Chapter 7 Notes - Maroon scienceSomatosensation Description receives impulses from the body’s...

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Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slides 8.1 – 8.19 Seventh Edition Elaine N. Marieb Chapter 8 Special Senses Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook

Transcript of Chapter 7 Notes - Maroon scienceSomatosensation Description receives impulses from the body’s...

Page 1: Chapter 7 Notes - Maroon scienceSomatosensation Description receives impulses from the body’s somatosensory receptors Location in the Brain Found in the postcentral gyrus of the

Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Slides 8.1 – 8.19

Seventh Edition

Elaine N. Marieb

Chapter 8

Special Senses

Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook

Page 2: Chapter 7 Notes - Maroon scienceSomatosensation Description receives impulses from the body’s somatosensory receptors Location in the Brain Found in the postcentral gyrus of the

Special Senses

Title

• Somatosensation

Essential Question

• Describe the structures and functions of somatosensation.

Page 3: Chapter 7 Notes - Maroon scienceSomatosensation Description receives impulses from the body’s somatosensory receptors Location in the Brain Found in the postcentral gyrus of the

Somatosensation Description

receives impulses from the body’s somatosensory receptors

Location in the Brain

Found in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe

Posterior to the central sulcus, and anterior portion of the parietal lobe.

Body Regions with the Most

Sensory Receptors:

Lips and fingertips

Page 4: Chapter 7 Notes - Maroon scienceSomatosensation Description receives impulses from the body’s somatosensory receptors Location in the Brain Found in the postcentral gyrus of the

Sensory and Motor Areas of the

Cerebral Cortex

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Figure 7.14

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Page 6: Chapter 7 Notes - Maroon scienceSomatosensation Description receives impulses from the body’s somatosensory receptors Location in the Brain Found in the postcentral gyrus of the

Sensory pathways are crossed pathways.

• The left side of the sensory cortex receives impulses from the right side of the body, and vice versa.

Right Hand

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Pathways for Sensory System

• Pain

DRG (dorsal root ganglion) spinal cord thalamus SS cortex

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DRG – Dorsal Root Ganglion

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Pathways for Sensory System

• Touch/Temp

DRG spinal cord medulla thalamus SS cortex

Page 10: Chapter 7 Notes - Maroon scienceSomatosensation Description receives impulses from the body’s somatosensory receptors Location in the Brain Found in the postcentral gyrus of the

What is a Penfield Homunculus?

• “little man” is a drawing that indicates the density of neurons in the somatosensory cortex

• The more dense the neurons are, the greater the volume that is taken up in the brain.

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Page 12: Chapter 7 Notes - Maroon scienceSomatosensation Description receives impulses from the body’s somatosensory receptors Location in the Brain Found in the postcentral gyrus of the

Special Senses

Title

• Vision

Essential Question

• Describe the structures and functions of vision.

Page 13: Chapter 7 Notes - Maroon scienceSomatosensation Description receives impulses from the body’s somatosensory receptors Location in the Brain Found in the postcentral gyrus of the

Meibomian

Glands

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Accessory Structures of the Eye

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Meibomian glands –modified sebaceous glands produce an oily secretion to lubricate the eye

Page 15: Chapter 7 Notes - Maroon scienceSomatosensation Description receives impulses from the body’s somatosensory receptors Location in the Brain Found in the postcentral gyrus of the

Accessory Structures of the Eye

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Ciliary glands (no label) –modified sweat glands between the eyelashes

Figure 8.1b

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Conjunctiva

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Accessory Structures of the Eye

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Conjunctiva

Membrane that lines the eyelids

Connects to the surface of the eye

Secretes mucus to lubricate the eye

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Lacrimal Apparatus

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Function

Protects, moistens, and lubricates the eye by producing lacrimal fluid (tears)

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Lacrimal Apparatus

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StructuresLacrimal

Gland

Lacrimal

Canal

Lacrimal

Sac

Nasolacrimal Duct

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Flow of Tears

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Structure of the Eye

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The wall is composed of three tunics

Fibrous tunic –outside layer

Choroid –middle layer

Sensory tunic –inside layer

Figure 8.3a

Sclera

Cornea

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The Fibrous Tunic

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Sclera

White connective tissue layer

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The Fibrous Tunic

Cornea

Allows for light to pass through

Repairs itself easily

The only human tissue that can be transplanted without fear of rejection

YouTube - Cornea

Transplant

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JGFi7QlCHYc&feature=related
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Structure of the Eye

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The wall is composed of three tunics

