corporate jewels” Also kept DEC out of PC market
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DEC VAX
1977- VAX announcedVirtual Address eXtension of PDP-11
Implication: 32 bit PPD-11Really a new machinePDP-11 mode available
VAX 11-780
4
VAX Virtual MemoryNot first; in IBM 370 (few others)
But was important upgrade4.3 gigabytes virtual memory
1 million 32-bit wordsPaged memory, swaps between
core & drum, associative technique
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VAX FeaturesMIPS - 1 million
instructions/second16 32-bit general
registers250+ instructions
9 addressing modes
VT-100 TerminalPowerful, easy to
useScrolled by pixelASCII based
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VAX SuccessSpeed was the benchmark$120,000 and upSold 100,000 in the next decadeSurpassed other 32-bit mini’sCould run UNIX
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IBM in the 70’sNew Mainframes – LSI chips
1977- 3033, 1979- 4300 - Less cost per performance
SNA–Systems Networking Architecture 1974: Standards for networking large
computers Used into the 1990’s
1975 - 5100 PC Sold; but not a great success $9,000, big, heavy 8
IBM in CourtU.S. vs. IBM; Jan. 17, 1969Filed by Justice Dept.
Violations of anti-trust laws by virtue of it’s market dominance (70%) for g.p. electronic computers
10 years of testimony, depositions, etc. Trial in 1975
Judge overwhelmed by jargon Focused on mainframes, not emerging smaller market
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IBM in Court
Witness: “…it is most unlikely that any major new venture into the g.p. computing industry can be expected” 1977: as Apple II introduced at CA conference
Dismissed in 1981 Competitors were getting RICH Still lots of healthy companies Not Noted: PC’s were changing everything
Hurt development, non-standard with others10
Terminals & Networks1970’s – private networks emerged
MEDLINEOLTP – online transaction processingDumb terminals developed
VT-100 – standard ASCII 3270 – IBM EBCDIC standard
Smart TerminalsBlurred line: terminal vs. PC
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Wang - Office Automation
Pioneered Calculators 1972 - Model 2200 -
computing calculator Office Automation = Word
Processing Not Successful - expensive,
“scary” WPS-1976
$30,000 - Hard-disk & screen G.P., distributed computing
system
Bankrupt in 1990’s – in the PC market
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Goal: to anticipate profound changes that technology would bring to the handling of information in the business world
Xerox concerned about “paperless office” Two Important Points
Palo Alto – early Silicon Valley Mansfield Amendment
No DOD funds without specific relationship to military; NSF for basic research not funded
Lots of available researchers 13
Doug EnglebartStanfordInvented the Mouse-1967Inspired by Vannevar Bush’s “Atlantic
Monthly” article “As we may think”- 1945
Wanted to improve communication between man and computer
Dec . 1968 - Fall Joint Computer Conference, San Francisco, “Augmented Knowledge Workshop” 14
J.C.R. LickliderPsychologist, MIT
“Man - Computer Symbiosis”“The Computer as a Communication
Device”ARPA - 1962
“Galactic Network”- his visionEncouraged Englebart
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More Xerox PARC
Developed but did not commercialize GUI with mouse, Ethernet
Alto Computer - $18,000 1000 @ PARC, most networked WYSIWYG
Commercial Star 8010 Marketed as a network to executives
- 10 years early - Wang
Never had any commercial successes 16
PC’s - 1977- 19851977- Radio Shack TRS-80 - Model I
$400 + Z-80 processor chip Nation-wide marketing BASIC, cassette
“Signaled end of experimental phase of personal computing & beginning of mature phase”
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PC’s (cont.)Commodore PET
6502 processorMore popular in Europe, @ MSU
Apple II - Jobs and Wozniak6502 processorFewer chips than Altair, but
out-performed
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Apple
1977 - $10,5000 to MS for BASIC license - saved MS financially
Bus architecture & expansion slotsOutsold TRS-80 & PET; even
though more $$$Still didn’t threaten establishment
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Innovations – Apple’s 5 ¼ Disk1977- 8’’ disks - MITS, IMSAI -
ExpensiveApple - drives from Shugart Assoc.
50 chips Wozniak redesigned with 5 chips “a marvel of elegance & economy”
113 Kbytes$495 (drive + OS + controller)“Last pivotal computer” 20
Visi Calc- 1979Bricklin & Frankston- developersFlystra, marketedSoftware ArtsOn Apple - $200Was big successSW tail wags HW dog
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IBM PC- August 1981 Intel 8088, 16 bit word; external 8 bit* ASCII, Internal drives 62-pin bus 5 Expansion slots ROM - MS BASIC 3 Operating Systems available
CPM-86 (1982) Pascal-based from UCSC PC- DOS*
Full screen - 25 lines X 80 characters Color available 22
IBM PC (cont.)Word processing, accounting, games,
VisiCalc Oct. 1982 - Lotus 1-2-3
faster than VisiCalcIBM passed AppleDecember 1982
Time Magazine Computer named “Man of the Year”
for 1983 23
IBM PC (cont’d)Again misjudged demandEstimate 250,000 total sales
Some months nearly thatTransformed MS to dominance
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Why MS-DOS?IBM going “outside” for lot - hw & swMS Provided Basic for 8088Planned to use CP/M - Gary Kildall
He wasn’t there when IBM visitedDispute over “non-disclosure” DEC Promised 16-bit version, but late
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MS-DOS (cont.)MS offered PC-DOS
Retained rights to marketHad paid $15K to Seattle Computer
products for rights to 86-DOSEnded up as MS-DOS Windows
Most influential & longest lasting sw ever
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MS DOS vs. CP/MRetained BIOSTerminology (PIP to Copy)More intuitive syntaxEliminated reboot for wrong disk
“Abort, Retry, Fail?”Discussed multi-tasking, not time
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Comments1984 - If IBM’s PC division were a
separate company, would have been #3 in industry, behind IBM & DEC
640K addressable memory: Thought to be very adequate, soon a road block
Compatibles- mixed resultsNow locked into IBM PC architecture
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1984 - Apple MacintoshInfluenced from Xerox PARCDesigner Jeff Raskin“Lisa” had been a flop($10k)
Wanted cheaper versionMouse and GUI, 3.5” disk$2,495Motorola 68001985 – Appletalk - networking
No hard drive so MAC couldn’t be a server 29
Macintosh (cont.)Closed Architecture-can’t add boards
Allowed it to be cheaperNot in current trend of H.W.
1987 - Color monitorSystem SW was it’s greatest strength
Copied by MS for WindowsDifficult to develop applications for Elegant but slower than DOS
4 Mb Memory (PC 640K) 30
PC ClonesMost IBM PC’s consisted of parts from
other manufacturers - anyone could buySame with S.W.- e.g. PC-DOSIBM retained BIOS codeCompaq
3 guys from TI Reverse engineered BIOS 1983 - 1st clone Top 100 companies by 1985 31
Clones (cont.)Phoenix Technologies
Reverse engineered BIOS Sold to anyone
Lotus 1-2-3 & Flight Simulator became tests for compatibility
By 1990’s - other companies made more selling IBM clones, than IBM
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CHAPTER 8 1975 to 1985
Augmenting Human Intellect
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