Chapter 7 Unit IV

Ethnicity

Ethnicity is a sense of pride for peopleA link to ancestors, cultural traditions; food

and musicYour ethnic group has important measurable

diff. Ave. income, life expectancy, IMR

Ethnicity also shows discrimination in historyEither by or against another group

Ethnicity

3 questions to ask ourselvesTo what extent does discrimination persist

against minority ethnicities, especially African Americans and Hispanics?

Should preferences be given to minority ethnicities to correct past patterns of discrimination?

To what extent should the distinct cultural identity of ethnicities be encouraged or protected?

Controversy in the U.S.

Ethnicity: is identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth.

Race: identity with a group of people who share a biological ancestor

Comparison chart on my wiki

Lets clear this up

Guess what we’re interested in!?Where ethnicities are distributed across space

Tied to places bc ancestors were born and raised there

Cultural traits derive from part. Conditions and practices

Why ethnicities have distinct traits should now be fam. Derives from interplay with other groups and

isolationEthnicity is the strongest preserver of local

diversity Ethnicity is immutable

Alas…Where and Why!

DISTRIBUTION IN THE U.S. 2 largest ethnicities in the U.S.

Hispanic (Latino) 14% and African Americans(AA) 12%

CLUSTERINGWithin a region of a country and within a city Regionally AA=SEHispanics=SWAsian=WestNative Americans=SW/NW Plains

Where are Ethnicities Distributed

African-Americans in the U.S.

Fig. 7-1: The highest percentages of African Americans are in the rural South and in northern cities.

Hispanic Americans in the U.S.

Fig. 7-2: The highest percentages of Hispanic Americans are in the southwest and in northern cities.

Asian Americans in the U.S.

Fig. 7-3: The highest percentages of Asian Americans are in Hawaii and California.

Native Americans in the U.S.

Fig. 7-4: The highest percentages of Native Americans are in parts of the plains, the southwest, and Alaska.

1/4 of all Americans live in cities…more than 1/2 of AA live in cities

Concentration differs in cities too Detroit: 1/10 MI total pop, more than 1/2 the

states AAChicago: 1/4 IL total pop, more than 1/2 the

states AAHispanic distribution is similar to AAClustering in neighborhoods

Once inhabited by European immigrantsMinorities then moved in

Concentration in Cities

Ethnicities in Chicago

Fig. 7-5: African Americans, Hispanic Americans, Asian Americans, and European Americans are clustered in different areas of the city.

Ethnicities in Los Angeles

Fig. 7-6: Hispanic, white, African American, and Asian areas in and around Los Angeles.

3 Major flows have shaped current dist. of AA in U.S.“Immigration from” Africa to American

colonies: 18th C

“ ” Southern U.S. to N cities during 1st half of 20th C

“ ” Inner-city ghettos to other urban neighborhoods during 2nd half of 20th C and 1st decade of 21st C

African American Migration Patterns

First Africans in U.S. Jamestown 1619Slave trade banned in U.S. 1808 Roughly 250K more brought in

Popularity of slavery started by Romans Feudal system replaces it in Europe

Slave trade diffuses to western hemisphere Spanish & Portuguese 16th CBrits, Danes, & French 17th C

All took advantage of superior weapons and coastal Africans

Forced Migration

African Source Areas for Slavery

Fig. 7.7: Europeans obtained African slaves mainly from the western coast of Africa. Arabs and others also obtained slaves from Eastern Africa.

Triangular Slave Trade

Fig. 7-7: The British triangular slave trading system operated among Britain, Africa, and the Caribbean and North America.

Triangle Slave Route: efficient trading patternEurope W Africa (Cloth for Slaves), W Africa

Caribbean (Slaves for Molasses/Sugar) Caribbean Europe w/ sugar and molasses

Addition of 13 colonies makes it a rectangle Deplorable transportation conditions Controversy in U.S. in 1800s

Emancipation proclamation/13th Amendment Sharecropper: work fields rented form a

landowner and pays rent by sharing crops

Forced Migration

Cotton Sharecroppers in U.S.

Diagram of a Slave Ship

Machinery reduces demand for labor in SIndustrial boom in the north is a pull factor 4 main routes taken

Carolinas/S Atlantic BTL, PHILA, & NY (Rt. 1) Bama/E Tenn Detroit (I-75)Miss/W Tenn St. Louis & Chicago (I-77)Texas Cali (I-10 & I-20)

Big moves before and after WWI & WWII Wars created jobs and jobs needed filled

Immigration North

African American Migration in the U.S., 20th century

Fig. 7-8: 20th century African American migration within the U.S. consisted mainly of migration from the rural south to cities of the Northeast, Midwest, and West.

