Chapter 7 Section 4 The World of European Culture The artistic Renaissance ended when the movement...

Chapter 7 Section 4Chapter 7 Section 4The World of European CultureThe World of European Culture

The artistic Renaissance The artistic Renaissance ended when the movement ended when the movement called Mannerism emerged in called Mannerism emerged in Italy in the 1520s and 1530s.Italy in the 1520s and 1530s.

The movement fit Europe’s The movement fit Europe’s climate of the time, as people climate of the time, as people grew uncertain about worldly grew uncertain about worldly experience and wished for experience and wished for spiritual experience. spiritual experience.

Mannerism cont’dMannerism cont’d Mannerism broke down the Mannerism broke down the

High Renaissance values of High Renaissance values of balance, harmony, balance, harmony, moderation, and proportionmoderation, and proportion..

Mannerism perhaps reached Mannerism perhaps reached its height with the painter its height with the painter Domenikos TheotocopoulosDomenikos Theotocopoulos, , aka aka El Greco (”the Greek”).El Greco (”the Greek”).

View of ToledoView of ToledoBy: El GrecoBy: El Greco

Born in Crete, he eventually Born in Crete, he eventually moved to Spain.moved to Spain.

The Baroque PeriodThe Baroque Period

The baroque movement replaced The baroque movement replaced Mannerism.Mannerism.

It began in Italy at the end of the It began in Italy at the end of the sixteenth century and was sixteenth century and was adopted by the Catholic reform adopted by the Catholic reform movement.movement.

Hapsburg court buildings in MadridHapsburg court buildings in Madrid, , PraguePrague, , ViennaVienna,, and Brussels show and Brussels show this style.this style.

The Baroque PeriodThe Baroque Period Baroque artists tried to join Baroque artists tried to join

Renaissance ideals with the newly Renaissance ideals with the newly revived spiritual feelings.revived spiritual feelings.

Thus, the baroque was known for dramatic Thus, the baroque was known for dramatic effects to arouse emotions. effects to arouse emotions.

Baroque art and architecture also reflected Baroque art and architecture also reflected the seventeenth-century search for power. the seventeenth-century search for power.

Churches and palaces were magnificent and Churches and palaces were magnificent and richly detailed, giving off a sense of power.richly detailed, giving off a sense of power.


The Italian architect and sculptor Gian The Italian architect and sculptor Gian Lorenzo Bernini is perhaps the Lorenzo Bernini is perhaps the greatest figure of the baroque period. greatest figure of the baroque period.

He completed Saint Peter’s Basilica in He completed Saint Peter’s Basilica in Rome where drama and exuberance Rome where drama and exuberance mark his work. mark his work.

His wooden His wooden Throne of Saint PeterThrone of Saint Peter seems to seems to hover in midair as rays of heavenly light hover in midair as rays of heavenly light drive a mass of clouds toward the drive a mass of clouds toward the spectator.spectator.

Gian Lorenzo BerniniGian Lorenzo Bernini


The best-known female artist of The best-known female artist of the seventeenth century was the seventeenth century was Artemisia Gentileschi.Artemisia Gentileschi.

At the age of 23, she became the At the age of 23, she became the first woman elected to the first woman elected to the Florentine Academy of Design.Florentine Academy of Design.

She is best known for a series of She is best known for a series of pictures of Old Testament heroines, pictures of Old Testament heroines, especially especially Judith Beheading Judith Beheading HolofernesHolofernes..

Judith Beheading HolofernesJudith Beheading Holofernes

The Golden Age of The Golden Age of LiteratureLiterature

In both England and Spain, In both England and Spain, writing for the theater reached writing for the theater reached new heights between 1580 and new heights between 1580 and 1640.1640.

Other kinds of literature also Other kinds of literature also flourished.flourished.

England had a cultural flourishing England had a cultural flourishing during the Elizabethan Era.during the Elizabethan Era.


Most notable was the drama of the Most notable was the drama of the time, especially that of time, especially that of William William Shakespeare. Shakespeare.

Elizabethan theater was very popular Elizabethan theater was very popular and a successful business before and a successful business before Shakespeare. Shakespeare.

Shakespeare’s works were performed Shakespeare’s works were performed principally at the Globe Theater. principally at the Globe Theater.

William ShakespeareWilliam Shakespeare


The low admission charge The low admission charge allowed the lower classes to allowed the lower classes to attend, and Shakespeare had attend, and Shakespeare had to write plays pleasing to all to write plays pleasing to all classes and typesclasses and types..

