CHAPTER 7 REFERENCES - Amazon Web Servicescnmimarines.s3.amazonaws.com/static/DraftEIS/Chapter 7 -...

CJMT EIS/OEIS Chapter 7 April 2015 Draft Table of Contents

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CHAPTER 7 REFERENCES

Table of Contents

CHAPTER 7 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................ I

ES.1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................ 7‐1

7.1 CHAPTER 1 .......................................................................................................................... 7‐2

7.2 CHAPTER 2 .......................................................................................................................... 7‐3

7.3 CHAPTER 3 .......................................................................................................................... 7‐5

7.4 CHAPTER 4 ........................................................................................................................ 7‐37

7.5 CHAPTER 5 ........................................................................................................................ 7‐57

7.6 CHAPTER 6 ........................................................................................................................ 7‐60

CJMT EIS/OEIS Chapter 7 April 2015 Draft Table of Contents

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CJMT EIS/OEIS Chapter 7 April 2015 Draft References

7-1

CHAPTER 7 REFERENCES

ES.1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Department of Defense. (2010). Quadrennial Defense Review Report. Washington, D.C. Retrieved from

http://www.cnmijointmilitarytrainingeis.com/system/assets/1/original/qdr_as_of_26jan10_0700.pdf

?1362673871

Department of Defense. (2014). Quadrennial Defense Review Report. Washington, D.C. DoN. (2010a).

Record of Decision for Mariana Islands Range Complex Training (p. 63). July 20.

DoN. (2010a). Record of Decision for Mariana Islands Range Complex Training (p. 63). July 20.

DoN. (2010b). Final Environmental Impact Statement. Guam and CNMI Military Relocation – Relocating

Marines from Okinawa, Visiting Aircraft Carrier Berthing, and Army Air and Missile Defense Task

Force. Prepared by TEC-AECOM Pacific Joint Venture for Naval Facilities Engineering Command,

Pacific. Retrieved from http://www.guambuildupeis.us/documents

DoN. (2013a). Training Needs Assessment: An Assessment of Current Training Ranges and Supporting

Facilities in the U.S. Pacific Command Area of Responsibility. Prepared by TEC-AECOM Pacific Joint

Venture for Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Pacific. Retrieved from

http://www.cnmijointmilitarytrainingeis.com/system/assets/5/original/dtp_eis_tna_03082013.pdf?1

362969550

DoN. (2013b). Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Joint Military Training Requirements and

Siting Study. Revised. Pearl Harbor, HI: Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Pacific. Retrieved from

http://www.cnmijointmilitarytrainingeis.com/system/assets/6/original/cjmt_siting_study__as_of_17

25_8_mar_2013_.pdf?1362969628

DoN. (2014). Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Joint Military Training Concept of

Operations (aka CONOPs) V4. Pearl Harbor, HI: Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Pacific.

DoN and Department of the Army. (2010). Record of Decision. Final Environmental Impact Statement.

Guam and CNMI Military Relocation – Relocating Marines from Okinawa, Visiting Aircraft Carrier

Berthing, and Army Air and Missile Defense Task Force. Retrieved from

http://www.guambuildupeis.us/documents/record_of_decision/Guam_Record_Of_Decision_FINAL.p

df

Institute for Defense Analyses. (2009, October). DoD Training in the Pacific Study: Needs, Capacities and

Options for the Future. Requirements and Funding for an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) in FY

11.

Security Consultative Committee. (2012). Joint Statement of the Security Consultative Committee (No.

315-12).


7-2

7.1 CHAPTER 1 Department of Defense. (1999). Military Training in the Marianas Final EIS and Record of Decision.

Retrieved from

http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA365368 (FEIS) and

http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-1999-08-18/html/99-21375.htm (ROD)

DoN. (2010a). Mariana Islands Range Complex Final Environmental Impact Statement/Overseas

Environmental Impact Statement. Pearl Harbor, HI: Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Pacific.

Retrieved from https://mircairspaceea.com/DocumentsandReferences/Documents.aspx









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25_8_mar_2013_.pdf?1362969628

DoN. (2013c). Mariana Islands Range Complex Airspace Final EA/OEA. Honolulu, HI: Naval Facilities

Engineering Command, Pacific. Retrieved from

https://mircairspaceea.com/Portals/MIRCAirspaceEA/mircea/Documents/MIRC_FINAL_EA_JUNE_20

13.pdf

DoN. (2013d). Final Scoping Summary Report. Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Island Joint

Military Training Environmental Impact Statement/Overseas Environmental Impact Statement. Pearl

Harbor, HI: Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Pacific. Retrieved from

http://www.cnmijointmilitarytrainingeis.com/system/assets/52/original/cjmt_scoping_summ_rpt__j

uly_2013____report_only.pdf

DoN. (2014). Draft Guam and CNMI Military Relocation Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement.

Prepared by TEC-AECOM Pacific Joint Venture for Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Pacific.

Federal Aviation Administration. (2006a). FAA Order JO 1050.1E. Environmental Impacts: Policies and

Procedures. U.S. Department of Transportation. Retrieved from

http://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/orders_notices/index.cfm/go/document.current/document

Number/1050.1


7-3

Federal Aviation Administration. (2006b). FAA Order JO 5050.4B. National Environmental Policy Act

(NEPA) Implementing Instructions for Airport Projects. U.S. Department of Transportation. Retrieved

from

http://www.faa.gov/airports/resources/publications/orders/environmental_5050_4/media/5050-

4B_complete.pdf

Federal Aviation Administration. (2012). FAA Order JO 7400.2J. Procedures for Handling Airspace

Matters. U.S. Department of Transportation. Retrieved from

http://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/orders_notices/index.cfm/go/document.information/docu

mentID/928963

Northern Mariana Islands. (1975a, February 15). Covenant to Establish a Commonwealth of the Northern

Mariana Islands in Political Union with the United States of America. National Legislative Bodies.

Retrieved from http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b54e4.html

Northern Mariana Islands. (1975b, February 15). Technical Agreement Regarding Use of Land to Be

Leased by the United States in the Northern Mariana Islands. National Legislative Bodies.

Obama, B. (2011). Remarks By President Obama to the Australian Parliament.

Obama, B. (2014, November 15). Remarks by President Obama at the University of Queensland | The

White House. Retrieved January 9, 2015, from http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-

office/2014/11/15/remarks-president-obama-university-queensland

Pacific Air Forces. (2006). Environmental Impact Statement. Establishment and Operation of Intelligence

Reconnaissance (ISR) and Strike Capability at Andersen AFB. Hickam Air Force Base, HI: Pacific Air

Forces. Retrieved from

http://www.agriculturedefensecoalition.org/sites/default/files/file/us_air_force/214A_2006_US_Air

_Force_Final_EIS_Establishment_Operation_Intelligence_Surveillance_Reconnaissance_Strike_Capab

ility_Andersen_AFB_Guam_Vol_1_NOV_2006.pdf

Security Consultative Committee. (2012). Joint Statement of the Security Consultative Committee (No.

315-12).

Security Consultative Committee. (2013). Joint Statement of the Security Consultative Committee

Toward a More Robust Alliance and Greater Shared Responsibilities.

7.2 CHAPTER 2 Department of Defense. (2005). Department of Defense Instruction Operational Range Assessments.

Directive 4715.14. Retrieved from http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/471514p.pdf

DoN. (2005). Marine Corps Order P3550.10 W/CH 1, Policies and Procedures for Range and Training Area

(RTA) Management. Department of the Navy, Headquarters United States Marine Corps. Retrieved

from http://www.marines.mil/Portals/59/Publications/MCO%20P3550.10%20W%20CH%201.pdf

DoN. (2010a). OPNAV Instruction 3500.39C, Operational Risk Management. Washington, D.C.: Office of

the Chief of Naval Operations and Headquarters United States Marine Corps. Retrieved from

http://doni.daps.dla.mil/Directives/03000%20Naval%20Operations%20and%20Readiness/03-

500%20Training%20and%20Readiness%20Services/3500.39C.pdf


7-4

DoN. (2010b). Record of Decision for Mariana Islands Range Complex Training (p. 63). July 20.

DoN. (2010c). Mariana Islands Range Complex Final Environmental Impact Statement/Overseas



DoN. (2010d). Final Environmental Impact Statement. Guam and CNMI Military Relocation – Relocating




DoN. (2011). Marine Corps Order 3500.27B, Logistics Training and Readiness Manual. Department of the

Navy, Headquarters United States Marine Corps. Retrieved from

http://www.marines.mil/Portals/59/Publications/NAVMC%203500.27B.pdf

DoN. (2012). Marine Corps Order 3570.1C / AR 385-63, Range Safety. Headquarters Department of the

Army, Headquarters United States Marine Corps. Retrieved from

http://www.marines.mil/Portals/59/Publications/MCO%203570_1C.pdf

DoN. (2013a). Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Joint Military Training Requirements and



25_8_mar_2013_.pdf?1362969628

DoN. (2013b). Training Needs Assessment: An Assessment of Current Training Ranges and Supporting




362969550

DoN. (2014a). Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Joint Military Training Concept of


DoN. (2014b). Draft Version 2 Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Joint Military Training

Transportation Study. Pearl Harbor, HI: Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Pacific.

DoN. (2014c). Version 1 Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Joint Military Training

Unconstrained Training Concept for Tinian and Pagan. Pearl Harbor, HI: Naval Facilities Engineering

Command, Pacific.

DoN. (2014d). Draft Version 2 Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Joint Military Training

Security Study. Pearl Harbor, HI: Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Pacific.





df


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7.3 CHAPTER 3

7.3.1 Introduction

No references cited.

7.3.2 Geology and Soils

Banks, N. G., Koyanagi, R. Y., Sinton, J. M., & Honma, K. T. (1984). The eruption of Mount Pagan volcano,

Mariana Islands, 15 May 1981. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 22(3-4), 225–269.

Corwin, G., Bonham, L. D., Terman, M. J., & Viele, G. W. (1957). Military geology of Pagan, Mariana

Islands. Prepared under the direction of the Chief of Engineers, U.S. Army by the Intelligence Division,

Office of the Engineer Headquarters Unites States Army Japan with personnel of the United States

Geological Survey. Retrieved from http://www.lib.muohio.edu/multifacet/record/mu3ugb1697610

Cruz, J., Arriola, L., Johnson, N., & Beauprez, G. (2000). Wildlife and Vegetation Surveys, Pagan 2000 (No.

7). Lower Base, Saipan: CNMI Division of Fish and Wildlife, Wildlife Section. Retrieved from

http://www.dfw.gov.mp/Downloads/Technical%20Reports/Tech%20Rpt%207%20-

%20Pagan%202000%20reduced%20size.pdf

Ding, Y. C. & Wilson, J. W. (2007). A Report on the Estimated Reserves and Quality of the Pozzolan

Deposits on North Pagan Island, Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands. Prepared for the

Secretary, Department of Public Lands, Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands. Retrieved from

http://www.dpl.gov.mp/new/pagan/Site/Department_of_Public_Lands_files/Phase_1_Final_Rpt_for

_CNMI_5_15_07.pdf

Doan, D. B., Burke, H. W., May, H. G., & Stensland, C. H. (1960). Military geology of Tinian, Mariana


Office of the Engineer Headquarters Unites States Army Pacific with personnel of the United States

Geological Survey. Retrieved from http://search.library.cornell.edu/catalog/5099117

Gingerich, S. B. (2002). Geohydrology and Numerical Simulation of Alternative Pumping Distributions and

the Effects of Drought on the Ground-Water Flow System of Tinian, Commonwealth of the Northern

Mariana Islands (No. 02-4077) (p. 46). Honolulu, HI: Prepared by the United States Geological Survey

in cooperation with the Commonwealth Utilities Corporation, Commonwealth of the Northern

Mariana Islands. Retrieved from http://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri02-4077/

Hotovec, A. J., Prejean, S. G., Vidale, J. E., & Gomberg, J. (2013). Strongly gliding harmonic tremor during

the 2009 eruption of Redoubt Volcano. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 259, 89–99.

Islam, M. Z. (2005). Minimizing Karst Related Risks in Highway Construction. In Geotechnical Engineering

for Disaster Mitigation and Rehabilitation. Retrieved from

http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Minimizing+karst+related+risks+in+highway+construction.-

a0155784180


7-6

Kessler, C. C. (2011). Status of Feral Ungulates on Pagan Island, CNMI. In Marianas Expedition Wildlife

Survey 2010: Terrestrial Resource Surveys of Pagan, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands.

Pearl Harbor, HI: Prepared by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office,

Honolulu, HI for U.S. Marine Corps and Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Pacific. Retrieved

from

http://www.cnmijointmilitarytrainingeis.com/system/assets/44/original/12_feral_ungulates___paga

n.pdf?1367959678

Muckel, G. B. (2004). Understanding Soil Risks and Hazards: Using Soil Survey to Identify Areas with Risks

and Hazards to Human Life and Property. Lincoln, NE: United States Department of Agriculture,

Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center. Retrieved from

http://www.nature.nps.gov/geology/soils/Understanding%20Soil%20Risks%20and%20Hazards.pdf

Mueller, C. S., Haller, K. M., Luco, N., Petersen, M. D., & Frankel, A. D. (2013). Seismic Hazard Assessment

for Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands (No. Open File Report 2012-2015). U.S. Geological

Survey. Retrieved from http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ofr20121015

Oregon State University. (n.d.). Volcano Sounds. Retrieved January 2, 2015, from

http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/book/export/html/385

Pangelinan, J. B. & Kapileo, R. I. (1970). Pagan Island Land Use Proposals. Branch of Land Resources,

Mariana Islands District Land Management Office.

Quick, J. E. (n.d.). Volcano Hazards and Monitoring in the CNMI. Mariana Volcanoes. Southern Methodist

University.

Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History. (2014). Global Volcanism Program USGS

Weekly Volcanic Activity Report. Retrieved January 2, 2015, from

http://www.volcano.si.edu/reports_weekly.cfm

Stafford, K. W., Mylroie, J. E., & Jenson, J. B. (2004). Karst geology of Aguijan and Tinian, Commonwealth

of the Northern Mariana Islands cave inventory and structural analysis of development (No. Water

and Energy Research Institute Technical Report #106). Retrieved from

http://www.weriguam.org/reports/item/karst-geology-of-aguijan-and-tiniancnmi-cave-inventory-

and-structural-analysis-of-development.html

Stafford, K. W., Mylroie, J. E., Jenson, J. B., & Taborosi, D. (2005). Karst development on Tinian,

Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands: Controls on dissolution in relation to the Carbonate

Island Karst Model. Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, 67(1), 14–27.

The International Volcanic Health Hazard Network. (n.d.). Volcanic gas guidelines. Retrieved January 2,

2015, from http://www.ivhhn.org/images/pdf/gas_guidelines.pdf

Trusdell, F. A., Moore, R. B., & Sako, M. K. (2006). Preliminary Geologic Map of Mount Pagan Volcano,

Pagan Island, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (No. Open-File Report 2006-1386).

Prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey and in cooperation with the Emergency Management Office,

Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. Retrieved from

http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1386/


7-7

U.S. Geological Survey. (2013, September 10). Guam Earthquake Information. Retrieved from

http://earthquake.usgs.gov/

U.S. Geological Survey. (2014). Volcano Hazards Program. Retrieved June 2, 2014, from

http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/hazards/index.php

Uslu, B., Eble, M., Arcas, D., & Titov, V. (2013). NOAA OAR Special Report Tsunami Hazard Assessment

Special Series: Vol. 3. Tsunami hazard assessment of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana

Islands. Seattle: Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory. Retrieved from

http://nctr.pmel.noaa.gov/hazard_assessment_reports/H03_CNMI_3949_lowres.pdf

Young, F. L. (1989). Soil Survey of the Islands of Aguijan, Rota, Saipan, and Tinian, Commonwealth of the

Northern Mariana Islands. United States Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service.

7.3.3 Water Resources

AECOS, Inc. and Wil Chee Planning, Inc. (2009). Final Guam and Tinian Wetlands Inventory. Honolulu, HI.

Army Corps of Engineers. (2003). Final Water Infrastructure Development Plan for the Island of Tinian,

Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. Honolulu, HI: Prepared by Belt Collins Hawaii Ltd.

Athens, S. J. (2009). Final Archaeological Surveys and Cultural Resources Studies on Guam and the

Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands in Support of the Joint Guam Build-Up

Environmental Impact Statement Volume III-I: Tinian Narrative Report and Volume II-I: Saipan,

Saigan, and Pagan Narrative Report. Prepared by International Archaeological Research Institute Inc.

Bearden, B., Castro, F., Houk, P., & Chambers, D. (2010). Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana

Islands Integrated 305(b) and 303(d) Water Quality Assessment Report. Division of Water Quality.

Bearden, B., Chambers, D., & Okano, R. (2012). Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands

Integrated 305(b) and 303(d) Water Quality Assessment Report. Division of Water Quality.

Brainard, R. E. (2012). Coral Reef Ecosystem Monitoring Report of the Mariana Archipelago: 2003 to

2007. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries, Pacific Islands Fisheries Science

Center. Retrieved from

http://www.pifsc.noaa.gov/cred/hmapping/monitoring_report_mariana_archipelago_2003-

2007/index.php

CNMI Office of Transition Studies and Planning. (1978). Physical Development Master Plan for the

Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (No. Vol. 3 Tinian & Vol. 5 Pagan). Prepared by

Pacific Planning and Design Consultants.

Commander, U.S. Naval Forces Marianas. (2004). Integrated Natural Resources Management Plan:

Farallon de Medinilla and Tinian Military Lease Areas, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana

Islands. Fiscal Years 2004 to 2012. Prepared by Helber, Hastert and Fee, Planners.






7-8





DoN. (1997). Military Lease Area Tinian Natural Resources Management Plan (pp. C–15). Fish and

Wildlife Section.

DoN. (2010a). Update of Integrated Natural Resources Management Plans for Navy Leased Lands on

Tinian and Farallon de Medinilla, Plan Years 2010-2015. Hagåtña, Guam: Prepared by SWCA

Environmental Consultants.





DoN. (2013a). Final Wetlands Management Plan for the Mariana Common Moorhen, Tinian Military

Lease Area, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (December). Pearl Harbor, HI: Naval

Facilities Engineering Command, Pacific.

DoN. (2013b). Final Scoping Summary Report. Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Island Joint


Harbor, HI: Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Pacific. Retrieved from

http://www.cnmijointmilitarytrainingeis.com/system/assets/52/original/cjmt_scoping_summ_rpt__j

uly_2013____report_only.pdf

DoN. (2014). Final Coral Marine Resources Survey Report in Support of the Commonwealth of the

Northern Mariana Islands Joint Military Training Environmental Impact Statement/Overseas

Environmental Impact Statement. Prepared by Tetra Tech for Naval Facilities Engineering Command,

Pacific.






Polhemus, P. A. (2010). Marine and Freshwater Insect Surveys on Pagan Island, Northern Mariana

Islands. Final Report. In Marianas Expedition Wildlife Surveys 2010: Terrestrial Resource Surveys of

Pagan, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. Honolulu, HI: Prepared by U.S. Fish and

Wildlife Service, Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office, Honolulu, HI for U.S. Marine Corps and Naval


U.S. Department of Agriculture. (1994). Island Resource Study. Tinian, Commonwealth of the Northern

Mariana Islands. United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service.


7-9

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (1976). Quality Criteria for Water. Washington, D.C. Retrieved

from

http://water.epa.gov/scitech/swguidance/standards/criteria/current/upload/2009_01_13_criteria_r

edbook.pdf

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2014). Regional Screening Level (RSL) Summary Table (TR=1E-6,

HQ=1) May 2014. Washington, D.C. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/reg3hwmd/risk/human/rb-

concentration_table/Generic_Tables/docs/master_sl_table_run_MAY2014.pdf

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. (1996). Characteristics of Mariana Common Moorhens and Wetland

Habitats within the U.S. Department of the Navy’s Military Lease Area and Exclusive Military Use Area

on the Island of Tinian, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, July 1994 - August 1995.

Honolulu, HI: Prepared by Division of Ecological Services Pacific Islands Ecoregion, Honolulu, HI for

Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Pacific.

U.S. Geological Survey. (2014). National Water Information System: Web Interface - Pagan. Retrieved

September 10, 2014, from

http://waterdata.usgs.gov/hi/nwis/inventory?search_station_nm=pagan&search_station_nm_match

_type=anywhere&format=station_list&group_key=NONE&list_of_search_criteria=search_station_n

m

Wenninger, P. (2012). Tinian Military Lease Area Wetland Management Plan, Naval Base Guam.

7.3.4 Air Quality

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2013). Sources of Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Retrieved

September 25, 2013, from http://epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/sources.html

U.S. Geological Survey. (2013). Volcano Information: Pagan. Retrieved September 18, 2013, from

http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/about/volcanoes/nmi/pagan.php

7.3.5 Noise

Air Force. (2012). Draft Environmental Impact Statement for Divert Activities and Exercises, Guam and


http://pacafdivertmarianaseis.com/docs.html

Army. (2003). Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratories, SARNAM Computer Model, Version

2.6.2003-06-06.

Army. (2007). Environmental Protection and Enhancement. Army Regulation 200-1. Retrieved from

http://www.rubiconplanning.com/ar-200-1.html

Army. (2009). Construction Engineering Research Laboratories, BNOISE2 Computer Model, Version 2009-

11-30.

Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventative Medicine. (2006). How does the Department of

Defense assess noise and its impacts? Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: U.S. Army Public Health

Command, Operational Noise Program.


7-10

Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventative Medicine. (2009). Operational Noise Consultation.

Operational Noise Contours Proposed Range Development Guam and Tinian (No. 52-ON-0BVU-09).

Commonwealth Department of Public Works. (2008). Comprehensive Highway Master Plan Study 2008.

San Diego, CA: Prepared by Parsons Brinckerhoff.

Czech, J. J. & Plotkin, K. J. (1998). NMAP 7.0 User’s Manual. Wyle Research Report WR 98-13. Wyle

Laboratories Inc. Retrieved from http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a223162.pdf

DoN. (2008a). OPNAV Instruction 3550.1A, Marine Corps Order 3550.11, Range Air Installations

Compatible Use Zones (RAICUZ) Program. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Naval Operations

and Headquarters United States Marine Corps. Retrieved from

http://community.marines.mil/news/publications/Documents/MCO%203550.11.pdf

DoN. (2008b). OPNAV Instruction 11010.36C, Air Installations Compatible Use Zones (AICUZ) Program.

Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Naval Operations and Headquarters United States Marine

Corps. Retrieved from

http://doni.daps.dla.mil/Directives/11000%20Facilities%20and%20Land%20Management%20Ashore

/11-00%20Facilities%20and%20Activities%20Ashore%20Support/11010.36C.pdf

Federal Aviation Administration. (2013). Airport Master Record FAA Form 5010-1, Tinian International

Airport.

Federal Aviation Administration. (2014). Nfdc Facilities. Retrieved from

http://www.faa.gov/airports/airport_safety/airportdata_5010/menu/

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (1978). Protective Noise Levels (No. 550/9-79-100). Washington,

D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Noise Abatement & Control. Retrieved from

http://soundmask.us/epa_noise.html

7.3.6 Airspace

Air Force Center for Engineering and the Environment and Pacific Air Forces. (2012). Aeronautical Study

in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI) (No. Contract No. FA8903-08-D-8771,

Task Order 0159). Prepared by HDR. Retrieved from http://www.guambuildupeis.us/documents

Commonwealth Ports Authority. (2008). Pagan Airstrip Master Plan. Saipan, MP: EFC Engineers &

Architects Corporation.

DoN. (2010). Final Environmental Impact Statement. Guam and CNMI Military Relocation – Relocating




DoN. (2011). Final Feasibility Assessment for the Establishment of Special Use Airspace for Marine Corps

Training Activities on the Islands of Guam, Tinian, and Pagan.

DoN. (2013a). Department of Defense Responsibilities on Federal Aviation. Directive 5030.19. Retrieved

from http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/503019p.pdf

DoN. (2013b). COMNAV Instruction 3500.4A, Marianas Training Manual. Joint Region Marianas.


7-11

DoN. (2013c). Mariana Islands Range Complex Airspace Final EA/OEA. Honolulu, HI: Naval Facilities



13.pdf

Federal Aviation Administration. (2006a). FAA Order JO 1050.1E. Environmental Impacts: Policies and

Procedures. U.S. Department of Transportation. Retrieved from


Number/1050.1

Federal Aviation Administration. (2006b). FAA Order JO 5050.4B. National Environmental Policy Act

(NEPA) Implementing Instructions for Airport Projects. U.S. Department of Transportation. Retrieved

from

http://www.faa.gov/airports/resources/publications/orders/environmental_5050_4/media/5050-

4B_complete.pdf

Federal Aviation Administration. (2014a). Oakland Oceanic Controlled Airspace / Flight Information

Region (OCA/FIR). Retrieved from

http://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ato/service_units/air_traffic_services/ar

tcc/oakland/kzak/media/Oakland_Oceanic_Airspace.pdf

Federal Aviation Administration. (2014b). Pilot/Controller Glossary.

Federal Aviation Administration. (2014c). FAA Order JO 7400.2K. Procedures for Handling Airspace

Matters. U.S. Department of Transportation. Retrieved from


Number/7400.2

Federal Aviation Administration. (2014d). Airport Master Record. Tinian International Airport.

Federal Aviation Administration and the Department of Defense. (2005). FAA/DOD Memorandum of

Understanding.

FlightStats. (2014). Flight Status Information. Retrieved from

http://www.flightstats.com/go/FlightStatus/flightStatusByFlight.do

Skyvector. (2013). Aeronautical Charts. Retrieved from http://skyvector.com/search/site/marianas

7.3.7 Land Use and Submerged Land Use

CNMI Coastal Resources Management Office. (2014). Description of CRM APCs. Commonwealth of the

Northern Mariana Islands Coastal Resources Management Office. Retrieved June 4, 2014, from

http://www.crm.gov.mp/sec.asp?secID=18

CNMI Department of Public Lands. (2009). Geographic Information System files for Tinian land use.

Provided by Duenas & Associates in March with updates in October 2009, as authorized by

Department of Public Lands on March 10, 2009 via email.

CNMI Department of Public Lands. (2013a). Pagan Island Potential Land Use Plan Options A-C (Exhibits L-

N).


7-12

CNMI Department of Public Lands. (2013b). Tinian Land Classification as of Fiscal Year 2013.




Coastal Resources Management Office. (2008). Coastal and Estuarine Land Conservation Plan for the


http://coastalmanagement.noaa.gov/land/media/celcpplancnmifinal.pdf




Commonwealth Zoning Board. (2013, July 15). Saipan Zoning Districts. Commonwealth of the Northern

Mariana Islands. Retrieved from http://www.zoning.gov.mp/sec.asp?secID=6

DoN. (2008, July 29). CNMI Lease Overview.

DoN. (2010). Mariana Islands Range Complex Final Environmental Impact Statement/Overseas



DoN. (2013). Final International Broadcasting Bureau/Voice of America Tinian Transmitter Station

Requirements Study. Pearl Harbor, HI: Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Pacific.

DoN. (2014a). Preliminary Draft V1 Socioeconomic Impact Assessment Study in Support of the

Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Joint Military Training Environmental Impact

Statement/ Overseas Environmental Impact Statement. Pearl Harbor, HI: Naval Facilities Engineering

Command, Pacific.