Many AA moved to neighborhoods where AA already were est.

Cramming into tight quarters500K AA in 3 mile radius in Chicago250K AA in 1 mile radius in Baltimore

Slight expansion over the years

Expansion of the Ghetto

African Americans in Baltimore

Fig. 7-9: Areas with 90% African American population in Baltimore expanded from a core area northwest of downtown in the 1950s.

Discouragement of spatial interaction Legal means, cultural preferences, or

discrimination Plessy v. Ferguson: Separate BUT equal…

“Jim Crow” Laws Separate schools, restaurants, hotels, etc.

Restrictions on selling homes to blacks

“Separate but Equal”

Segregation in the U.S.

Brown v. Board of Education Separate but equal is unconstitutional

Rather than integrate, whites fledAnticipated black immigration to “white” areas

Blockbusting: convincing white homeowners living near black areas to sell homes at a low price

Segregation and inequality persists today

“White Flight”

Apartheid: physical separation of different races into different geographic regions

South Africa 4 races: Black, White, Colored, Asian

Living, working, schooling, shopping dependent on ^

Brits defeat the Dutch (Boers & Afrikaans) 1902

1948 Afrikaaners gain political powerRefused to give up power, created apartheid

Homelands 4 created homelands6 proposed

Division by Race in South Africa

Black “Homelands” in South Africa

Fig. 7-10: During the apartheid era, South Africa created a series of black “homelands” with the expectation that every black would be a citizen of one of them. These were abolished with the end of apartheid.

Train Station Stairs for Blacks South Africa under Apartheid

Train Station Stairs for Whites South Africa under Apartheid

Difference between ethnicity and nationality Nationality: identity w/ group of people

who share legal attachment & personal allegiance to a particular country

Ethnicity based on things like: religion, language, material culture

Nationality based on: voting, passport, civic duties

Ethnicities Nationalities?

Moroccan Student in US: dark skin=race, citizenship in Morocco=nationality, Islamic faith=ethnicity

19th C European immigrants, ethnicity not nationalityMost countries did not exist when they

migrated;Austrian-Hungarian, Russian, or Prussian

empiresImmigrants:ethnicity more important than

nationality

Ethnicities Nationalities?

Self-determination: ethnicities have the right to govern themselves Desire for self-rule is why ethnicities

nationalities Nation-state: state who’s territory

corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality

Europe 19th CFall of Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman

EmpiresGerman National Socialists Denmark: Schleswig-Holstein, Faeroe Islands

Nation States

Nationalism Nationalism: loyalty and devotion to a

nationalityMost states: mass media fosters nationalism Most countries have gov’t control over media

Flags, patriotic songs, holidays Nationalism through negative views of other

nationsCentripetal force: attitude that unifies ppl

and enhances support for a state Best way to achieve support: emphasize shared

attitudes

State that contains more than one ethnicity is multi-ethnic stateBelgium: Dutch-Flemish and French-Walloons

Multinational states: contain two+ ethnic groups w/ traditions of self-determination that agree to co-exist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities Relationships vary, some peaceful, some

dominant United Kingdom: England, Scotland, Wales, N

IrelandUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

Multinational States

Until its collapse, S.U.=largest multinational state

15 republics based on largest ethnicities The split of S.U. created 15 new countries

5 groups:3 Baltic: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania3 European: Belarus, Moldova, Ukraine5 Central Asian: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,

Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan 3 Caucasus: Azerbaijan, Armenia, GeorgiaRussia

Former Soviet Unition

Republics of the Soviet Union

Fig. 7-11: The Soviet Union consisted of 15 republics that included the country’s largest ethnic groups. These all became independent countries in the early 1990s.

Republics of the Soviet Union

Fig. 7-11: The Soviet Union consisted of 15 republics that included the country’s largest ethnic groups. These all became independent countries in the early 1990s.

Republics of the Soviet Union

Fig. 7-11: The Soviet Union consisted of 15 republics that included the country’s largest ethnic groups. These all became independent countries in the early 1990s.

Russia recognizes 39 ethnicitiesMany want independence 20+% of country is non-Russian

ChechnyaBitterness towards Russia for S.U. dominanceDiscrimination against Russians in former

S.U. countries

Russia: Largest Multinational State

Ethnic Groups in Russia

Fig. 7-12: Russia officially recognizes 39 ethnic groups, or nationalities, which are concentrated in western and southern portions of the country.

