Chapter 7-The French Chapter 7-The French Revolution and Revolution and

NapoleonNapoleon

FranceFrance

France in the 1700’sFrance in the 1700’s

Most advanced country in EuropeMost advanced country in Europe Center of the EnlightenmentCenter of the Enlightenment Cultural CenterCultural Center Large population> 25 millionLarge population> 25 million Prosperous foreign tradeProsperous foreign trade BUT………..BUT………..

Underlying issuesUnderlying issues

Old Regime-Old Regime- 3 Estates 3 Estates $ division$ division between the “haves” and “have- between the “haves” and “have-

nots”= revolutionnots”= revolution Enlightenment ideas-Enlightenment ideas- Equality, Liberty, Equality, Liberty,

democracy- American Revolution- “Popular democracy- American Revolution- “Popular sovereignty”sovereignty”

Economic problems: Economic problems: High taxesHigh taxes, debt from , debt from warswars

Weak leaderWeak leader: Louis XVI and Marie : Louis XVI and Marie AntoinetteAntoinette

Causes-Social InequalityCauses-Social Inequality

Social Inequality - three Social Inequality - three estatesestates Three estatesThree estates First EstateFirst Estate (upper (upper clergyclergy) - ) -

1% of population, taxed 1% of population, taxed peasantspeasants

Second EstateSecond Estate ( (noblesnobles) - 2-) - 2-3% of population, paid no 3% of population, paid no taxes, taxed peasantstaxes, taxed peasants

Third Estate (Bourgeoisie, Third Estate (Bourgeoisie, peasants, workerspeasants, workers) - paid up ) - paid up to 1/2 of income in taxesto 1/2 of income in taxes

Causes-IdeasCauses-Ideas

Enlightenment IdeasEnlightenment Ideas/ American Rev./ American Rev. Belief all men should have liberal Belief all men should have liberal

freedomsfreedoms Right and just to remove unjust gov’tRight and just to remove unjust gov’t Equality for allEquality for all United States Dec. of Independence and United States Dec. of Independence and

Constitution-France helped Colonies win Constitution-France helped Colonies win their independencetheir independence

Causes-PoliticalCauses-Political

King Louis XVIKing Louis XVI Weak leaderWeak leader Preferred personal interests, delegated Preferred personal interests, delegated

authorityauthority Incapable of decisive actionIncapable of decisive action Wife- Marie Antoinette-Not well-liked-Wife- Marie Antoinette-Not well-liked-

Austrian- Married Louis XVI @ 14 years Austrian- Married Louis XVI @ 14 years old- Lived luxuriously (diamond necklace old- Lived luxuriously (diamond necklace affair)affair)

Louis XVI & Marie AntoinetteLouis XVI & Marie Antoinette

Causes - EconomicCauses - Economic

Economic CrisisEconomic Crisis French French economy bankrupteconomy bankrupt Wars, Wars, Louis XVI lifestyleLouis XVI lifestyle Nobles not taxedNobles not taxed Crop failuresCrop failures Debt - 1/2 budget goes to interestDebt - 1/2 budget goes to interest Bourgeoisie begin questioning KingBourgeoisie begin questioning King

Revolution DawnsRevolution Dawns

Prior to the Estates-General the delegates Prior to the Estates-General the delegates from the 1from the 1stst and 2 and 2ndnd Estates had more Estates had more weight or value to the votes their delegates weight or value to the votes their delegates placed. This led for the 1placed. This led for the 1stst and 2 and 2ndnd Estate to Estate to always outvote the 3always outvote the 3rdrd estate even though estate even though the 3the 3rdrd Estate had more delegates. Estate had more delegates.

Delegates from the Delegates from the 33rdrd Estate Estate wanted to wanted to change that though-they believed change that though-they believed everyone everyone should have the same value to their voteshould have the same value to their vote. . Therefore, the 3Therefore, the 3rdrd estate would always out estate would always out vote the 1vote the 1stst and 2 and 2ndnd estates. estates.