Fibrous tunic –outside layer

Choroid –middle layer

Sensory tunic –inside layer

Figure 8.3a

Lens

Ciliary

Body

Iris

Pupil

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Choroid Layer

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Ciliary body

smooth muscle that attaches to and controls the lens

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Choroid Layer

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Lens

Biconvex crystal-like structure

Can change shape to allow light to properly focus on the retina

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Choroid Layer

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Iris

Pigmented layer that gives the eye color

Prevents light from scattering

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Choroid Layer

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Pupil

Rounded opening of the iris that controls the amount of light to pass through

Page 29: Chapter 7 Notes - Maroon scienceSomatosensation Description receives impulses from the body’s somatosensory receptors Location in the Brain Found in the postcentral gyrus of the

Structure of the Eye

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The wall is composed of three tunics

Fibrous tunic –outside layer

Choroid –middle layer

Sensory tunic –inside layer

Figure 8.3a

Fovea

Centralis

Retina

Optic

DiscOptic

Nerve

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Sensory Tunic

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Retina

Contains millions of receptor cells, the rods and cones

Page 31: Chapter 7 Notes - Maroon scienceSomatosensation Description receives impulses from the body’s somatosensory receptors Location in the Brain Found in the postcentral gyrus of the

Neurons of the Retina

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Figure 8.4

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Sensory Tunic

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Optic Nerve

Receives information from the retina and sends it to the brain

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Sensory Tunic

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Optic Disc

The site where the optic nerve leaves the eyeball

The “blind-spot”

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Sensory Tunic

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Fovea Centralis

Portion of the retina that contains only cones

Area of greatest visual acuity (sharpest vision)

Page 35: Chapter 7 Notes - Maroon scienceSomatosensation Description receives impulses from the body’s somatosensory receptors Location in the Brain Found in the postcentral gyrus of the

Structure of the Eye

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The wall is composed of three tunics

Fibrous tunic –outside layer

Choroid –middle layer

Sensory tunic –inside layer

Figure 8.3aVitreous

Humor

Canal of

Schlemm

Aqueous

Humor

Page 36: Chapter 7 Notes - Maroon scienceSomatosensation Description receives impulses from the body’s somatosensory receptors Location in the Brain Found in the postcentral gyrus of the

Internal Eye Chamber Fluids

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Aqueous humor

Watery fluid found in chamber between the lens and cornea

Helps maintain intraocular pressure

Provides nutrients for the lens and cornea

Page 37: Chapter 7 Notes - Maroon scienceSomatosensation Description receives impulses from the body’s somatosensory receptors Location in the Brain Found in the postcentral gyrus of the

Internal Eye Chamber Fluids

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Canal of Schlem

Located at the junction of the sclera and cornea

Reabsorbs aqueous humor into the venous blood

Page 38: Chapter 7 Notes - Maroon scienceSomatosensation Description receives impulses from the body’s somatosensory receptors Location in the Brain Found in the postcentral gyrus of the

Aqueous humor

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Internal Eye Chamber Fluids

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Vitreous humor

Gel-like substance behind the lens

Keeps the eye from collapsing

Lasts a lifetime and is not replaced

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Aqueous & Vitreous humor

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Neurons of the Retina and Vision

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Rods

Allow dim light vision and peripheral vision

Perception is all in gray tones

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Neurons of the Retina and Vision

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Cones

Allow for detailed color vision

Function in bright light to help with discriminatory vision

Page 44: Chapter 7 Notes - Maroon scienceSomatosensation Description receives impulses from the body’s somatosensory receptors Location in the Brain Found in the postcentral gyrus of the

Image formation on the Retina

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The image formed on the retina as a result of the light-bending activity of the lens is a real image – that is , it is reversed from left to right, upside down, and smaller than the object

Figure 8.9

Page 45: Chapter 7 Notes - Maroon scienceSomatosensation Description receives impulses from the body’s somatosensory receptors Location in the Brain Found in the postcentral gyrus of the

Eye Reflexes

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Convergence Reflex

Moving both eyes to view close up objects

Controlled by extrinsic eye muscles

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Eye Reflexes

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Pupillary Reflexes

Pupils constrict due to viewing close objects or exposure to bright light

Controlled by internal eye muscles and the autonomic nervous system

Prevents excessively bright light from damaging the photoreceptors

Page 47: Chapter 7 Notes - Maroon scienceSomatosensation Description receives impulses from the body’s somatosensory receptors Location in the Brain Found in the postcentral gyrus of the

Visual Pathway to the optic cortex

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Photoreceptors of the retina

Optic nerve

Optic nerve crosses at the optic chiasma

Figure 8.11

Optic tracts

Thalamus (axons form optic radiation)

Visual cortex of the occipital lobe

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Page 49: Chapter 7 Notes - Maroon scienceSomatosensation Description receives impulses from the body’s somatosensory receptors Location in the Brain Found in the postcentral gyrus of the

Special Senses

Title

• Audition

Essential Question

• Describe the structures and functions of hearing.

