CHAPTER 7 TEST REVIEW

1. Light

• Colors that chlorophyll a absorbs:• Red and Blue-violet

• Colors that chlorophyll a reflects:• Green and blue• (Chlor b reflects green yellow)

2. Photosynthesis EquationREDOX

reduction

oxidation

3. LABELa = granum b = inner membrane to thylakoid diskc = thylakoid diskd = stroma

DNA

ribosomes

Stromal lamella

4. Label

5.

a. Porphyrin ring - captures light energy as a photoreceptor

b. Single and double bond - resonate the energy to localize electrons

c. Mg center – metals have strong attraction to electrons

6.

• TWO POSSIBILITIES OF ENERGY FROM THE PHOTONS OF LIGHT HITTING CHLOROPHYLL:a. energized e- raised to a higher level falls back to its ground state and emits energy (as a color, heat)b. energized e- is passed to an electron acceptor• excited e- fate animation

7. A-cuticleB-epidermisC-stomataD-Palisade layerE-bundle sheath layerF-spongy layer K G-xylem tubes (thicker)H-phloem tubes (smaller)I-air spaceJ-chloroplastK-mesophyll

I

J(dot)

8. WATER

• How does water enter/exit a leaf?• Through the stoma in the underside of the leaf

and/ or via the water in the xylem

• Where is water found when it is split in the LDR?

• Thylakoid interior• (LUMEN)

9.

10. Also FdNR

11.

• Photolysis – break-down of water by using light

12.

• What two high-energy molecules are made in LDR to run LIR?

• ATP and NADPH

• Where are these molecules found after formed?

• Stroma

13. CYCLIC PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATONIf NADPH is full the e- go back to Ctyb6 to Pc to PSI.

13. Happens when NADPH is full

When NADPH is not fulllinear

14.

• Where does oxygen come from that we breathe?

• Splitting of water

15.

• What is the source of carbon for glucose?

• Carbon dioxide

16. Where made?

• G3P - S• CO2 added

To RuBP with rubisco Enzyme

NADPH – Se- passedfrom FdNR to NADP+

16. Where made?

• ATP – S• WHEN H+ ions pass through the ATP synthase

• Oxygen – L• splitting ofwater when light hits PSII

16. Where Made?

• RuBisCO- S • In Calvin cycle, it is reused

e- excited by photons-TMPSI and PSII

16. Where made?

• RuBP- S• In Calvin cycle

• NADP+ - oxidized -SAs e-/H+ lost to 3PGA

17. What color is reflected?

• Xanthophyll• Yellow• Carotenoid • Orange• Chlorophyll a• Blue-green• Chlorophyll b• Yellow-green

18.

• What are 3 products of the Calvin Cycle?• G3P• NADP+• ADP

19.

• Name 3 products of the LDR:• ATP• NADPH• O2

20. Label the Photosystem

700 in PSI680 In PSII

21. Label the linear photophosphorylation (LDR)

Linear PhotophosphorylationLDR (light dependent reaction)

LUMEN(thylakoid interior)

PS II

PqCytb6

Pc

PSI

e-

e-

FdNRFd

ATPSynthase

Out stomata

Thylakoid membrane

P680 P700

STROMA

22.

• In carbon fixation of the Calvin Cycle, what enzyme combines CO2 with a 5-C molecule?

• ENZYME = RUBISCO• 5-C MOLECULE = RUBP

23.

• The molecule (6-C from one CO2 + RUBP ) splits into two 3-carbon molecules :

• 3PGA

• Where found?• Stroma of chloroplast

24.

• What is G3P used for after it leaves the Calvin cycle?

• Form glucose (two G3P = 1 glucose)• And other macromolecules (like glucose +

fructose = sucrose; glucose chain for starch)

25.

• What molecule is regenerated in the Calvin cycle?(actually 2 are)

• Enzyme RuBisCO and RUBP (5-C molecule)

26.

• What do excited e- cause to happen as they pass through Cytochrome b6?

• Pull H+ ions through the thylakoid membrane from stroma to thylakoid interior (by e- passing from hi to low energy thru Cytb6)

H+

27.

• In the Calvin cycle what two molecules join with the enzyme rubisco?

• Carbon dioxide and RuBP

28.

• How many CO2 molecules are needed to produce one glucose molecule?