Noise Study. Pearl Harbor, HI: Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Pacific.

Fifteenth (15th) Northern Marianas Commonwealth Legislature. (2007). Regarding the Approval of the

Northern Marianas Constitution of a Lease Agreement between Department of Public Lands and

Marianas Resort Development Company, Inc. (No. 15-4).

Marianas Public Land Corporation. (1989). CNMI Public Land Use Plan. Prepared by Duenas & Swavely,

Incorporated.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (1980). Final Environmental Impact Statement and

Proposed Coastal Resources Management Program for the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana

Islands. Office of Coastal Zone Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.







7-13

Obama, B. (2014, January 15). Presidential Proclamation -- Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana

Islands | The White House. Retrieved February 10, 2014, from http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-

press-office/2014/01/15/presidential-proclamation-commonwealth-northern-mariana-islands

U.S. Commander Pacific Fleet. (1999). Final Environmental Impact Statement Military Training in the

Marianas. Prepared by Belt Collins.

Zotomayor, A. V. (2015, January 13). Tinian leaseback agreement extended to 2016. Marianas Variety.

Retrieved from http://www.mvariety.com/cnmi/cnmi-news/local/72773-tinian

7.3.8 Recreation




DoN. (2014). Preliminary Draft V2 Socioeconomic Impact Assessment Study in Support of the



Command, Pacific.

Mariana Visitors Authority. (2012). Northern Mariana Islands Tourism Master Plan for 2012-2016.

Mariana Visitors Authority. (2014). What to do – Sites – Marianas Visitors Authority: Saipan, Tinian,

Rota. Retrieved from http://www.mymarianas.com/wtd_dtl.asp?secID=30&wtdID=5#list

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (2012). Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana

Islands as a Fishing Community. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine

Fisheries Service, Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center.

National Park Service. (2001). Special Study North Field Historic District Tinian Commonwealth of the

Northern Mariana Islands. U.S. Department of the Interior.

Ogumoro, J. T. & Torres, W. S. (2014). The Northern Islands, and ecotourism dream. Retrieved from

http://cnminorthernislands.com/eco.html

Saipan Tribune. (2013). Bottom fishing derby on Tinian tomorrow. Saipan Tribune. Retrieved from

http://www.saipantribune.com/newsstory.aspx?newsID=152278

Saipan Tribune. (2014a). Hot pepper fest to spice up Tinian island Feb. 15-16. Saipan Tribune. Retrieved

from http://www.saipantribune.com/newsstory.aspx?cat=1&newsID=153200

Saipan Tribune. (2014b). Preparations now underway for Tinian’s San Jose Fiesta. Saipan Tribune.

Retrieved from http://www.saipantribune.com/newsstory.aspx?cat=1&newsID=153935

Silversea Expeditions. (2012). Voyage Itinerary Aboard the Silver Explorer: The Volcanic Islands of Japan

& The Mariana Arch.

Tinian Dynasty. (2013). About Tinian – Beaches. Retrieved September 16, 2013, from http://tinian-

dynasty.com/tinian_beaches.asp


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7.3.9 Terrestrial Biology

Adams, A. A. Y., Stanford, J. W., Reed, R. N., & Rodda, G. H. (2010). Non-volant Small Mammals of Pagan

Island, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. Prepared by U.S. Geological Survey, Fort

Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, CO. In Marianas Expedition Wildlife Surveys 2010: Terrestrial

Resource Surveys of Pagan, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. Pearl Harbor, HI:

Prepared by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office, Honolulu, HI for

USMC and Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Pacific. Retrieved from

http://www.cnmijointmilitarytrainingeis.com/system/assets/43/original/11_small_mammals___pag

an.pdf?1367959646

AECOS, Inc. and Wil Chee Planning, Inc. (2009). Final Guam and Tinian Wetlands Inventory. Honolulu, HI.

Amidon, F. (2009). Vegetation Surveys on Tinian and Aguiguan. In Terrestrial Resource Surveys of Tinian

and Aguiguan, Mariana Islands, 2008 – Final Report (pp. 8–18). Pearl Harbor, HI: Prepared by U.S.

Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office for Marine Forces Pacific and Naval

Facilities Engineering Command Pacific. Retrieved from

http://www.cnmijointmilitarytrainingeis.com/system/assets/31/original/usfws__2009__final_terrest

rial_res_surveys_of_tinian___aguiguan.pdf?1367958992

Amidon, F., Marshall, A., & Kessler, C. (2011). Status of the Micronesian Megapode in the

Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. In Marianas Expedition Wildlife Surveys 2010:

Terrestrial Resource Surveys of Pagan, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. Pearl Harbor,

HI: Prepared by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office, Honolulu, HI for

U.S. Marine Corps and Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Pacific. Retrieved from

http://www.cnmijointmilitarytrainingeis.com/system/assets/40/original/8_micronesian_megapodes

___cnmi.pdf?1367959522

Berger, G. M., Gourley, J., & Shroer, G. (2005). Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy for the

Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. Portland, OR: Prepared by CNMI Department of

Lands and Natural Resources, Division of Fish and Wildlife for National Advisory Acceptance Team,

Migratory Birds and State Programs, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

Brooke, A. (2009). Mariana Fruit Bat on Tinian and Aguiguan. In Terrestrial Resource Surveys of Tinian

and Aguiguan, Mariana Islands, 2008 – Final Report (pp. 269–272). Pearl Harbor, HI: Prepared by U.S.

Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office for Marine Forces Pacific and Naval

Facilities Engineering Command Pacific. Retrieved from



Brooke, A. (2012). Conservation and Management of Micronesian Cycads, Navy leased Land, Tinian.

Guam: Joint Region Marianas. Retrieved from http://www.uaf.edu/files/snras/cesu/Amendment-1-

Tinian-CESU-RSOI.pdf

Brown Treesnake Technical Working Group. (2009). Draft Brown Treesnake Control Plan.

Camp, R. J., Amidon, F. A., Marshall, A. P., & Pratt, T. K. (2012). Bird populations on the island of Tinian:

Persistence despite wholesale loss of native forests. Pacific Science, 66, 283–298.


7-15

Camp, R. J., Pratt, T. K., Amidon, F. A., Marshall, A. P., Kremer, S., & Laut, M. (2009). Status and Trends of

the Land Bird Avifauna on Tinian and Aguiguan, Mariana Islands. In Terrestrial Resource Surveys of

Tinian and Aguiguan, Mariana Islands, 2008 – Final Report. Appendix 3.1. Pearl Harbor, HI: Prepared

by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office for Marine Forces Pacific and

Naval Facilities Engineering Command Pacific. Retrieved from



Carpenter, K. E. & Niem, V. H. (Eds.). (1998). Gecarcinidae – Land Crabs. In FAO Species Identification

Guide for Fishery Purposes: The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Pacific. Volume 2:

Cephalopods, Crustaceans, Holothurians and Sharks. Rome: United Nations.

Center for Biological Diversity. (2013). Petition to List the Tinian Monarch (Monarcha takatsukasae) as

Threatened or Endangered under the Endangered Species Act. Retrieved from

http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/species/birds/Tinian_monarch/pdfs/Tinian_Monarch_Petition.pd

f




Costion, C. M. & Lorence, D. H. (2012). The endemic plants of Micronesia: A geographical checklist and

commentary. Micronesica, 43(1), 51–100.

Cruz, J., Arriola, L., Johnson, N., & Beauprez, G. (2000). Wildlife and Vegetation Surveys, Pagan 2000 (No.

7). Lower Base, Saipan: CNMI Division of Fish and Wildlife, Wildlife Section. Retrieved from

http://www.dfw.gov.mp/Downloads/Technical%20Reports/Tech%20Rpt%207%20-

%20Pagan%202000%20reduced%20size.pdf

DoN. (1997). Natural Resources Management Plan Military Lease Area, Tinian. Pearl Harbor, HI: Pacific

Division Naval Facilities Engineering Command.

DoN. (2010a). Update of Integrated Natural Resources Management Plans for Navy Leased Lands on

Tinian and Farallon de Medinilla, Plan Years 2010-2015. Hagatna, Guam: Prepared by SWCA


DoN. (2010b). Annual Report for Biological Opinion for the Mariana Islands Range Complex, Guam and

the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands 2010-2015 (2009-F-0345). Pearl Harbor, HI:

Prepared by Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Pacific and Naval Facilities Engineering Command

Marianas.

DoN. (2011). Annual Report for Biological Opinion for the Mariana Islands Range Complex (MIRC), Guam

and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands 2010-2015 (2009-F-0345), 1 SEP 2010 – 1

SEP 2011. Pearl Harbor, HI: Prepared by Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Pacific and Naval

Facilities Engineering Command Marianas.


7-16

DoN. (2012). Annual Report for Biological Opinion for the Mariana Islands Range Complex (MIRC), Guam

and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands 2010-2015 (2009-F-0345), 01 October 2011

– 30 September 2012. Pearl Harbor, HI: Prepared by Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Pacific

and Naval Facilities Engineering Command Marianas.

DoN. (2013a). Final Integrated Natural Resources Management Plan, Joint Region Marianas (December).

DoN. (2013b). Final Wetlands Management Plan for the Mariana Common Moorhen, Tinian Military

Lease Area, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (December). Pearl Harbor, HI: Naval


DoN. (2013c). Annual Report for Biological Opinion for the Mariana Islands Range Complex (MIRC),

Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands 2010-2015 (2009-F-0345), 01

October 2012 – 30 September 2013. Pearl Harbor, HI: Prepared by Naval Facilities Engineering

Command, Pacific and Naval Facilities Engineering Command Marianas.

DoN. (2014a). Final Survey Report. Terrestrial Biological Surveys on Tinian in Support of the


Statement/Overseas Environmental Impact Statement (July). Pearl Harbor, HI: Naval Facilities

Engineering Command, Pacific.

DoN. (2014b). Draft V3 Survey Report for Terrestrial Biological Surveys on Tinian in Support of the


Statement/Overseas Environmental Impact Statement (May). Pearl Harbor, HI: Naval Facilities


DoN. (2014c). Final (Version 3) Sea Turtle Marine Resources Survey Report in Support of the


Statement/Overseas Environmental Impact Statement (March). Pearl Harbor, HI: Naval Facilities


DoN. (2014d). Mariana Common Moorhen Surveys of the Bateha and Mahalang Wetlands, MLA, Tinian

(June). Guam: Prepared by PCR Environmental, Inc. for Naval Facilities Engineering Command

Marianas.

Evenhuis, N. L., Eldredge, L. G., Arakaki, K. T., Oishi, D., Garcia, J. N., & Haines, W. P. (2010). Terrestrial

Arthropod Surveys on Pagan, Northern Marianas. In Marianas Expedition Wildlife Surveys 2010:

Terrestrial Resource Surveys of Pagan, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (pp. 2–72).


Honolulu, HI for U.S. Marine Corps and Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Pacific.

Falanruw, M. C., Cole, T. G., & Ambacher, A. H. (1989). Vegetation Survey of Rota, Tinian, and Saipan,

Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (No. PSW-27). Berkeley, CA: U.S. Department of

Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station.

Fosberg, F. R. (1958). Vascular flora of Pagan Island, Northern Marianas. Pacific Science, 12, 17–20.

Fosberg, F. R. (1960). The vegetation of Micronesia. American Museum of Natural History Bulletin, 119,

1–75.


7-17

Fosberg, F. R., Falanruw, M. C., & Sachet, M.-H. (1975). Vascular flora of the Northern Marianas Islands

(No. 22). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. Retrieved from

http://www.sil.si.edu/smithsoniancontributions/botany/pdf_hi/sctb-0022.pdf

Fosberg, F. R., Sachet, M.-H., & Oliver, R. (1979). A geographical checklist of the Micronesian

Dicotyledonae. Micronesica, 15, 41–295.

Gill, F. & Donsker, D. (2014, January 7). International Ornithologists’ Union (IOC) World Bird List (v 4.1).

Retrieved March 26, 2013, from http://www.worldbirdnames.org/ioc-lists/master-list/

Hadfield, M. G. (2010). Pagan Island Tree-Snail Surveys: A Report to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. In

Marianas Expedition Wildlife Surveys 2010: Terrestrial Resource Surveys of Pagan, Commonwealth of

the Northern Mariana Islands. Pearl Harbor, HI: Prepared by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific

Islands Fish and Wildlife Office, Honolulu, HI for U.S. Marine Corps and Naval Facilities Engineering

Command, Pacific. Retrieved from

http://www.cnmijointmilitarytrainingeis.com/system/assets/34/original/2_terrestrial_snails___paga

n.pdf?1367959178

Hawaiian Agronomics Intenational, Inc. (1985). Final Report for Flora and Fauna Survey of Tinian,

Northern Mariana Islands. Honolulu, HI: Prepared for Commander, Pacific Division, Naval Facilities

Engineering Command. Retrieved from http://www.worldcat.org/title/final-report-for-flora-and-

fauna-survey-of-tinian-northern-mariana-islands-us-navy-contract-n62742-84-c-0141/oclc/15164926

Holland, B. & Sischo, D. (2013). Draft Tinian Island Partula Surveys: Report and Fieldwork Summary.

Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii.

Hopper, D. R. & Smith, B. D. (1992). Status of tree snails (Gastropoda: Partulidae) on Guam, with a

resurvey of sites studied by H.E. Crampton in 1920. Pacific Science, 46, 77–85.