Page 50: Chapter 7 Notes - Maroon scienceSomatosensation Description receives impulses from the body’s somatosensory receptors Location in the Brain Found in the postcentral gyrus of the

Anatomy of the Ear

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The ear is divided into three areas

Outer (external) ear

Middle ear

Inner ear

Figure 8.12

Page 51: Chapter 7 Notes - Maroon scienceSomatosensation Description receives impulses from the body’s somatosensory receptors Location in the Brain Found in the postcentral gyrus of the

The External Ear

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Pinna (auricle)

collects, funnels, and amplifies sound

Figure 8.12

Page 52: Chapter 7 Notes - Maroon scienceSomatosensation Description receives impulses from the body’s somatosensory receptors Location in the Brain Found in the postcentral gyrus of the

The External Ear

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External auditory canal

Narrow chamber in the temporal bone

Has Ceruminous (wax) glands

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The External Ear

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Tympanic Membrane

Separates the outer and middle ear

Vibrates when hit by sound waves

Page 54: Chapter 7 Notes - Maroon scienceSomatosensation Description receives impulses from the body’s somatosensory receptors Location in the Brain Found in the postcentral gyrus of the

Tympanic Membrane

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Bones of the Tympanic Cavity

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Middle Ear

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Ossicles

Vibrations from eardrum move the malleus

These bones transfer sound to the inner ear

Figure 8.12

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Middle Ear

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Oval Window

Opening at the head of the cochlea

Sound vibrations from the stapes is transmitted to inner ear

Figure 8.12

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The Middle Ear or Tympanic Cavity

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Auditory Tube

connects the middle ear with the throat

Allows for equalizing pressure during yawning or swallowing

Page 59: Chapter 7 Notes - Maroon scienceSomatosensation Description receives impulses from the body’s somatosensory receptors Location in the Brain Found in the postcentral gyrus of the

Auditory Tube

Page 60: Chapter 7 Notes - Maroon scienceSomatosensation Description receives impulses from the body’s somatosensory receptors Location in the Brain Found in the postcentral gyrus of the

Auditory Tube

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Page 61: Chapter 7 Notes - Maroon scienceSomatosensation Description receives impulses from the body’s somatosensory receptors Location in the Brain Found in the postcentral gyrus of the

Inner Ear or Bony Labyrinth

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Cochlea

Contains the organ of Corti where the hearing receptors are found

Figure 8.12

Page 62: Chapter 7 Notes - Maroon scienceSomatosensation Description receives impulses from the body’s somatosensory receptors Location in the Brain Found in the postcentral gyrus of the

Inner Ear or Bony Labyrinth

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Vestibule

Contains muculae which are involved in static equilibrium

Reports on the position of the head

Figure 8.12

Page 63: Chapter 7 Notes - Maroon scienceSomatosensation Description receives impulses from the body’s somatosensory receptors Location in the Brain Found in the postcentral gyrus of the

Inner Ear or Bony Labyrinth

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Semicircular Canals

Involved in dynamic equilibrium

Responds to angular or rotary movements of the head

Figure 8.12

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Page 65: Chapter 7 Notes - Maroon scienceSomatosensation Description receives impulses from the body’s somatosensory receptors Location in the Brain Found in the postcentral gyrus of the

Pathways for Sensory System

• Audition

– Receptors: Mechanoreceptors

– Stimulus Energy: Sound

– Pathway

• Ear: hair cells Ear: vestibulochochlear nerve medulla midbrain thalamus auditory cortex (temporal lobe)

Page 66: Chapter 7 Notes - Maroon scienceSomatosensation Description receives impulses from the body’s somatosensory receptors Location in the Brain Found in the postcentral gyrus of the

Organs of Hearing

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Organ of Corti

Contains the hearing receptors or the hair cells.

Page 67: Chapter 7 Notes - Maroon scienceSomatosensation Description receives impulses from the body’s somatosensory receptors Location in the Brain Found in the postcentral gyrus of the

Organs of Hearing

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The receptors are positioned on the basilar membrane, and the hairs are embedded in the tectorial membrane

Page 68: Chapter 7 Notes - Maroon scienceSomatosensation Description receives impulses from the body’s somatosensory receptors Location in the Brain Found in the postcentral gyrus of the

Organs of Hearing

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When the tectorial membrane is disturbed, this stimulates the hair cells which send information to the cochlear nerve.