Shakespeare was an actor and Shakespeare was an actor and shareholder in the acting company shareholder in the acting company the Lord Chamberlain’s Men.the Lord Chamberlain’s Men.


Shakespeare is viewed as a Shakespeare is viewed as a universal genius who universal genius who combined masterful combined masterful language skills with deep language skills with deep insight into human insight into human psychology and the human psychology and the human condition.condition.


Drama flourished in Spain as well Drama flourished in Spain as well during the sixteenth century.during the sixteenth century.

Touring companies brought the Touring companies brought the latest Spanish plays to all parts of latest Spanish plays to all parts of the Spanish Empire.the Spanish Empire.

In the 1580s, Lope de Vega In the 1580s, Lope de Vega set the standards for Spanish set the standards for Spanish playwriting.playwriting.


He wrote almost He wrote almost 1,500 plays.1,500 plays.

They are They are characterized as characterized as witty, charming, witty, charming, action-packed, action-packed, and realistic.and realistic.


Another great achievement of Another great achievement of Spain’s golden age of literature was Spain’s golden age of literature was the novel the novel Don QuixoteDon Quixote by Miguel de by Miguel de Cervantes. Cervantes.

Cervantes presents the dual nature of Cervantes presents the dual nature of the Spanish character in the novel’s two the Spanish character in the novel’s two main characters.main characters.

Don Quixote, the knight, is a visionary Don Quixote, the knight, is a visionary with lofty ideals; his fat, earthy squire, with lofty ideals; his fat, earthy squire, Sancho Panza, is a realist. Sancho Panza, is a realist.


Each comes to see the value Each comes to see the value of the other’s perspective. of the other’s perspective.

Both vision and hard work are Both vision and hard work are necessary to the human necessary to the human condition.condition.

Don Quixote and Sancho PanzaDon Quixote and Sancho Panza

Political ThoughtPolitical Thought

The seventeenth century was The seventeenth century was concerned with order and power.concerned with order and power.

These concerns are reflected in These concerns are reflected in the political philosophies of two the political philosophies of two different Englishmen.different Englishmen.


England’s revolutionary England’s revolutionary upheavals alarmed upheavals alarmed Thomas Hobbes.Thomas Hobbes.

He wrote a work on He wrote a work on political thought, political thought, LeviathanLeviathan (1651), to deal (1651), to deal with the issue of disorder. with the issue of disorder.


He claimed that before society He claimed that before society and politics, in what he called a and politics, in what he called a “state of nature,” life is brutal “state of nature,” life is brutal and violent and violent because human nature is self-because human nature is self-interested. interested.

Life is not about morals, but Life is not about morals, but self-preservation.self-preservation.


To save people from To save people from destroying one another, destroying one another, people must form a state by people must form a state by agreeing to be governed by agreeing to be governed by an absolute ruler with an absolute ruler with complete powercomplete power..

Only in this way could social Only in this way could social order be preserved.order be preserved.


John Locke wrote a political work John Locke wrote a political work called called Two Treatises of Two Treatises of GovernmentGovernment (1690). (1690).

He argued against the absolute He argued against the absolute rule of one person.rule of one person.

Locke believed that before the Locke believed that before the development of society and politics, development of society and politics, people lived in a state of freedom and people lived in a state of freedom and equality, not violence and war.equality, not violence and war.

John LockeJohn Locke


In this state people had In this state people had natural rights–rights with natural rights–rights with which people are born.which people are born.

Locke believed, however, that in Locke believed, however, that in the state of nature people had the state of nature people had trouble protecting their natural trouble protecting their natural rights.rights.

Political ThoughtPolitical Thought They agree to establish a government They agree to establish a government

to secure and protect these rights. to secure and protect these rights. The contract between people and The contract between people and

government establishes mutual government establishes mutual obligations. obligations.

People should be reasonable towards People should be reasonable towards government, and government should government, and government should protect the people’s rights. protect the people’s rights.

If the contract is broken, people have If the contract is broken, people have a right to overthrow the government.a right to overthrow the government.


Locke’s ideas were important to the Locke’s ideas were important to the American and French Revolutions.American and French Revolutions.

They were used to support demands for They were used to support demands for constitutional government, the rule of constitutional government, the rule of law, and the protection of rights. law, and the protection of rights.

Locke’s ideas are found in the Locke’s ideas are found in the American Declaration of American Declaration of Independence and the United Independence and the United States Constitution.States Constitution.

ReviewReview

1) Who wrote Don 1) Who wrote Don Quixote? Quixote?

2) Who is Thomas 2) Who is Thomas Hobbes?Hobbes?

3) Who is John Locke? 3) Who is John Locke?

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