Kerrigan, K. (2014, September 15). Brown Treesnake Found on Rota; Officials Continue the Battle Against

the Invasive Snake. Pacific News Center. Retrieved from http://www.pacificnewscenter.com/latest‐

news/48055‐brown‐treesnake‐found‐on‐rota‐officialscontinue‐ the‐battle‐against‐the‐invasive‐snake

Kessler, C. C. (2009). Feral Goats on Tinian and Aguiguan. In Terrestrial Resource Surveys of Tinian and

Aguiguan, Mariana Islands, 2008 – Final Report (pp. 279–281). Pearl Harbor, HI: Prepared by U.S. Fish

and Wildlife Service, Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office, Honolulu, HI for U.S. Marine Forces and

Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Pacific. Retrieved from



Kessler, C. C. (2011a). Status of Feral Ungulates on Pagan Island, CNMI. In Marianas Expedition Wildlife

Survey 2010: Terrestrial Resource Surveys of Pagan, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands.


Honolulu, HI for U.S. Marine Corps and Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Pacific. Retrieved from

http://www.cnmijointmilitarytrainingeis.com/system/assets/44/original/12_feral_ungulates___paga

n.pdf?1367959678

Kessler, C. C. (2011b). Incidental Observations. Marianas Expedition Wildlife Survey 2010. In Marianas

Expedition Wildlife Survey 2010: Terrestrial Resource Surveys of Pagan, Commonwealth of the


7-18

Northern Mariana Islands. Pearl Harbor, HI: Prepared by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific Islands

Fish and Wildlife Office, Honolulu, HI for U.S. Marine Corps and Naval Facilities Engineering


http://www.cnmijointmilitarytrainingeis.com/system/assets/45/original/13_incidental_observations.

pdf?1367959693

Kessler, C. C. & Amidon, F. (2009). Micronesian Megapode on Tinian and Aguiguan. In Terrestrial

Resource Surveys of Tinian and Aguiguan, Mariana Islands, 2008 – Final Report (pp. 201–218). Pearl

Harbor, HI: Prepared by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office,

Honolulu, HI for U.S. Marine Forces and Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Pacific. Retrieved

from



Kolinski, S. P. (2001). Sea Turtles and their Marine Habitats at Tinian and Aguijan, with Projections on

Resident Turtle Demographics in the Southern Arc of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana

Islands (No. H-01-06C). Retrieved from

http://www.pifsc.noaa.gov/library/pubs/admin/SWFC_Admin_Report_01-06C.pdf

Krueger, S. & O’Daniel, D. (1999). Observations of Mariana Fruit Bats on Tinian. Micronesica, 31, 367–

271.

Lusk, M., Hess, S., Reynolds, M., & Johnston, S. (2000). Population status of the Tinian Monarch

(Monarcha takatsukasae ) on Tinian, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. Micronesica,

32, 181–190.

Marler, T. E. & Lawrence, J. H. (2012). Demography of Cycas micronesica on Guam following introduction

of the armoured scale Aulacaspis yasumatsui. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 28, 233–242.

Marshall, A. P. & Amidon, F. A. (2010). Status of the Land and Wetland Avifauna of Pagan, Mariana

Islands. In Marianas Expedition Wildlife Surveys 2010: Terrestrial Resource Surveys of Pagan,

Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. Pearl Harbor, HI: Prepared by U.S. Fish and Wildlife

Service, Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office, Honolulu, HI for U.S. Marine Corps and Naval Facilities


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Marshall, A. P., Amidon, F. A., Radley, P., Martin, G., & Camp, R. J. (2009). Nightingale Reed-Warbler on

Aguiguan. In Terrestrial Resource Surveys of Tinian and Aguiguan, Mariana Islands, 2008 – Final

Report (pp. 219–226). Pearl Harbor, HI: Prepared by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific Islands Fish

and Wildlife Office, Honolulu, HI for U.S. Marine Forces and Naval Facilities Engineering Command,

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7-19

Mildenstein, T. & Mills, L. S. (2013). Mariana Fruit Bat Conservation through Research and Local Capacity

Building. Final Report. Guam: Prepared by Wildlife Biology Program, Department of Ecosystem and

Conservation Sciences, University of Montana, MT for Naval Facilities Engineering Command

Marianas and U.S. Marine Corps.

Morton, J. M., Amidon, F. A., & Quinata, L. R. (2000). Structure of a limestone forest on Northern Guam.

Micronesia, 32(2), 229–244.

Mueller-Dombois, D. & Fosberg, F. R. (1998). Vegetation of the Tropical Pacific Islands. New York, NY:

Springer-Verlag, Inc. Retrieved from

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National Marine Fisheries Service and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. (1998). Recovery Plan for U.S. Pacific

Populations of the Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas). Silver Spring, MD: National Marine Fisheries

Service. Retrieved from http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recovery_plan/981201e.pdf

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (1998). Designated Critical Habitat; Green and

Hawksbill Sea Turtles. Final Rule. Federal Register, 63(170), 46693–46701.

Pratt, L. W. (2010). Vegetation Assessment of Forests of Pagan Island, Commonwealth of the Northern

Mariana Islands. In Marianas Expedition Wildlife Surveys 2010: Terrestrial Resource Surveys of Pagan,



Engineering Command, Pacific. Retrieved from http://hilo.hawaii.edu/hcsu/documents/HCSUTR-

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Pregill, G. K. & Steadman, D. W. (2009). The prehistory and biogeography of terrestrial vertebrates of

Guam, Mariana Islands. Diversity and Distributions, 15, 983–996.

Raulerson, L. (2006). Checklist of Plants of the Mariana Islands. University of Guam Herbarium

Contribution, 37, 1–69.

Reed, R. N., Rodda, G. H., Siers, S. R., Wostl, E., & Adams, A. A. Y. (2010). Terrestrial Reptiles of Pagan

Island, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. In Marianas Expedition Wildlife Surveys

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Reichel, J. D. & Glass, P. O. (1991). Checklist of the birds of the Mariana Islands. ’Elepaio, 51, 3–10.

Rodda, G. H., Reed, R. N., Siers, S. R., Hinkle, T. J., Fritts, T. H., & Reynolds, R. P. (2009). Reptiles and

Amphibians of Tinian. In Terrestrial Resource Surveys of Tinian and Aguiguan, Mariana Islands, 2008

– Final Report (pp. 79–130). Pearl Harbor, HI: Prepared by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific

Islands Fish and Wildlife Office for Marine Forces Pacific and Naval Facilities Engineering Command





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Rodda, G. H. & Savidge, J. A. (2007). Biology and impacts of Pacific Island invasive species. 2. Boiga

irregularis the brown treesnake (Reptilia: Colubridae). Pacific Science, 61, 307–324.

Rogers, H. (2010). Appendix 3 – Landcover Mapping of the Island of Pagan, Mariana Islands, 2010. In

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the Northern Mariana Islands. Pearl Harbor, HI: Prepared by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific

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Takano, L. & Haig, S. M. (2004). Distribution and abundance of the Mariana subspecies of the common

moorhen. Waterbirds, 27, 245–250.

Tang, J. W., Lu, X. T., Yin, J. X., & Qi, J. F. (2011). Diversity, composition and physical structure of tropical

forest over limestone in Xishuangbanna, south-west China. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 23,

425–433.

U.S. Department of Agriculture. (2014, August 19). Possible Brown Tree Snake (BTS) in HHG shipped from

Guam to Los Angeles, California.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. (1991). Recovery Plan, Mariana Islands Common Moorhen, Gallinula

chloropus guami. Portland, OR. Retrieved from

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U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. (1996). Characteristics of Mariana Common Moorhens and Wetland

Habitats within the U.S. Department of the Navy’s Military Lease Area and Exclusive Military Use Area

on the Island of Tinian, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, July 1994 - August 1995.

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Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Pacific.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. (1998). Biological Opinion of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service for Airport

Improvements at the Tinian International Airport, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands.

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U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. (2004). Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Final Rule to

Remove the Tinian Monarch from the Federal List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife. Federal

Register, (69), 56367–56371.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. (2005). Post-delisting Monitoring Plan for the Tinian monarch (Monacha

takatsukasae). Honolulu, HI: Endangered Species Division, Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office.

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Vogt, S. (2008a). Fiscal Years 2007 and 2008 Report for 61755NR410. Wildlife Surveys on Military Leased

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Vogt, S. (2008b). Micronesian Megapode (Megapodius laperouse laperouse) Surveys on Tinian,

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Vogt, S. (2009). Coconut Crab Surveys on Military Lease Lands on Tinian. In Terrestrial Resource Surveys

of Tinian and Aguiguan, Mariana Islands, 2008 – Final Report. Pearl Harbor, HI: Prepared by U.S. Fish

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Vogt, S. (2010a). Coconut Crab (Birgus latro) Surveys on Pagan, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana

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Vogt, S. (2010b). Population Densities and Diet of Monitor Lizards (Varanus indicus) on Pagan,

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.pdf?1367959496

Vogt, S. & Williams, L. L. (2004). Common Flora and Fauna of the Mariana Islands. Saipan, MP. Retrieved

from http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/31829047?q&versionId=38621021

Wagner, W. L., Herbst, D. R., Weitzman, A., & Lorence, D. H. (2012). Flora of Micronesia. Retrieved from

http://botany.si.edu/pacificislandbiodiversity/micronesia/index.htm

Wiewel, A., Adams, A. A. Y., & Rodda, G. H. (2009). Rodents on Tinian. In Terrestrial Resource Surveys of

Tinian and Aguiguan, Mariana Islands, 2008 – Final Report (pp. 240–257). Pearl Harbor, HI: Prepared

by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office for Marine Forces Pacific and

Naval Facilities Engineering Command Pacific. Retrieved from



Wiles, G. J., Bart, J., Beck Jr., R. E., & Aguon, C. F. (2003). Impacts of the brown treesnake: patterns of

decline and species persistence in Guam’s avifauna. Conservation Biology, 17, 1350–1360.

Witteman, G. J. (2001). A Quantitative Survey and Inventory of the Micronesian Megapode and Its

Habitat on Tinian, CNMI. Honolulu, HI: URS Corporation.

7.3.10 Marine Biology

Analytical Laboratories of Hawaii. (2004). Mapping of Benthic Habitats for U.S. Pacific Territories:

American Samoa, Guam, and The Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands.

Baumann-Pickering, S., Simonis, A. E., Roch, M. A., McDonald, M. A., Solsona-Berga, A., Oleson, E. M.,

Wiggins, S. M., Brownell Jr., R. L., & Hildebrand, J. A. (2012). Spatio-temporal patterns of beaked

whale echolocation signals in the North Pacific (No. SC/64/SM21). Intl. Whaling Commission.


7-23

Bearden, C., Brainard, R., de Cruz, T., Hoeke, R., Houk, P., Holzwarth, S., Kolinski, S., Miller, J., Schroeder,

R., Timmers, M., Vroom, P., & Stamer, J. (2008). The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the

Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. Silver Spring, MD: NOAA/NCCOS Center for Coastal

Monitoring and Assessment’s Biogeography Team.





Bjorndal, K. A. (1997). Foraging Ecology and Nutrition of Sea Turtles. In P. L. Lutz & J. A. Musick (Eds.),

The Biology of Sea Turtles (pp. 199–231). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Retrieved from

http://www.seaturtle.org/pdf/ocr/bjorndalka_1997_inthebiologyofseaturtles_p199-231.pdf





2007/index.php

Brainard, R. E., Birkeland, C., Eakin, C. M., McElhany, P., Miller, M. W., Patterson, M., & Piniak, G. A.

(2011). Status review report of 82 candidate coral species petitioned under the U.S. Endangered

Species Act (NOAA Tech. Memo., NOAA-TM-NMFS-PIFSC-27) (p. 530). U.S. Department of Commerce.

Retrieved from http://www.pifsc.noaa.gov/library/pubs/tech/NOAA_Tech_Memo_PIFSC_27.pdf

Carretta, J. V., Oleson, E., Weller, D. W., Lang, A. R., Forney, K. A., Baker, J., Hanson, B., Martien, K.,

Muto, M. M., Lowry, M. S., Barlow, J., Lynch, D., Carswell, L., Brownell Jr., R. L., & Mattila, D. K.

(2014). U.S. Pacific Marine Mammal Stock Assessments: 2013 (No. NOAA-TM-NMFS-SWFSC-532). La

Jolla, CA: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National

Marine Fisheries Service, Southwest Fisheries Science Center. Retrieved from

http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/sars/pdf/po2012.pdf

Center for Biological Diversity. (2012). Petition to List Eight Species of Pomacentrid Reef Fish, Including

the Orange Clownfish and Seven Damselfish, as Threatened or Endangered Under the U.S.

Endangered Species Act. Retrieved from

http://sero.nmfs.noaa.gov/protected_resources/listing_petitions/documents/clownfish-and-

damselfish-petition-2012.pdf




Cowardin, L. M., Carter, V., Golet, F. C., & LaRoe, E. T. (1979). Classification of Wetlands and Deepwater

Habitats of the United States. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife

Service. Retrieved from http://www.fws.gov/wetlands/Documents/Classification-of-Wetlands-and-

Deepwater-Habitats-of-the-United-States.pdf

Darling, J. D. & Mori, K. (1993). Recent observations of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in

Japanese waters off Ogasawara and Okinawa. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 71, 325–333.


7-24

DoN. (2005). Marine Resources Assessment for the Marianas Operating Area. Final Report. Plano, TX:

Prepared by Geo-Marine, Inc. for Commander, U.S. Pacific Fleet.

DoN. (2007). Marine Mammal and Sea Turtle Survey and Density Estimates for Guam and the

Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. Pearl Harbor, HI: Naval Facilities Engineering

Command, Pacific.





DoN. (2013). Pacific Navy Marine Species Density Database (Technical Report). Naval Facilities

Engineering Command, Pacific. Retrieved from http://mitt-

eis.com/Portals/MITTEIS/SupportingTechnicalDocs/MITT_NMSDD_Technical_Report_Sept_13_2013r

.pdf

DoN. (2013a). Draft Mariana Islands Training and Testing (MITT) Environmental Impact Statement

/Overseas Environmental Impact Statement. Retrieved from http://mitt-

eis.com/DocumentsandReferences/EISDocuments/NoticeofIntentinFederalRegister.aspx

DoN. (2013b). Fish Species List in Support of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Joint


Harbor, HI: Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Pacific.

