Chapter 7Ethnicity7.5, 7.6, & 7advancedglobalcultureslphs.weebly.com/uploads/3/7/... · 7.5, 7.6, &...
Transcript of Chapter 7Ethnicity7.5, 7.6, & 7advancedglobalcultureslphs.weebly.com/uploads/3/7/... · 7.5, 7.6, &...
Chapter 7Ethnicity7.5, 7.6, & 7.7
• Ethnicities & Nationalities
• Combining & Dividing Ethnicities
• Ethnic Diversity in Western AsiaRECALL:
What is a nation?
•Nation: a group of people with a common identity-Can live in a country or be stateless!
-Cultural identity: -Ancestry or historical events - Language
-Ethnicity - Religion
Ethnicity – Identify with a group who share
cultural traditions from a homeland or hearth
◦ Clustered in regions, within cities, & inside cities
Nationality◦ Identity with people who share legal attachment to
a particular country/state
Nationality = citizens of the United States
Ethnicity = groups with ancestry & cultural traditions
◦ Race distinguishes blacks & other persons of color from whites
Ethnicity versus Nationality
In
the
U.S.
What about Quebec?
Ethnicities & Nationalities in the UK British Isles several thousand islands (2 major)
◦ Eire Republic of Ireland & Northern Ireland
◦ Great Britain England, Wales, & Scotland
4 Main Ethnicities in the UK:
◦ English from Germanic Tribes
◦ Welsh Celtic people conquered in 1282
◦ Scots Celtic people united with England in 1603
King James I after Queen Elizabeth’s death
◦ Irish Celtic people ruled by England until 1921
British = nationality
English = ethnicity
Nationalism – Loyalty & devotion to one’s nationality One nation above all others
Can be seen as: centripetal or centrifugal force:
◦ Positive effects = CENTRIPETAL FORCE
Centripetal – forces that unifies people
States promotes nationalism by promoting symbols
(flags, songs, & holidays)
◦ Negative effects = CENTRIFUGAL FORCE
Centrifugal – forces that divide people Unity achieved by the negative images of others
NATIONALISM
CENTRIFUGAL FORCES: Breakup of a state
AKA- Balkanization & centrifugal
forces
◦ How does this happen?
Ethnocultural forces
Economic forces -Spatial forces
Disparity: Unevenness between two
groups of people
◦ Balkanization – breakdown
of a state due to conflicts among
nationalities
Desire of Self-determination
– the right to govern themselves
◦ Obviously lead to tension inside a state!
• Multi-ethnic state - state that
contains more than one ethnicity
Multinational state – state with
more than one nation
Can there be tension in a:
Ethnic Competition Lebanon
◦ 60% Muslim; 40% Christian
Christians Maronite – ethnic descendants from Phoenicians
Greek Orthodox
Muslims Belong to several Shiite sects
Ethnically consider themselves Arabs
◦ Diversity in Lebanon at the surface appears to be more religious than ethnic.
Achieved independence in 1943 required each religion involved in the government political self-rule
Civil War: 1975-1990 Each religion ½ of 128 seats in Parliament
Israel, United States, & Syria did send troops during the conflict
Ethnic Competition Sri Lanka
◦ Inhabited by 3 principal ethnicities:
1. Sinhalese – 74%
Migrated from northern India in fifth century B.C.
Converted to Buddhism
2. Tamil- 16%
Migrated from India in third century B.C.
Practice Hinduism
3. Moors- 10%
Ethnic Arabs
Migrated from southwest Asia in 8th century A.D.
Practice Islam
Ethnic Competition Sri Lanka
◦ 2000 years ago conflict between Sinhalese & Tamil
Suppressed during 300 year of European control
◦ 1948 Gained independence
Sinhalese dominated the government, military, & commerce
Tamils felt discriminated & rebelled starting in 1983
◦ 2009 – conflict ended with the defeat of Tamils
Dividing South Asian Ethnicities Among Nationalities
British ending British Colonial Empire – post WWII
◦ 1947 dividing Indian subcontinent
India – predominantly Hindu
Pakistan – predominantly Muslim East & West noncontiguous state
East Pakistan 1971 became Bangladesh based on ethnicity
Conflict between Hindus, Muslims, & British
Conflict between Hindus, Muslims, & British
in colonial rule:
◦Mahatma Gandhi – Hindu lead nonviolence
& reconciliation desired one unified state
Assassinated in 1948
Dividing South Asian Ethnicities Among Nationalities
Independent states
◦ Massive Migration to Hindu & Muslim state
◦ Extremists on both sides
Since 1972 disagreements on the boundary
Kashmir
Dividing South Asian Ethnicities Among Nationalities
Dividing Kurds Among Nationalities Kurds◦ Large population but are divided among many countries
& a minority in every one Caucasus mountains Iran, Iraq, Syria, & Turkey
◦ Sunni Muslims speak an Iranian group of Indo-Iranian branch of Indo-European language Distinctive literature, dress, & cultural traditions
STATELESS - a nation with NO boundaries & NO government of its own a nation without a state!
◦ After WWI, the European allies demarcated land for the Kurds called Kurdistan.
1920 - Turks fought to expand their territory before treaty signed
1923 - Treaty of Lausanne - Kurdistan = part of Turkey
Turks tried to suppress Kurdish culture (banning language)
Kurds have tried in many states to seek sovereignty remain largest stateless nation
Distribution of Kurds
Ethnic Diversity in Western Asia: Iraq
Ethnic make-up
◦ ¾ are Arabs
2/3 are Shiite
1/3 are Sunni
◦ 1/6 are Kurds IRONICALLY: Iraq stronger loyalty to a tribe or clan than to a
nationality or major ethnicity
US lead attack on Iraq to remove Saddam Hussain
◦ Brutal dictator who created weapons of mass destruction & connections to terrorist cells
US discovered complex & violent struggle amongst ethnic groups
Ethnically
diverse
Ethnic Diversity in Western Asia: Iran Ethnic make-up
◦ Persian – most numerous Shiite adheres
Descendants of Indo-European tribes
Persian Empire – Iran west to Egypt conquered by Muslims
& converted to Islam
◦ Azeri
◦ Baluchi
Ethnically
diverse
Western Asia is ethnically diverse!
Ethnic Diversity in Western Asia:
Afghanistan Ethnic make-up
◦ Pashtun -Tajik - Hazara
Ethnic conflict since 1979 Soviet Union invasion
◦ Soviet Union withdrew in 1989 &
1992 Soviet-installed government withdrew
Faction of Pashtun, the Taliban (“religious students”) gained
control over most of the country in 1995 &
proceeded to rule with policies based on Islamic
fundamentalism.
United States invaded in 2001 & overthrew the
Taliban government
◦ New struggle for power among many ethnic groups
Ethnic Diversity in Western Asia:
Pakistan Ethnic make-up
◦ Punjabi-Sunni - Baluchi –Sunni - Pashtun- Shiite
Fighting between
Pakistan’s army &
supporters of the
Taliban forced
migration into
camps led by
international relief
organizations