One delegate from the 3One delegate from the 3rdrd Estate, Abbe Estate, Abbe Sieyes, said,” What is the Third Estate? Sieyes, said,” What is the Third Estate? Everything. What has to been up to Everything. What has to been up to now in the political order? Nothing. now in the political order? Nothing. What does it demand? To become What does it demand? To become something herein.” Sieyes suggested something herein.” Sieyes suggested the 3the 3rdrd Estate form the National Estate form the National Assembly and pass laws and reforms in Assembly and pass laws and reforms in the name of the French people.the name of the French people.

On June 17, 1789 the On June 17, 1789 the third estate voted third estate voted to have a National Assemblyto have a National Assembly. This was . This was the 1the 1stst move toward revolution. move toward revolution.

The The 33rdrd Estate Estate was immediately was immediately locked locked out of the Estates Generalout of the Estates General and they and they broke into an indoor tennis court where broke into an indoor tennis court where they agreed to stay until a new they agreed to stay until a new constitution was written.constitution was written.

They called their agreement the They called their agreement the Tennis Tennis Court Oath.Court Oath.

Tennis Court OathTennis Court Oath

National Assembly declared (June 20, National Assembly declared (June 20, 1789)1789)

The BastilleThe Bastille Louis realized he needed to do something Louis realized he needed to do something

before he lost all of France, so he ordered the before he lost all of France, so he ordered the clergy and the nobles to join the National clergy and the nobles to join the National Assembly. He also brought in Swiss guards to Assembly. He also brought in Swiss guards to protect him in Paris.protect him in Paris.

People heard about the Swiss guards and they People heard about the Swiss guards and they immediately began to gather weapons in order immediately began to gather weapons in order to protect themselves from a possible to protect themselves from a possible massacre. On massacre. On July 14July 14thth an angry group went to an angry group went to the the BastilleBastille,, a prison, looking for gunpowder. a prison, looking for gunpowder. The angry crowd overthrew the kings guards The angry crowd overthrew the kings guards and the people took control of the Bastille. and the people took control of the Bastille. July July 1414thth is known as a French national holiday. is known as a French national holiday.

BastilleBastille

A A Great Fear Sweeps FranceGreat Fear Sweeps France

People began to panic which led to a period People began to panic which led to a period called the Great Fear. This period occurred called the Great Fear. This period occurred when rebellion spread to the countryside. when rebellion spread to the countryside. Peasants began to attack their feudal lords Peasants began to attack their feudal lords and demand their freedom. and demand their freedom.

A group of A group of 6,000 women protested the 6,000 women protested the rising cost of breadrising cost of bread. “Let them eat cake”. “Let them eat cake”

They lashed out the king and the queen They lashed out the king and the queen and they demanded they immediately and they demanded they immediately leave Versailles and return to France. This leave Versailles and return to France. This was the last time the king was at Versailles.was the last time the king was at Versailles.

Revolution Brings TerrorRevolution Brings Terror

The National Assembly adopted a The National Assembly adopted a statement of Revolutionary Ideas— statement of Revolutionary Ideas— A A Declaration on the Rights of ManDeclaration on the Rights of Man.—.—All men are born and remain free and All men are born and remain free and equal in rights. It also included equal equal in rights. It also included equal justice, freedom of speech, and justice, freedom of speech, and freedom of religion. freedom of religion.

Olympe de Gouge wrote—a Olympe de Gouge wrote—a Declaration on the Rights of WomenDeclaration on the Rights of Women

State Controlled ChurchState Controlled Church

The state took cover church lands The state took cover church lands and said that priests had to be and said that priests had to be elected by property owners and paid elected by property owners and paid as state officials. The as state officials. The church lost its church lost its land and political power.land and political power. The church The church land was sold off to pay off debt. land was sold off to pay off debt.

This act angered the peasants---why?This act angered the peasants---why? Louis escapes, but is caughtLouis escapes, but is caught

Conflicting Goals Cause Conflicting Goals Cause DivisionDivision

A A limited constitutional monarchylimited constitutional monarchy was created—the king would still was created—the king would still hold executive powers but the hold executive powers but the assemblymen would make the laws. assemblymen would make the laws.

1791-the National Assembly closed 1791-the National Assembly closed because the constitution was because the constitution was complete and the complete and the Legislative Legislative AssemblyAssembly took over. took over.