• 6

29.

• What is the strongest biological oxidizing (removing e-) agent known?

• P680

30.

• What makes guard cells open and close?

• When the guard cells are turgid (full of water) they open. When they are flaccid/ plasmolyzed (low on water) they close.

31. How many molecules needed in the Calvin cycle to make one glucose molecule?

• ATP• 18• CO2

• 6• NADPH• 12

32.

• How many are made per one molecule of glucose in the Calvin Cycle?

• G3P• 2• ADP + P• 18• NADP+• 12

33.

• What is formed at the end of each phase of the Calvin cycle?

FIXATION3PGA

REDUCTIONG3P

REGENERATIONRuBP

34.

• What 3 things does water split into when a photon of light hits PSII?

• ½ O2

• 2 H• e-

35.

• Which greenhouse gas has the most important effect on global warming?

• Carbon dioxide

36.

• The banning of CFC’s was done because of what problem?

• Thinning of the ozone

37.

• Why do the colors separate in the chromatography of spinach leaves?

• substances in a mixture have different degrees of solubility.

• Different densities of pigments (heavier ones stay closer to origin; lighter ones more farther up the paper)

• Solvents and pigments have different attraction (bonding) to each other and to the paper

38. DEFINE

• Photoautotroph• An organism that uses light to make its own

food from inorganic substances

• Producers• Organisms that make their own food from

inorganic substances (ie., plants)

38. DEFINE

• Carbon Fixation• Organisms that take inorganic substances (like

carbon dioxide) and turn it into organic substances (like 3PGA)

• Photon• Unit of light of varying wavelengths

38. DEFINE

• Photophosphorylation• Using sunlight to form ATP from ADP

• Photoprotection• Pigments (usually carotenoids) that

protect the leaf from too many harmful UV rays

38. DEFINE

• Fluorescence• the property of absorbing light of short

wavelength and emitting light of longer wavelength.

EXTENDED RESPONSE• 1. What makes chlorophyll so unique (3

things) of its structure and function. Draw. Where in chloroplast and use phorphyrin.

• 1. porphyrin – ringed structure acts like a mitt to catch photons and pass them to an electron acceptor instead of losing them.

• Mg center to act as a strong e- acceptor• Alternating double and single bonds resonate

the e- back and forth to capture them.• Found in the inner membrane of the

thylakoid disk. (PSII or PSI)

EXTENDED RESPONSE

• 2. Compare and contrast PSII and PSI.• ALIKE: both capture photons and pass high

energy electrons to electron carriers.• Both contain chlorophyll molecules.

• DIFFERENT: PSII contains Chlor a of 680 nm and PSI contains Chlor b of 700 nm.

• 2. PSII receives e- replacement from split water when photons hit it and sends e- to Pq

• PSI receives low energy e- from Pc and then to FdNR when excited

• PSII is found first and PSI is found later in the thylakoid membrane of linear photophosphorylation

EXTENDED RESPONSE• 3. Compare chemiosmosis and ETC in

mitochondrion and chloroplasts.

Mitochondrion Chloroplasts• a. e- come from NADH

• b. e- get high potential energy from NADH (full electron carrier)

• c. e- get picked up at the end of the chain by the final e- acceptor: OXYGEN

d. Electrons passed from NADH and FADH2 down ETC, and H+ ions cross inner membrane of the mitochondrion to make ATP as the ATP Synthase turns

• e- come from split water

-Get high energy from photons from light

-e- get picked up by FdNR and then passed to NADPH

-Electrons passed down ETC and cause H+ ions to cross into the thylakoid interior and form ATP at the ATP Synthase

EXTENDED RESPONSE

• 4. How has the atmosphere changed?• The overuse of carbon dioxide from fossil fuel

emissions has cause an increase in the temperature of the earth’s atmosphere (global warming).

• The overuse of products that contained CFC’s caused a depletion of the ozone (O3 protective layer), especially over the Antarctic. The use of refrigerants, styrofoam, aerosal sprays and solvents.

• The Montreal Treaty was placed into use 1989 to ban the use of substances that contained CFC’s. This is been reducing the hole in the ozone.

• Reducing the burning of fossil fuels such as automobiles, factories, and aircraft can reduce the global warming AND BAN CFC’s to increase ozone layer.