Russian Soldiers in Chechnya

The Russian army has occupied and destroyed much of Chechnya in suppressing Chechen rebel groups.

Azeri’s: Turkish roots, independence w/ fall of S.U16M live in NW Iran (24% pop) Fragmented state: Armenia divides Nakhchivan

Armenian’s: Turkish roots, independence after WWI 1921Turk/Russ divide between 1991 regains independence

Conflict over land in Azerbaijan but inhabited by Armenians

Turmoil in the Caucasus

Ethnicities in the Caucasus

Fig. 7-13: The Caucasus region is extremely diverse ethnically. Ethnic groups are spread across several national boundaries.

Make sure you read up on:

Ethnicity and Communism

And

Rebirth of Nationalism in Eastern Europe

Skipping “Revival of Ethnic ID”

Ethiopia and Eritrea Fight over Eritrea independence (1961-91) Fights resume in 1998 over boarder dispute 2000 Ethiopia wins and takes disputed lands

Sudan Black Christians in S and Arab Muslims in N Muslim controlled gov’t wants a unified

Muslim Nat.Segregation laws and Darfur

Competition in the Horn of Africa

Ethnicity in the Horn of Africa

Fig. 7-14: There have been numerous inter-ethnic civil conflicts in the countries of the Horn of Africa (including the Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Somalia).

Refugee Camp in Darfur, Sudan

Farmers from Darfur in western Sudan have been chased from their homes by agents of the Sudanese government.

Roughly the size and pop. of Connecticut Differences in religion:

Christians: 2/3=Maronite, 1/6=E Orthodox, 1/6=Greek Catholic

Muslims: 2/3=Shiite, 1/3=Sunni Druze= 7% total…combo of Islam and

Christianity 1947 Gov’t mandated each religion be

representedUnable to deal w/ social/econ. conditions

Civil war breaks out, each religion forms private armies

U.S. and Syrian intervention both fail

Ethnic Competition in Lebanon

Ethnicities in Lebanon

Fig. 7-15: Christians, Sunni Muslims, Shiite Muslims, and Druze are dominant in different areas of the country.

Ethnic cleansing: powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogenous region. The remaining group is the sole inhabitant

ETHNIC DIVERSITY IN FORMER YUGOSLAVIA After WWI, “Yugoslavia” created to unite

ethnicities “ ” has 7 neighbors, 6 republics, 5

nationalities, 4 languages, 3 religions, 2 alphabets, and 1 dinar

Ethnic Cleansing

The Balkans in 1914

Fig. 7-20: The northern part of the Balkans was part of Austria-Hungary in 1914, while much of the south was part of the Ottoman Empire. The country of Yugoslavia was created after World War I.

7 neighbors: 3 democracies(Yugo)4 Communists

6 republics: B&H, Croatia, Montenegro, Serbia, Macedonia, SloveniaRan their own national affairs

5 of the republics were named for their nationalities

4 languages: Croatian, Macedonian, Serbian, Slovene

3 religions: Catholic (N), E Orthodox (E), Islam (S)

2 alphabets: Roman and Cyrillic 1 dinar: 1 unit of currency

Former Yugoslavia

Yugoslavia was peaceful until the 80sBreaks up creating independent countries

B&H, Croatia, Macedonia, Slovenia, and SerbiaOnce independent tensions rise over border

issues Problems for Bosnia & Herzegovina

Considered an ethnicity and not nationality Bosnian Muslims, Serbs, and Croats want to

join othersSerbs and Croats ethnic cleanse Bosnian

Muslims Croats/Muslims work together, Serbs

independent

Destruction of Multi-Ethnic Yugo

Languages in Southeastern Europe

Fig. 7-21: Several new states were created, and boundaries were shifted after World Wars I and II. New state boundaries often coincided with language areas.

Ethnic Regions in Yugoslavia

Fig. 7-22: Yugoslavia’s six republics until 1992 included much ethnic diversity. Brutal ethnic cleansing occurred in Bosnia, Croatia, and Kosovo during the civil wars of the 1990s.

After Yugoslavia broke up, Serbia remained multi-ethnicAlbanians made 90% of the pop.

Serbs moved N to Serbia leaving more Albanians

Serbia controlled Kosovo and began “cleansing”Forced 750K Albanians back to Albania

1999 US and NATO launch attacks on SerbiaUN took administrative duties in Kosovo

Cleansing Kosovo

Balkanization Balkanized: a small geographic area that

could not successfully be organized into one or more stable states because of many ethnicities

Balkanization: the way a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities Leads to WWI

If peace comes to the Balkans, it could be through ethnic cleansing