DoN. (2014a). Final Coral Marine Resources Survey Report in Support of the Commonwealth of the



Pacific.

DoN. (2014b). Final (Version 3) Sea Turtle Marine Resources Survey Report in Support of the




DoN. (2014c). Final (Version 3) Marine Mammal Marine Survey Report in Support of the Commonwealth

of the Northern Mariana Islands Joint Military Training Environmental Impact Statement/Overseas


Donaldson, T. J. (1983). Further Investigations of the Whales Peponocephela electra and Flobicephela

macrorhynchus Reported from Guam. Micronesica, 19(1-2), 173–181.

Eldredge, L. G. (1983). Summary of Environmental and Fishing Information on Guam and the

Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands: Historical Background, Description of the Islands,

and Review of the Climate, Oceanography, and Submarine Topography (No. NOAA-TM-NMFS-SWFC-

40) (pp. 1–181). Retrieved from http://noaa.ntis.gov/view.php?pid=NOAA:ocm11351339

Eldredge, L. G. (1991). Annotated Checklist of the Marine Mammals of Micronesia. Micronesica, 24(2),

217–230.

Eldredge, L. G. (2003). The marine reptiles and mammals of Guam. Micronesica, 35-36, 653–660.


7-25

Fulling, G. L., Thorson, P. H., & Rivers, J. (2011). Distribution and abundance estimates for cetaceans in

the waters off Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. Pacific Science, 65,

321–343.

Gilman. (2008). Pacific Leatherback Conservation and Research Activities, Financing and Priorities. IUCN

and Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council.

HDR. (2011). Guam Marine Species Monitoring Survey. Vessel-Based Monitoring Surveys. Winter 2011.

HDR. (2012). Guam and Saipan Marine Species Monitoring: Winter-Spring Survey 15-29 March. Pearl

Harbor, HI: Prepared for U.S. Pacific Fleet and submitted to Naval Facilities Engineering Command

(NAVFAC) Pacific.

Helfman, G. S., Collette, B. B., Facey, D. E., & Bowen, B. W. (2009). The Diversity of Fishes. Biology,

Evolution, and Ecology (2nd ed.). West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons.

Hill, M., Ligon, A., Deakos, M., U, A., Milette-Winfree, A., & Oleson, E. (2013). Cetacean Surveys of Guam

and CNMI Waters: May–July, 2012: Including Individual Photo-Identification of Pilot Whales, Spinner

Dolphins and Bottlenose Dolphins (2010-2012) (No. Data Report DR-13-001). Pacific Islands Fisheries

Science Center. Retrieved from

http://www.navymarinespeciesmonitoring.us/files/7213/6559/6815/Hill_et_al_2013_-

_Appendix_A.pdf

Hill, M., Ligon, A., Deakos, M., U, A., Milette-Winfree, A., Oleson, E., & Bendlin, A. (2014). Cetacean

Surveys in the Waters of the Southern Mariana Archipelago (February 2010‐ April 2014) (No. PIFSC

Data Report DR-14-013). Prepared for the U.S. Pacific Fleet Environmental Readiness Office.

Hill, M., Ligon, A., Deakos, M., U, A., Norris, E., & Oleson, E. (2012). Cetacean Surveys of Guam and CNMI

Waters: August - September, 2011 (No. Data Report DR-12-002). Pacific Islands Fisheries Science

Center. Retrieved from http://www.pifsc.noaa.gov/library/pubs/DR-12-002.pdf

Houk, P. & Starmer, J. (2010). Constraints on the diversity and distribution of coral-reef assemblages in

the volcanic Northern Mariana Islands. Coral Reefs, 29(1), 59–70.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2007). Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis.

Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on

Climate Change.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2013). Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change

2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of

the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

International Business Publications, USA. (2011). Northern Mariana Islands Country Study Guide. Volume

1 Strategic Information and Developments. Washington, D.C. Retrieved from

http://books.google.com/books?id=DCPtTfe49lIC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false

Jefferson, T. A., Fertl, D., Michael, M., & Fagin, T. D. (2006). An unusual encounter with a mixed school of

melon-headed whales (Peponocephala electra) and rough-toothed dolphins (Steno bredanensis) at

Rota, Northern Mariana Islands. Micronesica, 38(2), 239–244.


7-26

Kami, H. T. (1976). Records of the Dwarf Sperm Whale Kogia simus Owen from Guam. Micronesica,

12(2).

Kami, H. T. (1982). Recent Beachings of Whales on Guam. Micronesica, 18.

Kolinski, S. P. (2003). Turtle Data (Unpublished raw data).

Kolinski, S. P., Ilo, L. I., & Manglona, J. M. (2004). Green turtles and their marine habitats at Tinian and

Aguijan, with projections of resident turtle demographics in the southern arc of the Commonwealth of

the Northern Mariana Islands. Micronesica, 37, 95–118.

Ligon, A. D., Deakos, M. H., & U, A. C. (2011). Small-Boat Cetacean Surveys Off Guam and Saipan,

Mariana Islands, February - March 2010. Pacific Island Fisheries Science Center.

Lobban, C. S. & Tsuda, R. T. (2003). Revised checklist of benthic marine macroalgae and seagrasses of

Guam and Micronesia. Aquatic Mammals, 35/36, 54–99.

Maison, K. A., Kinan Kelly, I., & Frutchey, K. P. (2010). Green Turtle Nesting Sites and Sea Turtle

Legislation throughout Oceania (NOAA Technical Memorandum No. NMFS-F/SPO-110). U.S.

Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine

Fisheries Service.

Martien, K., Hill, M., Van Cise, A., Robertson, K., Woodman, S., Dollar, L., Pease, V., & Oleson, E. (2014).

Genetic Diversity and Population Structure in Four Species of Cetaceans Around the Mariana Islands

(NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS No. NOAA-TM-NMFS-SWFSC-536).

Masaki, Y. (1972). Tagging Investigations of Whales in the Ogasawara and Mariana Islands. News of the

Cetacean Research Institute.

Minton, D., Brown, V., Dugger, K., Flores, T., Foster, K., Houk, P., Iguel, J., Kessler, C., Kolinski, S., Schols,

T., Starmer, J., Suhkraj, N., Tenorio, M., & Trianni, M. (2009). Draft Report. Marine Resource Surveys

of Tinian, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. Volume I (January).

Miyashita, T., Kishiro, T., Higashi, N., Sato, F., Mori, K., & Kato, H. (1996). Winter Distribution of

Cetaceans in the Western North Pacific Inferred from Sighting Cruises 1993-1995. Rep. Int. Whal.

Commn, 46, 437–441.

Miyazaki, N. & Wada, T. (1978). Observation of Cetacea During Whale Marking Cruise in the Western

Tropical Pacific, 1976. Sci. Rep. Whales Res. Inst., 30, 179–195.

Mobley, J. R. (2007). Marine Mammal Monitoring Surveys in Support of “Valiant Shield” Training

Exercises (Aug. 13-17, 2007) -- Final Report. Prepared by Marine Mammal Research Consultants for

Environmental Division Commander, U.S. Pacific Fleet.

Myers, R. F. & Donaldson, T. J. (2003). The fishes of the Mariana Islands. Micronesica, 35-36, 594–648.

Myers and Hayes. (2006). Do leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) forage during the breeding

season? A combination of data-logging devices provide new insights. Marine Ecology Progress Series,

322, 259–267.


7-27

National Marine Fisheries Service. (2013). Endangered and Threatened Wildlife; 90-Day Finding on a

Petition to List the Humphead Wrasse as Threatened or Endangered Under the Endangered Species

Act. Federal Register, 78(40), 13614–13617.

National Marine Fisheries Service. (2014a). Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants: Final Listing

Determinations on Proposal To List 66 Reef-Building Coral Species and To Reclassify Elkhorn and

Staghorn Corals. Federal Register, 79(175), 53852–54114.

National Marine Fisheries Service. (2014b). Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Threatened

and Endangered Status for Distinct Population Segments of Scalloped Hammerhead Sharks; Final

Rule. Federal Register, 79(128), 38214–38242.

National Marine Fisheries Service and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. (1992). Recovery Plan for

Leatherback Turtles Dermochelys coriacea in the U.S. Caribbean, Atlantic, and Gulf of Mexico.

Washington, D.C.: National Marine Fisheries Service.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (2014a). Cooperative Turtle Research Advances in the

Marianas and American Samoa (NOAA PIFSC Quarterly Research Bulletin). National Oceanic and

Atmospheric Administration-Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center. Retrieved from

http://www.pifsc.noaa.gov/qrb/2014_03/article_10.php

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (2014b, March 18). Marine Mammals. NOAA

Fisheries. Office of Protected Resources. Retrieved April 11, 2014, from

http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/species/mammals/

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science. (2005).

Shallow-Water Benthic Habitats of American Samoa, Guam, and the Commonwealth of the Northern

Mariana Islands (NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS No. 8). Silver Spring, MD. Retrieved

from http://ccma.nos.noaa.gov/ecosystems/coralreef/us_pac_terr/

Norris, T. F., Oswald, J., Yack, T., Ferguson, E., Hom-Weaver, C., Dunleavy, K., Coates, S., & Dominello, T.

(2012). An Analysis of Acoustic Data from the Mariana Islands Sea Turtle and Cetacean Survey

(MISTCS) (No. N62470-10-D-3011). Encinitas, CA: Prepared by Bio-Waves Inc. for Commander, Pacific

Fleet.

Ohizumi, H., Matsuishi, T., & Kishino, H. (2002). Winter sightings of humpback and Bryde’s whales in

tropical waters of the western and central North Pacific. Aquatic Mammals, 28(1), 73–77.

Ohsumi, S. & Masaki, Y. (1975). Japanese whale marking in the North Pacific, 1963-1972. Far Seas

Fisheries Research Laboratory.

Oleson, E. (2014). Interim Progress Report: Analysis of Long-term Acoustic Datasets from the Mariana

Islands Range Complex (MIRC) (No. NOAA -NMFS- PIFSC - 13 - 008). Commander, United States

Pacific Fleet. Retrieved from

http://www.navymarinespeciesmonitoring.us/files/4313/9606/1227/Oleson_2014-

Long_Term_Acoustic_Datasets-Appendix_A.pdf

Oleson, E. M. & Hill, M. C. (2010). 2010 Report to PACFLT: Report of Cetacean Surveys in Guam, CNMI,

and the High-seas & Follow up on 2009 Main Hawaiian Islands Cetacean Survey. NOAA-NMFS-Pacific

Islands Fisheries Science Center.


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Pritchard, P. C. H. (1977). Marine Turtles of Micronesia. Chelonia Press. Retrieved from

http://books.google.com/books/about/Marine_Turtles_of_Micronesia.html?id=UHfkHwAACAAJ

Riegl, B. M. & Dodge, R. E. (2008). Coral Reefs of the USA (Vol. 1). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer

Academic Publishers.

Shimada, H. & Miyashita, T. (2001). Report of the Sighting Surveys for Winter Distribution of Large

Cetaceans in the Low Latitudinal Waters of the Western North Pacific, 1999-2001. National Research

Institute of Far Seas Fisheries, Fisheries Research Agency.

Smith, S. H. (2012). Field Note of Sea Turtle Surveys and Roving Diver Rapid Ecological Assessment off

Unai Babui, Unai Chulu, and Unai Dangkolo Tinian, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands.

Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center Scientific Diving Services.

Spalding, M. D., Taylor, M. L., Ravilious, C., Short, F. T., & Green, E. P. (2003). Global Overview: The

Distribution and Status of Seagrasses. In E. P. Green & F. T. Short (Eds.), World Atlas of Seagrasses.

Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Starmer, J., Bearden, C., Brainard, R., de Cruz, T., Hoeke, R., Houk, P., Holzwarth, S., Kolinski, S., Miller, J.,

Schroeder, R., Timmers, M., & Vroom, P. (2008). The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the

Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 73) (p.

569). Silver Spring, MD: NOAA/NCCOS Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment’s Biogeography

Team. Retrieved from http://ccma.nos.noaa.gov/ecosystems/coralreef/coral2008/pdf/CNMI.pdf

Sukhraj, N., Brown, V., Schils, T., Cox, E., Kolinski, S., Tenorio, M., McKagan, S., deVillers, A., & Foster, K.

B. (2010). Draft Report. Marine Resource Surveys of Pagan, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana

Islands. Volume I (November).

Summers, T. M. (2011, September). Saipan sea turtles: An internationally-shared resource. Indian Ocean

- South-east Asian Marine Turtle Memorandum of Understanding. Retrieved September 20, 2013,

from http://www.ioseaturtles.org/pom_detail.php?id=114

Summers, T. M., Lepczyk, C. A., Hapdei, J. R., & Ruak, J. K. (2012). Preliminary Assessment of Green,

Chelonia mydas and Hawksbill, Eretmochelys imbricata (Reptilia: Cheloniidae) Sea Turtles at Near-

shore Foraging Areas in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. Draft Manuscript.

Townsend, C. H. (1935). The Distribution of Certain Whales as shown by Logbook Records of American

Whaleships. Zoologica, 19(1).

Trianni, M. S. & Kessler, C. C. (2002). Incidence and strandings of the spinner dolphin, Stenella

longirostris, in Saipan Lagoon. Micronesica, 34, 249–260.

Trianni, M. S. & Tenorio, M. C. (2012). Summary of recorded cetacean strandings in the Commonwealth

of the Northern Mariana Islands. Micronesica, 43(1), 1–13.