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Sensorineural Deafness

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Deafness that is caused by damage to neural structures (cochlear nerve or auditory cortex cells)

Can be caused by stroke or trauma

Page 70: Chapter 7 Notes - Maroon scienceSomatosensation Description receives impulses from the body’s somatosensory receptors Location in the Brain Found in the postcentral gyrus of the

Conduction Deafness

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Deafness that is caused by any interference with the conduction of vibrations from the outer to the inner ear

Can be caused by wax accumulations, otitis media, fusion of the ossicles, or pressure imbalance between the middle and outer ear

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Page 72: Chapter 7 Notes - Maroon scienceSomatosensation Description receives impulses from the body’s somatosensory receptors Location in the Brain Found in the postcentral gyrus of the

Organs of Equilibrium

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Receptor cells are in two structures

Vestibule

Semicircular canals

Figure 8.16a, b

Page 73: Chapter 7 Notes - Maroon scienceSomatosensation Description receives impulses from the body’s somatosensory receptors Location in the Brain Found in the postcentral gyrus of the

Static Equilibrium

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The vestibule helps us with static equilibrium or the position of the head with respect to the pull of gravity when the body is not moving.

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Static Equilibrium

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Figure 8.15

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Dynamic Equilibrium

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The semicircular canal helps with dynamic equilibrium, which responds to angular or rotary movements of the head, rather than straight-line movements.

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Dynamic Equilibrium

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Figure 8.16c

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Page 78: Chapter 7 Notes - Maroon scienceSomatosensation Description receives impulses from the body’s somatosensory receptors Location in the Brain Found in the postcentral gyrus of the

OLFACTION

Page 79: Chapter 7 Notes - Maroon scienceSomatosensation Description receives impulses from the body’s somatosensory receptors Location in the Brain Found in the postcentral gyrus of the

OLFACTION

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Olfactory Epithelium

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Figure 8.17

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Olfaction – The Sense of Smell

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Olfactory Bulb

Contains the receptors for the sense of smell

Page 82: Chapter 7 Notes - Maroon scienceSomatosensation Description receives impulses from the body’s somatosensory receptors Location in the Brain Found in the postcentral gyrus of the

Olfaction – The Sense of Smell

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Cribiform Plate

Portion of the ethmoid bone where the olfactory bulb sits

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Olfaction – The Sense of Smell

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Olfactory Tract

The neural pathway from the olfactory bulb to the olfactory cortex in the brain

Page 84: Chapter 7 Notes - Maroon scienceSomatosensation Description receives impulses from the body’s somatosensory receptors Location in the Brain Found in the postcentral gyrus of the

Olfaction – The Sense of Smell

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receptors are in the roof of the nasal cavity

Neurons with long cilia

Chemicals must be dissolved in mucus for detection

Page 85: Chapter 7 Notes - Maroon scienceSomatosensation Description receives impulses from the body’s somatosensory receptors Location in the Brain Found in the postcentral gyrus of the

Pathways for Sensory System

• Olfaction– Receptors: Chemoreceptors

– Stimulus Energy: Chemical

– Pathway• Olfactory sensory neurons Olfactory bulb

neurons olfactory cortex (in temporal lobe)

Page 86: Chapter 7 Notes - Maroon scienceSomatosensation Description receives impulses from the body’s somatosensory receptors Location in the Brain Found in the postcentral gyrus of the
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Anatomy of the Tongue

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Figure 8.18

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Taste Buds

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house the receptor organs

Location

Tongue

Soft palate

Cheeks

Figure 8.18a, b

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Page 91: Chapter 7 Notes - Maroon scienceSomatosensation Description receives impulses from the body’s somatosensory receptors Location in the Brain Found in the postcentral gyrus of the

Anatomy of the Tongue

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Figure 8.18

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The Tongue and Taste

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Papillae

Small peglike projections that house the taste buds

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Page 94: Chapter 7 Notes - Maroon scienceSomatosensation Description receives impulses from the body’s somatosensory receptors Location in the Brain Found in the postcentral gyrus of the

Anatomy of the Tongue

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Figure 8.18

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Structure of Taste Buds

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Gustatory cells

Specific epithelial cells that respond to chemicals dissolved in saliva

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Anatomy of the Tongue

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Figure 8.18

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Structure of Taste Buds

Slide 8.39bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Gustatory Hairs

Taste receptors that emerge from the taste pores

Page 98: Chapter 7 Notes - Maroon scienceSomatosensation Description receives impulses from the body’s somatosensory receptors Location in the Brain Found in the postcentral gyrus of the

