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InvertebratesChapter 7

Classification by Evolutionary RelationshipBy far the most familiar is the frame work created 250 years ago by LinnaeusOrganisms grouped in a taxon show a high degree of similarity2KingdomPhylumClass OrderFamilyGenusSpeciesBinomial nomenclature2Domains of Life

Kingdom Animalia~3 million species, maybe up to 30 million

Eukaryotes:DNA enclosed in nucleus

Heterotrophs:Must consume organic matter to maintain cellular metabolismMetabolism = all the chemical reactions that take place in an organism.

Multicellular (mostly all)

Kingdom Animalia

Kingdom AnimaliaMust eat(no photosynthesis)Kingdom Animalia

MulticellularKingdom AnimaliaNo cell walls

Kingdom AnimaliaSome asexual reproductionKingdom AnimaliaMost Sexual reproduction

Vertebrates3% of animal speciesPhylum Chordata

AmphibiansReptilesFishBirdsMammals

Invertebrates= No Backbone97% of all animal species are invertebratesMost species are MarineEx:

SYMMETRY

13Levels of Cell OrganizationCell Level cells have different functions

Tissue Level cells organize into groups that carry out specific functions.

Organ Level tissues organize into organs which coordinates with other organs to carry out specific processes. Phylum Porifera=Sponges=pore bearing No symmetry = asymmetricalStructurally simplest animalsNo organs or true tissues, cell level, but specialized! Many pores

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Phylum PoriferaSessile =

Suspension Feeders =

Filter feeders = Type of suspension feeder. Water is actively pumped or filtering structures are swept through water-- food particles taken out of water

-Consume plankton and other organic materials

Sponges

Structure: Spicules &SponginSpicules=

Siliceous or Calcerous structuresSupport! Vary in shape and size

Spongin =

Sponge AnatomyOstia (Ostium) =

Osculum=

Pinacocytes=

Porocytes =

Sponge AnatomyChoanocytes/Collar cells =

Amebocytes=

Water Flow in Sponges1.

2.

3.

4.

Sponge form and skeletonsCharacteristicsBranching tubular, volcano -like masses Encrusting sponges are thin brightly colored growths on rocks Glass sponges live anchored in deep water sediments & have siliceous spicules Boring sponges bore thin channels through calcium carbonate such as oysters shells and corals

Some sponges form new individuals after their cells are separated from one another. Asexual ReproductionSponge ReproductionAsexualSexualBudding = parent develops small growths that eventually break off and become separate individuals.

Produce gametes = the reproductive cells.Specialized collar cells or amebocytes turn into gametes Male gamete = sperm, produced by the testes.Female gamete =egg, produced by the ovariesMost hermaphrodites, produce both kinds of gametes.Broadcast spawning, sperm released into water.

Sexual reproduction cont. Early stage of development happens inside spongeEmbryo released into water as planktonic larva and drifts with currents.Settles on bottom and grows into a new sponge

Fig. 7.4Sponge HabitatPoles to the TropicsMost in shallow tropical waters

Sponge UseSome sponges harvested in Gulf of Mexico and eastern MediterraneanThe spongin are the fibers that remain after death of sponge