Veron, J. E. N. (2014). Results of an Update of the Corals of the World Information Base for the Listing

Determination of 66 Coral Species under the Endangered Species Act. Honolulu, HI: Western Pacific

Regional Fishery Management Council. Retrieved from

http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/pdfs/species/corals_veron_report2014.pdf


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Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council. (2009). Fishery Ecosystem Plan for the Mariana

Archipelago. Honolulu, HI. Retrieved from http://www.wpcouncil.org/fishery-plans-policies-

reports/marianas-fishery-ecosystem-plan/

Wiles, G. J. (2005). A Checklist of the Birds and Mammals of Micronesia. Micronesica, 38(1), 141–189.

Yamaguchi, M. (1995). The study of humpback whales in the Northern Mariana Islands Annual Report

1995. Tokyo, Japan: Ogasaswara Marine Center.

Yamaguchi, M. (1996). The study of humpback whales in the Mariana Islands Annual Report 1996.

Tokyo, Japan: Ogasaswara Marine Center.

Yamaguchi, M., Acebes, J. M., & Miyamura, Y. (2002). The Breeding Ground Distribution of the

Humpback Whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in the Western North Pacific and their Trans-

Movements among the Ogasawara Islands, the Ryukyu Islands and the Babuyan Islands, Philippines

(No. 21). SEAMAM II Program and Book of Abstracts.

7.3.11 Cultural Resources





Dixon, B. & Welch, D. (2002). Archaeological Survey of the West Tinian Airport Improvement Area,

Commonwealth of the Mariana Islands. Honolulu, HI: IARII.








DoN. (2014a). Draft Cultural Resources on Tinian in Support of the Commonwealth of the Northern

Mariana Islands Joint Military Training Environmental Impact Statement/Overseas Environmental

Impact Statement. Pearl Harbor, HI: Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Pacific.

DoN. (2014b). Final Cultural Resources Survey on Pagan in Support of the Commonwealth of the



DoN. (2015). Draft Additional Cultural Resources Survey on Tinian in Support of the Commonwealth of

the Northern Mariana Islands Joint Military Training Environmental Impact Statement/Overseas

Environmental Impact Statement. Prepared by Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Pacific.

February.


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Higelmire, K. & DeFant, D. (2013). End of Fieldwork Letter Report regarding Archaeological Monitoring in

Support of the Pagan volcano Imaging and Monitoring Program, Island of Pagan, Commonwealth of

Northern Mariana Islands.

Thompson, E.N. (1984). National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination Form for Tinian

Landing Beaches, Ushi Point Field, and North Field, Tinian Island (North Field Historic District).

National Park Service, Denver, June.

Thursby, L. (2010). Architectural Survey of Tinian Harbor and Voice of America Facility, Tinian,

Commonwealth to the Northern Marianas Islands Supporting the Joint Guam Build-up Environmental

Impact Statement. Pearl Harbor, HI: Prepared for Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Pacific.

7.3.12 Visual Resources

Bureau of Land Management. (1986a). Manual H-8410-1 Visual Resource Inventory. Retrieved from

http://www.blm.gov/pgdata/etc/medialib/blm/wo/Information_Resources_Management/policy/bl

m_handbook.Par.31679.File.dat/H-8410.pdf

Bureau of Land Management. (1986b). Manual 8431 Visual Resource Contrast Rating. Retrieved from


m_handbook.Par.79462.File.dat/8431.pdf




Command, Pacific.

Mariana Visitors Authority. (2014). What to do – Sites – Marianas Visitors Authority: Saipan, Tinian,

Rota. Retrieved from http://www.mymarianas.com/wtd_dtl.asp?secID=30&wtdID=5#list

7.3.13 Transportation




Commonwealth Department of Public Works. (2008). Comprehensive Highway Master Plan Study 2008.

San Diego, CA: Prepared by Parsons Brinckerhoff.




DoN. (2013). Tinian Harbor Assessment: Supportability of Future U.S. Marine Corps Operations. Tinian

Island, Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands. Prefinal.

DoN. (2014). Draft Version 2 Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Joint Military Training


Federal Aviation Administration. (2014). Airport Master Record. Tinian International Airport.


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Global Security. (2005). Northern Mariana Islands. Retrieved December 15, 2008, from

http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/facility/tinian/htm

Transportation Research Board. (2000). Highway Capacity Manual. Retrieved from

http://sjnavarro.files.wordpress.com/2008/08/highway_capacital_manual.pdf

U.S. Census Bureau. (2010). 2010 Northern Marianas Summary File.



7.3.14 Utilities

Army Corps of Engineers. (2003). Final Executive Summary for the Water Infrastructure Development

Plans for the Islands of Saipan, Tinian, and Rota Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands.

Honolulu, HI: Prepared by Belt Collins Hawaii Ltd. and Winzler and Kelly Consulting Services.

Commonwealth Utilities Corporation. (2013a). Meeting Minutes.

Commonwealth Utilities Corporation. (2013b, July 1). Commonwealth Utilities Corporation 2012 Water

Quality Report. Commonwealth Utility News.

Commonwealth Utilities Corporation. (2014). Customer Accounts, Water Production, Water and

Wasterwater Data.





Deposa, M. (2014, April 18). CUC: Status quo on Tinian IPP contract. Saipan Tribune. Retrieved from

http://www.saipantribune.com/index.php/cuc-status-quo-tinian-ipp-contract/

DoN. (2010). Update of Integrated Natural Resources Management Plans for Navy Leased Lands on

Tinian and Farallon de Medinilla, Plan Years 2010-2015. Hagatna, Guam: Prepared by SWCA


DoN. (2014). Draft Version 2 Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Joint Military Training

Utilities Study. Pearl Harbor, HI: Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Pacific.






IT&E. (n.d.). About Us. Retrieved January 29, 2014, from http://www.ite.net/about_us.cfm

U.S. Geological Survey. (2014). National Water Information System: Web Interface - Pagan. Retrieved

September 10, 2014, from

http://waterdata.usgs.gov/hi/nwis/inventory?search_station_nm=pagan&search_station_nm_match


7-32

_type=anywhere&format=station_list&group_key=NONE&list_of_search_criteria=search_station_n

m

7.3.15 Socioeconomics and Environmental Justice




American Planning Association. (2011). The Role of Community Character in Place-Based Planning.

Presentation by Bret C. Keast.

Bureau of Justice Statistics. (2003). Number of full-time sworn law enforcement officers, rate per

100,000 residents, and percent change in the United States, 1975-1998.

Camacho, J. (2014, February 17). Hot celebration of 10th Tinian Pika Festival. Saipan Tribune. Retrieved

from http://173.0.131.61/newsstory.aspx?cat=1&newsID=153652

CNMI Department of Commerce. (2006). Economic Indicators - 4th Quarter Issue. October to December

2006.

CNMI Department of Commerce. (2008). Economic Indicator, a Quarterly Report. October to December

2008.

CNMI Department of Commerce. (2012a). 2011 CNMI Prevailing Wage and Workforce Assessment Study

(PWWAS): Occupation, Hourly Wage, and Fringe Benefits Report.

CNMI Department of Commerce. (2012b). 2011 CNMI Prevailing Wage and Workforce Assessment Study

(PWWAS): Reported Employees’ Demographics and Small Employers’ Employees Education and Skills

Report.

CNMI Department of Commerce. (2013). Economic Indicators, a Quarterly Report. January – June 2013

1st & 2nd Quarter.

CNMI Department of Public Safety. (2013a). CNMI Department of Public Safety. Retrieved September 13,

2013, from http://www.dps.gov.mp/

CNMI Department of Public Safety. (2013b). Criminal Offenses Calendar 2013 ytd 12-23-2013. Retrieved

September 13, 2013, from http://www.dps.gov.mp/downloads/Stats/2013/2013_Offenses.pdf

CNMI Office of Transition Studies and Planning. (1978). Physical Development Master Plan For the

Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (No. Vol. V Pagan). Prepared by Pacific Planning and

Design Consultants.

CNMI Public School System. (2011). Facts and Figures 2011- 2012. 2011 Edition. Retrieved September

13, 2013, from http://www.cnmipss.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/PSS-Facts-Figures-SY2011-

12.pdf

CNMI Public School System. (2013). Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Public School

System: About Us. Retrieved September 12, 2013, from http://www.cnmipss.org/?page_id=79


7-33

Commonwealth Ports Authority. (2013). Report on the Audit of Financial Statements in Accordance with

OMB Circular A-133. Year Ended September 30, 2011.

Commonwealth Ports Authority. (2014). Port of Saipan.

Deloitte. (2013a). Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Public School System (A Component

Unit of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands) Report on the Audit of Financial

Statements in Accordance with OMB Circular A-133: Year Ended September 30, 2011.

Deloitte. (2013b). Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Independent Auditor’s Reports on

Internal Control and on Compliance: Year Ended September 2011.




Command, Pacific.

Eugenio, H. V. (2014, January 30). 170 Tinian families soon to get homesteads. Saipan Tribune. Retrieved

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250bc8c9958e/

Federal Aviation Administration. (2014). Airport Master Record. Pagan Airstrip.

Holdsworth, L. (2009). Indicators of Community Cohesion in an Australian Country Town. Commonwealth

Journal of Local Governance, (2).


National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (2012). Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana

Islands as a Fishing Community. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine

Fisheries Service, Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (2013a). Regional Statistics and Information for

Recreational Fisheries. Retrieved from

http://www.fpir.noaa.gov/SFD/SFD_rcf_statistics.html#MarianaIslands

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (2013b, August). Commonwealth of the Northern

Mariana Islands 2011 Fisher Statistics.

Northern Marianas College-Cooperative Research Extension and Education Service (NMC-CREES).

(2011). Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Aquaculture Development Plan, 2011-2015.

Northern Marianas College-Cooperative Research Extension and Education Service (NMC-CREES).

(2013). Beef Cattle Herd Survey, 2013. Island of Tinian, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana

Islands.

Pacific Web. (2013). Pacificweb.org various Census reports on the Commonwealth of the Northern

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Pacific Studies, 21(4), 83–105.


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Saipan Shipping Company. (2014). Charter hire quotes. Tug Chamorro & Barge S-2000 Series.

Stone, W. & Hughes, J. (2002). Understanding Community Strengths (No. 61). Australian Institute of

Family Studies. Retrieved from http://www.aifs.gov.au/institute/pubs/fm2002/fm61/ws.pdf

U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis. (2012). Estimates of Gross Domestic Product, Gross Domestic Product

by Industry, Compensation by Industry, and Detailed Consumer Spending for the Commonwealth of

the Northern Marianas (News Release No. BEA 12-39). Retrieved from http://commerce.gov.mp/wp-

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U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis. (2013). 2011 and 2012 Estimates of Gross Domestic Product for the

Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (News Release No. BEA 13-59). Retrieved from

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U.S. Census Bureau. (2000). Decennial Census.

U.S. Census Bureau. (2010a). 2010 Northern Marianas Summary File.

U.S. Census Bureau. (2010b). United States Summary File 1.

U.S. Census Bureau. (2011). Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: 2010 (2010 Census Briefs). Retrieved

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3 (RV)).

U.S. Department of Agriculture. (2009). 2007 Census of Agriculture Northern Mariana Islands

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U.S. Average, January 2014. Retrieved from http://www.cnpp.usda.gov

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Van Beukering, P., Haider, W., Wolfs, E., Liu, Y., van der Leeuw, K., Longland, M., Sablan, J., Beardmore,

B., di Prima, S., Massey, E., Cesar, H., & Hausfather, Z. (2006). The Economic Value of the Coral Reefs

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7.3.16 Hazardous Materials and Waste




Army Corps of Engineers. (2014). Formerly Used Defense Sites. Retrieved June 6, 2014, from

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7-35

Mitigation Strategies, Dosimetry, Effects, Guidelines). The Journal Of Nuclear Medicine, 35(2).

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Burkhart, J. F., Kladder, D., & Castro, F. (1993). Radon Distribution on the Island of Guam and

Correlations to Surficial Geology and Deposition Models.

CNMI Bureau of Environmental and Coastal Quality. (2008). CNMI Division of Environmental Quality

Website. Retrieved from http://www.deq.gov.mp/

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DoN. (2013a). Final Historical Ordnance Assessment Study Pagan, Commonwealth of the Northern

Mariana Islands. Pearl Harbor, HI: Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Pacific.

DoN. (2013b). Final International Broadcasting Bureau/Voice of America Tinian Transmitter Station


DoN. (2014a). Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Joint Military Training Concept of


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Command, Marianas.

DoN. (2014c). Final (Version 4) Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Joint Military Training

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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2008). Definition of Solid Waste Compendium, Volume C:

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Draft.

7.3.17 Public Health and Safety

CNMI Department of Public Safety. (2013a). CNMI Department of Public Safety. Retrieved September 13,

2013, from http://www.dps.gov.mp/

CNMI Department of Public Safety. (2013b). Criminal Offenses Calendar 2013 ytd 12-23-2013. Retrieved

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DoN. (2010b). Final Historical Ordnance Assessment Guam and CNMI Area, P-50. Pearl Harbor, HI: Naval


DoN. (2011a). Marine Corps Order 5100.29B, Marine Corps Safety Program. Department of the Navy,

Headquarters United States Marine Corps.

DoN. (2011b). Marine Corps Order 3500.27B, Logistics Training and Readiness Manual. Department of

the Navy, Headquarters United States Marine Corps. Retrieved from

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Mariana Islands. Pearl Harbor, HI: Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Pacific.