Gustation

Page 99: Chapter 7 Notes - Maroon scienceSomatosensation Description receives impulses from the body’s somatosensory receptors Location in the Brain Found in the postcentral gyrus of the

Pathways for Sensory System• Gustation

– Receptors: Chemoreceptors

– Stimulus Energy: chemical (sweet, sour, bitter, salty)

– Pathway

• Taste bud Facial nerve (VII) or glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) or vagus nerve (X) medulla thalamus cortex (parietal lobe)

Page 100: Chapter 7 Notes - Maroon scienceSomatosensation Description receives impulses from the body’s somatosensory receptors Location in the Brain Found in the postcentral gyrus of the

Taste Sensations

Slide 8.41Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Sweet receptors

Sugars

Saccharine

Some amino acids

Sour receptors

Acids

Page 101: Chapter 7 Notes - Maroon scienceSomatosensation Description receives impulses from the body’s somatosensory receptors Location in the Brain Found in the postcentral gyrus of the

Taste Sensations

Slide 8.41Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Bitter receptors

Alkaloids

Salty receptors

Metal ions

Page 102: Chapter 7 Notes - Maroon scienceSomatosensation Description receives impulses from the body’s somatosensory receptors Location in the Brain Found in the postcentral gyrus of the

Factors that affect Taste Sensations

Slide 8.41Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Stimulation of our olfactory aromas

Temperature and texture of food

Spicy foods can excite pain receptors in

our mouth


Precentral gyrus postcentral gyrus. Main Contents The thoracic wall Breast Intercostal spaces Mediastinum Concept, boundaries, division Superior.

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Common Neuropathic Itch Syndromes - medicaljournals.se · Acta Derm Venereol 92. 120 A. L. Oaklander gyrus (17). The secondary somatosensory cortex and insula have also been implicated

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Somatosensory Cortex Dr. Zahoor Ali Shaikh. Somatosensory Areas Somatosensory Area I – S I. (Brodmann area 1,2,3) – post central gyrus parietal lobe.

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Our senses provide us with wonderful capabilities. If you had … · 2018-06-19 · Our senses provide us with wonderful capabilities. If ... The postcentral gyrus does not continue

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Somatosensory system

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SOMATOSENSORY SYSTEMS - Rutgers Universityzlab.rutgers.edu/modules/teaching/docs/somatosensory/Somatosens systems... · SOMATOSENSORY SYSTEMS. Schematic diagram illustrating the neural

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Gyrus Higher Learning Management System

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SOMATOSENSORY SYSTEM.docx

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SOMATOSENSORY SYSTEM; TOUCH Physiology and Neuronal ... · SOMATOSENSORY SYSTEM; TOUCH 3 Abstract This essay is about the somatosensory system, which is divided into different kinds

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The method of educational assessment affects children’s ......cloze dictation engaged bilateral lingual gyrus, fusiform gyrus, caudate nucleus, medial frontal gyrus, and anterior

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Primary Somatosensory and Motor Cortex

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5. THE TRIGEMINAL SYSTEM Somatic ... - anatomy.med.utah.edu Trigeminal... · Trigeminal System 2012 6 Third Order Neurons in Thalamus Project to Postcentral Gyrus (Primary sensory

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SOMATOSENSORY PATHWAYS - WeeblySOMATOSENSORY PATHWAYS The somatosensory systems’ anatomy in this module will review the major somatosensory pathways including the posterior columns-medial

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Somatosensory Sensation & Motor Functions

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e-News for Somatosensory Rehabilitation 2013, Tome 10 ... · e-News for Somatosensory Rehabilitation 2013, Tome 10 (Volume 3) 106 The official e-Journal of the Somatosensory Rehabilitation

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Superior frontal gyrus

Superior frontal gyrus

2016.03.23 somatosensory pathways

2016.03.23 somatosensory pathways

Daniel J. Simons, Ph.D. THE SOMATOSENSORY SYSTEM I ...simonslab.neurobio.pitt.edu/snc/Somatosensory Lecture Notes 2011.pdfTHE SOMATOSENSORY SYSTEM I. Peripheral Nervous System The

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Somatosensory - senses.docx

Somatosensory - senses.docx

Importance of somatosensory feedback to the motor cortex Nerve signals from motor cortex –Muscle contraction –Generation of somatosensory signals –Somatosensory.

Importance of somatosensory feedback to the motor cortex Nerve signals from motor cortex –Muscle contraction –Generation of somatosensory signals –Somatosensory.