3 Divisions3 Divisions of the Legislative of the Legislative AssemblyAssembly

Radicals (Liberals)Radicals (Liberals)-They sat on the left side of -They sat on the left side of the hall and were called “the hall and were called “left wingedleft winged” The most ” The most extreme of this group were also called Sans-extreme of this group were also called Sans-Culottes (those without knee breeches) They Culottes (those without knee breeches) They wanted extreme changes in the government---wanted extreme changes in the government---common people should hold the powercommon people should hold the power

ModeratesModerates—sat in the —sat in the middlemiddle—wanted some —wanted some changes, but not as extreme as the radicals.changes, but not as extreme as the radicals.

ConservativesConservatives- They sat on the right side of the - They sat on the right side of the hall and they liked the limited monarchy. hall and they liked the limited monarchy. Emigres were the most extreme group within Emigres were the most extreme group within the conservatives. the conservatives.

War and Extreme MeasuresWar and Extreme Measures

Austria and Prussia demanded that Louis be Austria and Prussia demanded that Louis be brought back to the crown. In response the brought back to the crown. In response the Legislative Assembly declared war on Legislative Assembly declared war on Austria.Austria.

The French were not prepared to fight The French were not prepared to fight Austria and Prussia who joined in when war Austria and Prussia who joined in when war was declared—(why??)was declared—(why??)

When the Prussians threatened to destroy When the Prussians threatened to destroy Paris if the revolutionaries hurt Louis and his Paris if the revolutionaries hurt Louis and his family, Parisians invaded the Royal Palace family, Parisians invaded the Royal Palace and Louis and his family were kept in a and Louis and his family were kept in a stone tower. stone tower.

The fighting continuesThe fighting continues

As the war went on the Legislative As the war went on the Legislative Assembly decided to get rid of the Assembly decided to get rid of the current constitution which called for current constitution which called for a constitutional monarchy and a constitutional monarchy and therefore get rid of the king. therefore get rid of the king.

The The new governing body was the new governing body was the National Convention. National Convention.

The JacobinsThe Jacobins

The people in the street had more power The people in the street had more power than the National Convention and the most than the National Convention and the most radical group was called the Jacobins.radical group was called the Jacobins.

JacobinsJacobins were middle class people who were middle class people who wanted to get rid of the king and create a wanted to get rid of the king and create a republic. Jean Paul Marat and George republic. Jean Paul Marat and George Danton were leaders of the Jacobins and Danton were leaders of the Jacobins and with their influence they was able to get with their influence they was able to get enough support to enough support to have France abolish the have France abolish the monarchy and create a republic.monarchy and create a republic.

The death of a kingThe death of a king

Jacobins tried Louis for treasonJacobins tried Louis for treason, , found him guilty and sentenced him found him guilty and sentenced him to death. Louis was to death. Louis was killed by the killed by the guillotineguillotine in front of thousands. in front of thousands.

Jacobins realized they still had a war Jacobins realized they still had a war to fight, so they initiated the draft—to fight, so they initiated the draft—women were included in the draft. women were included in the draft.

Terror Grips FranceTerror Grips France

A group developed in France that A group developed in France that wanted to create a “republic of wanted to create a “republic of virtue”—they wanted to rid France of virtue”—they wanted to rid France of all of its past nobility and monarchy. all of its past nobility and monarchy.

This group led by This group led by Maximillien Maximillien RobespierreRobespierre changed the calendar to changed the calendar to be more scientific—they divided the be more scientific—they divided the calendar into 12 months and 30 days calendar into 12 months and 30 days and they closed all churches in Paris. and they closed all churches in Paris.

Maximilien RobespierreMaximilien Robespierre

Committee of Public Safety (?)Committee of Public Safety (?)

Robespierre became leader of the Robespierre became leader of the Committee of Public SafetyCommittee of Public Safety, which would , which would get rid of people that were deemed by get rid of people that were deemed by Robespierre to be Robespierre to be enemies of the enemies of the RepublicRepublic. People would be tried in the . People would be tried in the morning and guillotined in the morning and guillotined in the afternoon. afternoon.

July 1793-July 1794 Robespierre ruled July 1793-July 1794 Robespierre ruled France as a dictator and his rule was France as a dictator and his rule was called the called the Reign of TerrorReign of Terror— the most — the most famous victim was….famous victim was….