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Federal Aviation Administration. (2012). AC 150/5300-13A - Airport Design. Retrieved from

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Retrieved September 9, 2014, from http://www.asias.faa.gov/pls/apex/f?p=100:11:0::NO

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Preston, G. L., Gillett, R. D., McCoy, M. A., Murrell, P. A., & Lovell, E. R. (1997). Ship Groundings in the

Pacific Islands Region. Apia, Western Samoa: Prepared by South Pacific Regional Environmental

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7.4 CHAPTER 4

7.4.1 Introduction

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7.4.3 Water Resources

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7.4.4 Air Quality

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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2012). MOVES (Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator). Modeling

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7.4.5 Noise

Army. (2007). Environmental Protection and Enhancement. Army Regulation 200-1. Retrieved from

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Compatible Use Zones (RAICUZ) Program. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Naval Operations

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DoN. (2008b). OPNAV Instruction 11010.36C, Air Installations Compatible Use Zones (AICUZ) Program.

Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Naval Operations and Headquarters United States Marine

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/11-00%20Facilities%20and%20Activities%20Ashore%20Support/11010.36C.pdf

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7-41




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Training Transportation Study. Pearl Harbor, HI: Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Pacific.

Federal Highway Administration. (2004, April). FHWA Traffic Noise Model Version 2.5. Highway Traffic

Noise. Retrieved from http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/noise/traffic_noise_model/tnm_v25/

Illinworth and Rodkin. (2007). Compendium of Pile Driving Sound Data. Illinworth & Rodkin.

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Computer Program. Rockville, MD: Wyle Laboratories Inc. Retrieved from

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7.4.6 Airspace

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7.4.7 Land Use and Submerged Land Use













7.4.8 Recreation






7-43







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7.4.9 Terrestrial Biology

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Service, Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office, Honolulu, HI for U.S. Marine Corps and Naval

Facilities Engineering Command, Pacific. Retrieved from

http://hilo.hawaii.edu/hcsu/documents/HCSUTR-023PrattPagan.pdf

Reed, R. N., Rodda, G. H., Siers, S. R., Wostl, E., & Adams, A. A. Y. (2010). Terrestrial Reptiles of Pagan

Island, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. In Marianas Expedition Wildlife Surveys

2010: Terrestrial Resource Surveys of Pagan, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. Pearl



Space, J. C. & Falanruw, M. (1999). Observations on non-native plant species in Micronesia. Paper

Prepared for the meeting of the Pacific Islands Committee, Council of Western State Foresters,

Majuro, Republic of the Marshall Islands, 22-26 February.

Tang, J. W., Lu, X. T., Yin, J. X., & Qi, J. F. (2011). Diversity, composition and physical structure of tropical

forest over limestone in Xishuangbanna, south-west China. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 23,

425–433.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. (1998). Biological Opinion of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service for Airport

Improvements at the Tinian International Airport, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands.

Consultation 1-22-98-F-06LTG. Honolulu, HI: Pacific Islands Ecoregion.


7-46

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. (2004). Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Final Rule to

Remove the Tinian Monarch from the Federal List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife. Federal

Register, (69), 56367–56371.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. (2005). Biological Opinion for the Proposed Revision of the Endangered

Species Management Plan (ESMP) at Fort Hood Military Installation in Bell and Coryell Counties,

Texas. Consultation 2-12-04-F-478.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. (2008). Draft Guidance to Develop and Implement a Wildland Fire

Management Program for Military Training. Pacific Islands Field Office, Section 7 Consultation and

Technical Assistance Program.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. (2010). Biological Opinion for the Mariana Islands Range Complex, Guam

and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands 2010-2015. Consultation 2009-F-0345.

Arlington, TX: Prepared by Ecological Services.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. (2014). Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Proposed

Endangered Status for 21 Species and Proposed Threatened Status for 2 Species in Guam and the

Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands; Proposed Rule. Federal Register, 79(190), 59364–

59413.

U.S. Forest Service. (1992). Report to Congress: Potential Impacts of Aircraft Overflights of National

Forest System Wilderness (No. 1992-0-685-234/61004). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing

Office.

VanderWerf, E., Ebisu, Y., & Wil Chee-Planning, Inc. (2000). A Study to Determine the Effects of Noise

from Military Training on the endangered O’ahu ’Elepaio.

7.4.10 Marine Biology

Allingham, D. P. & Neil, D. T. (1995). The supratidal deposits and effects of coral dredging on Mud Island,

Moreton Bay, southeast Queensland. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, NF, 39(3), 273–292.

Analytical Laboratories of Hawaii. (2004). Mapping of Benthic Habitats for U.S. Pacific Territories:

American Samoa, Guam, and The Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands.

Baird, A. H., Guest, J. R., & Willis, B. L. (2009). Systematic and biogeographical patterns in the

reproductive biology of scleractinian corals. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 40, 551–571.

Bartol, S. M. & Ketten, D. R. (2006). Turtle and tuna hearing (No. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-

PIFSC-7) (pp. 98–103). U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric

Administration. Retrieved from

http://www.widecast.org/Resources/Docs/Swimmer_and_Brill_2006_reducing_sea_turtle_bycatch_i

n_longlines_TM_NMFS_PIFSC_7.pdf

Bearden, C., Brainard, R., de Cruz, T., Hoeke, R., Houk, P., Holzwarth, S., Kolinski, S., Miller, J., Schroeder,

R., Timmers, M., Vroom, P., & Stamer, J. (2008). The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the

Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. Silver Spring, MD: NOAA/NCCOS Center for Coastal

Monitoring and Assessment’s Biogeography Team.


7-47

Bickel, S. L., Mallory Hammond, J. D., & Tang, K. W. (2011). Boat-generated turbulence as a potential

source of mortality among copepods. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 401(1-2),

105–109. doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2011.02.038

Bishop, M. J. (2008). Displacement of epifauna from seagrass blades by boat wake. Journal of

Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 354(1), 111–118. doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2007.10.013





2007/index.php

Brainard, R. E., Birkeland, C., Eakin, C. M., McElhany, P., Miller, M. W., Patterson, M., & Piniak, G. A.

(2011). Status review report of 82 candidate coral species petitioned under the U.S. Endangered

Species Act (NOAA Tech. Memo., NOAA-TM-NMFS-PIFSC-27) (p. 530). U.S. Department of Commerce.

Retrieved from http://www.pifsc.noaa.gov/library/pubs/tech/NOAA_Tech_Memo_PIFSC_27.pdf

Chew III, R. T. (1999). Environmental problems on the low atolls of the Marshall Islands. Journal of

Geoscience Education, 47, 143–149.











Pacific.





DoN. (2014c). Final (Version 3) Marine Mammal Marine Survey Report in Support of the Commonwealth



DoN. (2014d). Pre-Final (Version 3) Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Joint Military

Training Transportation Study. Pearl Harbor, HI: Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Pacific.

Erftemeijer, P. L. A., Riegl, B., Hoeksema, B. W., & Todd, P. A. (2012). Environmental impacts of dredging

and other sediment disturbances on corals: A review. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 64(9), 1737–1765.

doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.05.008


7-48

Fisheries Hydroacoustic Working Group. (2008). Memorandum: Agreement in Principle for Interim

Criteria for Injury to Fish from Pile Driving Activities.

Hastings, M. C. & Popper, A. N. (2005). Effects of Sound on Fish. Retrieved from

http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/env/bio/files/Effects_of_Sound_on_Fish23Aug05.pdf

Hazel, J., Lawler, I. R., Marsh, H., & Robson, S. (2007). Vessel speed increases collision risk for the green

turtle Chelonia mydas. Endangered Species Research, 3, 105–113.

Hill, M., Ligon, A., Deakos, M., U, A., Milette-Winfree, A., Oleson, E., & Bendlin, A. (2014). Cetacean

Surveys in the Waters of the Southern Mariana Archipelago (February 2010‐ April 2014) (No. PIFSC

Data Report DR-14-013). Prepared for the U.S. Pacific Fleet Environmental Readiness Office.

Jaap, W. C. (2000). Coral reef restoration. Ecological Engineering, 15, 345–364.

Kolinski, S. P., Ilo, L. I., & Manglona, J. M. (2004). Green turtles and their marine habitats at Tinian and

Aguijan, with projections of resident turtle demographics in the southern arc of the Commonwealth of

the Northern Mariana Islands. Micronesica, 37, 95–118.

Lenhardt, M. L., Bellmund, S., Byles, R. A., Harkins, S. W., & Musick, J. A. (1983). Marine turtle reception

of bone-conducted sound. Journal of Auditory Research, 23(2), 119–125.



Magalhaes, S., Prieto, R., Silva, M. A., Goncalves, J., Afonso-Dias, M., & Santos, R. S. (2002). Short term

reactions of sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) to whale watching vessels in the Azores. Aquatic

Mammals, 28(3), 267–274.

Marshall, M. (2012). Broken coral embryos become clone army. New Scientist, Online, 1–1.

Miller, J. (1974). Effects of noise on people. Journal of Acoustical Society of America, 56(3), 729–764.

Minton, D., Brown, V., Dugger, K., Flores, T., Foster, K., Houk, P., Iguel, J., Kessler, C., Kolinski, S., Schols,

T., Starmer, J., Suhkraj, N., Tenorio, M., & Trianni, M. (2009). Draft Report. Marine Resource Surveys

of Tinian, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. Volume I (January).

Moein, S. E., Musick, J. A., Keinath, J. A., Barnard, D. A., Lenhardt, M., & George, R. (1994). Evaluation of

Seismic Sources for Repelling Sea Turtles from Hopper Dredges (No. Report from Virginia Institute of

Marine Science). Gloucester Point, VA: Prepared for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Waterways

Experiment Station. Retrieved from

http://www.vims.edu/library/GreyLit/VIMS/MoeinMusicketal1994.pdf

Myrberg, A. (1980). Ocean noise and the behavior of marine animals: relationships and implications. In F.

Diemer, F. Vernberg, & D. Mirkes (Eds.), Advanced concepts in ocean measurements for marine

biology (pp. 461–491). Univ. South Car. Press.

National Marine Fisheries Service. (2012). Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants: Proposed

Listing Determinations for 82 Reef-Building Coral Species; Proposed Reclassification of Acropora

palmata and Acropora cervicornis from Threatened to Endangered. Federal Register, 77(236), 73220–

73262.


7-49

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science. (2005).

Shallow-Water Benthic Habitats of American Samoa, Guam, and the Commonwealth of the Northern

Mariana Islands (NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS No. 8). Silver Spring, MD. Retrieved

from http://ccma.nos.noaa.gov/ecosystems/coralreef/us_pac_terr/

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration West Coast Region. (2015). Interim Sound Threshold

Guidance. Retrieved February 6, 2015, from

http://www.westcoast.fisheries.noaa.gov/protected_species/marine_mammals/threshold_guidance.

html

Noren, D. P., Johnson, A. H., Rehder, D., & Larson, A. (2009). Close approaches by vessels elicit surface

active behaviours by southern resident killer whales. Endangered Species Research, 8, 179–192.

Popper, A., Fay, R., Platt, C., & Sand, O. (2003). Sound detection mechanisms and capabilities of teleost

fishes. In S. Collin & N. Marshall (Eds.), Sensory Processing in Aquatic Environments. New York:

Springer-Verlag.

Popper, A. N., Carlson, T. J., Hawkins, A. D., & Southall, B. L. (2006). Interim Criteria for Injury of Fish

Exposed to Pile Driving Operations: A White Paper.

Reine, K. J., Clarke, D., & Dickerson, C. (2014). Characterization of underwater sounds produced by

hydraulic and mechanical dredging operations. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,

135(6), 3280–3294.

Richardson, W. J., Greene Jr., C. R., Malme, C. I., & Thomson, D. H. (1995). Marine Mammals and Noise.

San Diego, CA: Academic Press, Inc.

Ridgway, S. H., Weaver, E. G., McCormick, J. G., Palin, J., & Anderson, J. H. (1969). Hearing in the giant

sea turtle, Chelonia mydas. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 64, 884–890.

Riegl, B. M. & Dodge, R. E. (2008). Coral Reefs of the USA (Vol. 1). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer

Academic Publishers.

Scholik, A. & Yan, H. (2002). Effects of boat engine noise on the auditory sensitivity of the fathead

minnow, Pimephales promelas. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 63, 203–209.

Simpson, S. D., Radford, A. N., Tickle, E. J., Meekan, M. G., & Jeffs, A. G. (2011). Adaptive avoidance of

reef noise. PLoS ONE, 6(2). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0016625

Smith, M. E., Coffin, A. B., Miller, D. L., & Popper, A. N. (2006). Anatomical and functional recovery of the

goldfish (Carassius auratus) ear following noise exposure. Journal of Experimental Biology, 209,

4193–4202. doi:10.1242/jeb.02490

Smith, M. E., Kane, A. S., & Popper, A. N. (2004). Acoustical stress and hearing sensitivity in fishes: does

the linear threshold shift hypothesis hold water? Journal of Experimental Biology, 207(Pt 20), 3591–

3602.

Southeast Florida Coral Reef Initiative. (2011). Guidelines and Management Practices for Artificial Reef

Siting, Use, Construction, and Anchoring in Southeast Florida. Miami: Florida Department of

Environmental Protection.


7-50

Spalding, M. D., Taylor, M. L., Ravilious, C., Short, F. T., & Green, E. P. (2003). Global Overview: The

Distribution and Status of Seagrasses. In E. P. Green & F. T. Short (Eds.), World Atlas of Seagrasses.

Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Stadler, J. H. & Woodbury, D. P. (2009). Assessing the effects to fishes from pile driving: Application of

new hydroacoustic criteria. Retrieved from

ftp://ftp.mdt.mt.gov/research/OTHER/Bull_Trout/ASSESSING-EFFECTS-TO-FISHES-FROM-PILE-

DRIVING_2009.PDF

Sukhraj, N., Brown, V., Schils, T., Cox, E., Kolinski, S., Tenorio, M., McKagan, S., deVillers, A., & Foster, K.

B. (2010). Draft Report. Marine Resource Surveys of Pagan, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana

Islands. Volume I (November).

Tan, Y. Z. & Chou, L. M. (2012). Natural colonisation of a marina seawall by scleractinian corals along

Singapore’s east coast. Nature in Singapore, 5, 177–183.

Vermeij, M. J. A., Marhaver, K. L., Huijbers, C. M., Nagelkerken, I., & Simpson, S. D. (2010). Coral Larvae

Move toward Reef Sounds. PLoS One, 5(5). Retrieved from

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Watkins, W. A. (1981). Reaction of three species of whales, Balaenoptera physalus, Meyaptera

novaeangliae, and BalaenoEtera edeni to implanted radio tags. Deep Sea Research, 28, 589–599.

Watkins, W. A. (1986). Whale Reactions to Human Activities in Cape Cod Waters. Marine Mammal

Science, 2(4), 251–262.

Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council. (2009). Fishery Ecosystem Plan for the Mariana

Archipelago. Honolulu, HI. Retrieved from http://www.wpcouncil.org/fishery-plans-policies-

reports/marianas-fishery-ecosystem-plan/

Young, R. W. (1973). Sound pressure in water from a source in air and vice versa. Journal of Acoustical

Society of America, 53(6), 1708–1716.

7.4.11 Cultural Resources





Burns, J. (2010). Underwater Archaeology Remote Sensing Survey of the Proposed AAV and LCAS Landing

Beaches on Tinian (Unai Chulu and Unai Dangkulo), Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas

Islands. Prepared by Southeastern Archaeological Research, Inc. for TEC Inc.

Department of Defense. (2011). Programmatic Agreement Among the Department of Defense, the

Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, the Guam State Historic Preservation Officer, and the

Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands State Historic Preservation Officer Regarding the

Military Relocation to the Islands of Guam and Tinian.


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7.4.12 Visual Resources

Bureau of Land Management. (1986). Manual 8431 Visual Resource Contrast Rating. Retrieved from


m_handbook.Par.79462.File.dat/8431.pdf








7.4.13 Transportation

American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. (2011). A Policy on Geometric

Design of Highways and Streets 2011 (6th ed.).

Department of Defense. (2006). Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC). General Provisions and Geometric

Design for Roads, Streets, Walks, and Open Storage Areas (No. 3-250-18FA). Retrieved from

http://www.wbdg.org/ccb/DOD/UFC/ARCHIVES/ufc_3_250_18fa.pdf

Department of Defense. (2009). Department of Defense Physical Security Program. Directive 5200.08-R.

Department of Defense. (2014). Department of Defense Security of DoD Installations and Resources and

the DoD Physical Security Review Board (PSRB). Directive 5200.08.








DoN. (2014a). Preliminary Draft V1 Socioeconomic Impact Assessment Study in Support of the



7-52


Command, Pacific.



Northern Mariana Islands. (1975, February 15). Technical Agreement Regarding Use of Land to Be


Transportation Research Board. (2000). Highway Capacity Manual. Retrieved from

http://sjnavarro.files.wordpress.com/2008/08/highway_capacital_manual.pdf

7.4.14 Utilities

Army Corps of Engineers. (2003). Final Executive Summary for the Water Infrastructure Development

Plans for the Islands of Saipan, Tinian, and Rota Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands.

Honolulu, HI: Prepared by Belt Collins Hawaii Ltd. and Winzler and Kelly Consulting Services.

Commonwealth Utilities Corporation. (2014). Customer Accounts, Water Production, Water and

Wasterwater Data.

DoN. (2014a). Pre Final (Version 3) Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Joint Military

Training Utilities Study. Pearl Harbor, HI: Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Pacific.

DoN. (2014b). Preliminary Draft V2 Socioeconomic Impact Assessment Study in Support of the



Command, Pacific.

7.4.15 Socioeconomics and Environmental Justice

American Planning Association. (2011). The Role of Community Character in Place-Based Planning.

Presentation by Bret C. Keast.

Council on Environmental Quality. (1997). Environmental Justice Guidance Under the National

Environmental Policy Act. Retrieved from

http://www.epa.gov/compliance/ej/resources/policy/ej_guidance_nepa_ceq1297.pdf











Command, Pacific.


7-53





df

Holdsworth, L. (2009). Indicators of Community Cohesion in an Australian Country Town.

Commonwealth Journal of Local Governance, (2).

Noise Help. (2014). Noise Level Chart. Retrieved September 19, 2014, from

http://www.noisehelp.com/noise-level-chart.html

Office of Economic Adjustment, Department of Defense. (n.d.). Managing Community Growth. Economic

Adjustment Technical Bulletin 5. Retrieved June 26, 2014, from

http://www.oea.gov/library/directory/assistance/growth/managing-community-growth%2c-

technical-bulletin-5/view

Stone, W. & Hughes, J. (2002). Understanding Community Strengths (No. 61). Australian Institute of

Family Studies. Retrieved from http://www.aifs.gov.au/institute/pubs/fm2002/fm61/ws.pdf

U.S. Census Bureau. (2010). 2010 Northern Marianas Summary File.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2010). Guidelines for Preparing Economic Analyses.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2012). Addressing Children’s Health through Reviews Conducted

Pursuant to the National Environmental Policy Act and Section 309 of the Clean Air Act. Washington,

D.C.

7.4.16 Hazardous Materials and Waste

Breeh, B. N. (2004). Classification and Disposal of Waste Flameless Ration Heaters. U.S. Environmental

Protection Agency. Retrieved from

http://yosemite.epa.gov/osw/rcra.nsf/ea6e50dc6214725285256bf00063269d/AC92AEF1F4AA10428

525731A0046E54A/$file/14774.pdf

Burkhart, J. F., Kladder, D., & Castro, F. (1993). Radon Distribution on the Island of Guam and

Correlations to Surficial Geology and Deposition Models.

Department of Defense. (2005). Department of Defense Instruction Operational Range Clearance.


Department of Defense. (2013). Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC). Design: Petroleum Fuel Facilities (No. 3-

460-01). Retrieved from http://www.wbdg.org/ccb/DOD/UFC/ARCHIVES/ufc_3_250_18fa.pdf

Department of Defense. (2014). Department of Defense Instruction Material Potentially Presenting an

Explosive Hazard. Directive 4140.62. Retrieved from

http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/414062p.pdf

DoN. (2010a). Department of Defense Ammunition and Explosive Safety Submission. Directive 6055.09-

M. Retrieved from http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/605509m/605509-M-V7.pdf


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DoN. (2010c). Final Environmental Impact Statement. Guam and CNMI Military Relocation – Relocating




DoN. (2011). Naval Ordnance and Safety and Security Activity Instruction 8020.15C. Indian Head, MD. 10

February.

Rabauliman, F. M. (2013). Notice of Certification and Adoption of Regulations of Pesticide Management.

Saipan, MP: CNMI Department of Environmental Quality. Retrieved from

http://www.deq.gov.mp/resources/files/branches/Pest_Tanks/CNM%20DEQ%20Pesticide%20Mana

gement%20Regulations_2013.pdf

7.4.17 Public Health and Safety











DoN. (2011). NOSSA Instruction 8020.15C. Indian Head, MD. 10 February.

7.4.18 IBB Programmatic Analysis

Bailey, H., Senior, B., Simmons, D., Rusin, J., Picken, P., & Thompson, P. M. (2010). Assessing underwater

noise levels during pile-driving at an offshore windfarm and its potential effects on marine mammals.

Marine Pollution Bulletin, 60, 888–897.

Barlow, J. (2006). Cetacean abundance in Hawaiian waters estimated from a summer/fall survey in 2002.

Marine Mammal Science, 22(2), 446–464.

Brandt, M., Diederichs, A., Betke, K., & Nehls, G. (2011). Responses of harbour porpoises to pile driving

at the Horns Rev II offshore wind farm in the Danish North Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 421,

205–216.

California Department of Transportation. (2012). Hydroacoustic Compendium of Pile Driving Sound Data,

Updated October 2012. Retrieved from

http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/env/bio/fisheries_bioacoustics.htm


7-55

Cowardin, L. M., Carter, V., Golet, F. C., & LaRoe, E. T. (1979). Classification of Wetlands and Deepwater

Habitats of the United States. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife

Service. Retrieved from http://www.fws.gov/wetlands/Documents/Classification-of-Wetlands-and-

Deepwater-Habitats-of-the-United-States.pdf

Department of Defense. (2005). Department of Defense Instruction Operational Range Clearance.


Department of Defense. (2014). Department of Defense Instruction Material Potentially Presenting an

Explosive Hazard. Directive 4140.62. Retrieved from

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Command, Pacific.

DoN. (2010). Department of Defense Ammunition and Explosive Safety Submission. Directive 6055.09-M.

Retrieved from http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/605509m/605509-M-V7.pdf

DoN. (2011). NOSSA Instruction 8020.15C. Indian Head, MD. 10 February.

DoN. (2013). Final International Broadcasting Bureau/Voice of America Tinian Transmitter Station


DoN. (2014a). Final International Broadcasting Bureau/Voice of America Tinian Transmitter Station

Relocation Study. Pearl Harbor, HI: Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Pacific.

DoN. (2014b). Final Coral Marine Resources Survey Report in Support of the Commonwealth of the



Pacific.





DoN. (2014d). Final (Version 3) Marine Mammal Marine Survey Report in Support of the Commonwealth



Fulling, G. L., Thorson, P. H., & Rivers, J. (2011). Distribution and abundance estimates for cetaceans in

the waters off Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. Pacific Science, 65,

321–343.

Greene, C. R. & Moore, S. E. (1995). Man-made Noise. In W. J. Richardson, C. R. Greene, C. I. Malme, &

D. H. Thomson (Eds.), Marine Mammals and Noise (pp. 101–158). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

HDR. (2012). Guam and Saipan Marine Species Monitoring: Winter-Spring Survey 15-29 March. Pearl

Harbor, HI: Prepared for U.S. Pacific Fleet and submitted to Naval Facilities Engineering Command

(NAVFAC) Pacific.


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Hill, M., Ligon, A., Deakos, M., U, A., Milette-Winfree, A., Brendlin, A., & Oleson, E. (2014). Draft.

Cetacean Surveys in the Waters of the Southern Mariana Archipelago (February 2010‐April 2014).

Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center.

Hill, M., Ligon, A., Deakos, M., U, A., Milette-Winfree, A., & Oleson, E. (2013a). Cetacean Surveys of

Guam and CNMI Waters: May–July, 2012: Including Individual Photo-Identification of Pilot Whales,

Spinner Dolphins and Bottlenose Dolphins (2010-2012) (No. Data Report DR-13-001). Pacific Islands

Fisheries Science Center. Retrieved from

http://www.navymarinespeciesmonitoring.us/files/7213/6559/6815/Hill_et_al_2013_-

_Appendix_A.pdf

Hill, M., Ligon, A., Deakos, M., U, A., Milette-Winfree, A., & Oleson, E. (2013b). Cetacean Surveys in the

Waters of the Southern Mariana Archipelago (2010‐2012) (No. Data Report DR-13-005). Pacific

Islands Fisheries Science Center.

Hill, M., Ligon, A., Deakos, M., U, A., Norris, E., & Oleson, E. (2012). Cetacean Surveys of Guam and CNMI

Waters: August - September, 2011 (No. Data Report DR-12-002). Pacific Islands Fisheries Science

Center. Retrieved from http://www.pifsc.noaa.gov/library/pubs/DR-12-002.pdf

Kessler, C. C. (2011). Incidental Observations. Marianas Expedition Wildlife Survey 2010. In Marianas






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National Marine Fisheries Service. (2005). Endangered Fish and Wildlife; Notice of intent to prepare an

environmental impact statement (No. 70 FR 1871).

Oleson, E. (2013). Cetacean Research in the Mariana Archipelago. Mariana Archipelago Ecosystem

Science Implementation Planning Workshop. Garapan, Saipan, Northern Mariana Islands. May 20-22,

2013.

Thompson, P. M., Lusseau, D., Barton, T., Simmons, D., Rusin, J., & Bailey, H. (2010). Assessing the

responses of coastal cetaceans to the construction of offshore wind turbines. Marine Pollution

Bulletin, 60, 1200–1208. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.03.030

U.S. Department of Transportation. (2006). Federal Highway Administration Highway Construction Noise

Handbook. Cambridge, MA: Prepared by U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative

Technology Administration. Retrieved from

http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/noise/construction_noise/handbook/index.cfm


7-57

7.4.19 Section 4(f) Evaluation





Crowl, P. (1960). U.S. Army in World War II: The War in the Pacific, Campaign in the Marianas.

Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief, Military History.

Dixon, B. & Welch, D. (2002). Archaeological Survey of the West Tinian Airport Improvement Area,

Commonwealth of the Mariana Islands. Honolulu, HI: IARII.





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Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). (2007). Environmental Desk Reference for Airport Actions. Office

of Airport Planning and Programming, Airports Planning and Environmental Division, APP-400.

October.

Tuggle, D. (2009). Archaeological Surveys and Cultural Resources Studies on Guam and the


Environmental Impact Statement, Volume III-2: Site Descriptions. Honolulu, HI: IARII.

7.5 CHAPTER 5 Baum, J., Clarke, S., Domingo, A., Ducrocq, M., Lamónaca, A. F., Gaibor, N., Graham, R., Jorgensen, S.,

Kotas, J. E., Medina, E., Martinez-Ortiz, J., Monzini Taccone di Sitizano, J., Morales, M. R., Navarro, S.

S., Pérez-Jiménez, J. C., Ruiz, C., Smith, W., Valenti, S. V., & Vooren, C. M. (2007). Sphyrna lewini

(Scalloped Hammerhead). The ICUN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. Retrieved

January 15, 2015, from http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/39385/0




7-58



Bowers, N. M. (1950). Problems of Resettlement on Saipan, Tinian, and Rota, Marianas (No. 7). CNMI

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