Marie AntoinetteMarie Antoinette

On her way to the guillotine she said, On her way to the guillotine she said, “Monsieur, I beg your pardon. I did “Monsieur, I beg your pardon. I did not do it on purpose.”not do it on purpose.”

GuillotineGuillotine

George Danton was also a victim of George Danton was also a victim of the Reign. the Reign.

In the end 3,000 were in killed in In the end 3,000 were in killed in Paris and some speculate 40,000 Paris and some speculate 40,000 were killed in total.were killed in total.

End of TerrorEnd of Terror National Convention National Convention

turns on turns on RobespierreRobespierre in in 1794 and they 1794 and they put him put him to death by guillotine…to death by guillotine…The Reign of Terror The Reign of Terror ended with his death. ended with his death.

1795 1795 Moderates Moderates drafted a new drafted a new constitutionconstitution which which called for 2 house called for 2 house legislature and a 5 legislature and a 5 member executive member executive branch called the branch called the Directory. Directory.

NapoleonNapoleon Forges an Empire Forges an Empire

Great Great military geniusmilitary genius Took controlTook control of France in a of France in a coup d’etatcoup d’etat Gains peace agreement w/Britain, Gains peace agreement w/Britain,

Austria and Russia Austria and Russia France France under Napoleonunder Napoleon::

Fairer taxesFairer taxes Improved schoolsImproved schools Napoleonic Code-Napoleonic Code- some restrictions some restrictions

Napoleon Creates EmpireNapoleon Creates Empire

1804- 1804- Crowned EmperorCrowned Emperor New World Problems New World Problems HaitiHaiti- Defeated by - Defeated by

slaves led by slaves led by Toussaint L’OuvertureToussaint L’Ouverture Sells Louisiana Territory to United StatesSells Louisiana Territory to United States Turns attention to Europe-Builds empireTurns attention to Europe-Builds empire Loses Battle of Trafalgar-1805 to BritishLoses Battle of Trafalgar-1805 to British Only able to control empire from 1807-1812Only able to control empire from 1807-1812

Napoleon’s Empire CollapsesNapoleon’s Empire Collapses

Three big Mistakes:Three big Mistakes: Continental system-Continental system- designed to hurt designed to hurt

Great Britain & make Europe more self-Great Britain & make Europe more self-sufficient- weakened economy of Francesufficient- weakened economy of France

Peninsular War-Peninsular War- conflict w/ conflict w/ Spain & Spain & Portugal-Portugal-

fuels “nationalism”fuels “nationalism” Invasion of Russia- scorched earth- Invasion of Russia- scorched earth-

Decimates Napoleon’s army Decimates Napoleon’s army April 1814- Surrenders to Coalition ForcesApril 1814- Surrenders to Coalition Forces

Hundred Days-March-June, Hundred Days-March-June, 18151815

Banished to Elba (1814)Banished to Elba (1814) New King Louis XVIII (Louis XVI’s New King Louis XVIII (Louis XVI’s

brother)- becomes unpopular- brother)- becomes unpopular- Napoleon comes back (March 1815)Napoleon comes back (March 1815)

Defeated at WaterlooDefeated at Waterloo 1815 (Hundred 1815 (Hundred Days ends)Days ends)

Banished to St. Helena’s –dies 1821Banished to St. Helena’s –dies 1821

Congress of ViennaCongress of Vienna

Lasted 8 months- wanted to create a Lasted 8 months- wanted to create a “Balance of Power” and peace“Balance of Power” and peace

Klemens von Metternich-Austria-3 goalsKlemens von Metternich-Austria-3 goals:: Limit France’s powerLimit France’s power Restore Restore “balance of power”“balance of power” Return monarchsReturn monarchs to thrones (Hobbes) to thrones (Hobbes)

Established Established peace for nearly 40 yearspeace for nearly 40 years

Some were Some were constitutional monarchies and some constitutional monarchies and some Absolute Monarchies (Enlightened)Absolute Monarchies (Enlightened)

Set the seeds for Nationalistic revolutions to comeSet the seeds for Nationalistic revolutions to come