Chapter 7

Chp. 7 Section 1Physical Geography

• Physical Features:

- Coast Mountains, Rocky Mountains

extend into Canada.

- Broad plains stretch across interior

- Appalachian Mountains extend into South east Canada.

● Canadian Shield- a region of rocky uplands, borders Hudson Bay.

Canadian Shield

Physical Geography

Canada’s most fertile soil, St. Lawrence River valley and Great lakes region.(Great Lakes) – Erin, Huron, Michigan, Ontario,

SuperiorCanada has 1000s of lakes and rivers carved

by Ice Age glaciers. Two Larger Lakes = The Great Bear The Great SlaveSt. Lawrence River links great lakes to Atlantic

ocean.

Two largest lakes of Canada

• The Great Bear The Great Slave

Climate

Central and Eastern = Humid Subtropical

Southwest = Marine West Coast Climate

Winters – rainy and heavy snowfall in mountains.

Central and Northern = Subarctic Climate

Far North = Tundra and Ice-cap Climate

Permafrost = underlies ½ of canada.

Resources

Atlantic and Pacific Coasts =

World richest fishing area.

Lakes and Stream = Tourism

Wheat and Cattle

Resources cont.

● The Canadian Shield – contains mineralsLeading Source of world’s Nickel Zinc Uranium

● Other minerals mined - Lead Copper Gold Silver CoalSaskatchewan = world’s largest deposit of Potash= mineral used to make fertilizer

Resources cont.

• Alberta = Oil and Natural gas• Labrador= Pacific coast Coniferous forest.

Lumber

Pulp= soften wood fibers, used to make paper

Newsprint= cheaper paper used for newspapers

Resources Map

Section 2History and Culture

• Canadian’s first Nations before European Settlement.

Cree Mohawk

Dene Ojibwa

1st European Settlement

AD 1000

Vikings

Norse Settlements failed/abandoned?

European Settlement

• Late 1400s Western European began crossing Atlantic - brought smallpox killing many - mixing with cultures.Europeans - hunted & trapped for furs - traded metal goods to natives kettles & axesNatives and Europeans began to adopt others

culture.- Foods, Clothing, Means of transportation

New France• France was 1st European

country to successfully settle parts of Canada

• Quebec City founded 1608

• French called new territory New France.

Eastern Canada & central U.S.

Importance to France

• Spread France’s Culture & Religion• Important commercial area for France’s empire• French built trade & diplomatic relations with

American Indians

• New France ►Furs & Fish ►French Emp.

French Emp.► Manufactured goods ►New France

New France

• French missionaries tried to convert natives to Christianity.

• New France Lasted 150yrs. Until conquered by British.

• ¼ of present day Canadian population are of French ancestry.

British Conquest• The Seven Years War (1753-63) mainly fought in

Europe (French &Indian)

- British took control of New France

- Quebec- French settlers stayed even- though many went back to France

Canada divided into 2 colonies

Lower → French Speaking

Upper → English speaking

Nova Scotia divided New Brunswick

French British Loyalist

Creation of Canada

• British Parliament created Dominion of Canada 1867 “From sea to sea”

*Dominion – a territory or area of influence

1885 British Columbia and Prince Edward Island

*Metis (may-tees)- people mixed European & Native ancestry, considered themselves a separate group.

Creation of Canada

• Expanded north, land bought by Hudson’s Bay Company (British fur trading business)

• Manitoba becomes province 1870• Alberta & Saskatchewan • 1905

Canadian Government

• Federation• Central Government led by a Prime

Minister (Stephen Harper)• 10 Provincial Governments led by Premier

(Governors)

Canada’s Central Government = U.S. Federal Government

Provincial Government = U.S. State Gov.

Culture

• British Isles origin 28%• French origin 23%• Other European 15% • Canadian Indian 2% • Mixed 26%• Other, mostly Asian 6%

African, Arab

Immigration

Late 1800s-Early 1900s - Many immigrants from Europe

- farmed, worked in mines, forests, and factories

British Columbia 1st province to have substantial Asian minority. Many Chinese Canadians helped to build Rail Roads.

After WW2 mid 1940’s

Immigrants from Europe, Africa, Caribbean's, Latin America and Asia

Natural Resources

Quebec, New Brunswick, Ontario produce – Wheat

Pulp- wood fibers Paper-newsprintBritish Columbia, Ontario produce -- Minerals Hydroelectricity

Section 3 Regionalism

• English- main language in most of Canada• French- Quebec dominant language.

*Regionalism- refers to the strong connection that people feel toward their region.

Quebec- Quebecois (Kay-buh-kwah) believe their province should be given a special

statusArgue this status would recognize the cultural

difference between their province and rest of Canada

Eastern Provinces

• Prince Edward Island• Nova Scotia• New Brunswick• Newfoundland

Eastern Provinces

• (Maritime Provinces)

Prince Edward Island - small island

Nova Scotia- penninsula

New Brunswick – coast on the Gulf of St Lawrence and Bay of Fundy

Newfoundland- island of Newfoundland, large region of mainland Labrador (usually not considered, maritime province)

Eastern ProvincesEconomy

• Short growing season, poor soil = farming difficult

• Most of regions economy related to

Industrial Plants

Forest (lumber)

Fishing

Quebec

• Capital of Province

-- Montreal- 2nd largest city

-- Largest French speaking

-- 3.3 Million in population

-- Financial & Industrial Center • Very cold Winters.

Ontario

• Leading Manufacturing Province• Most populous ( large population)• Toronto = capital of Ontario = Major center of Education Industry &

Finance & Culture• Population made up of people from

= China, Europe,& India • Ottawa = Canada’s Capital = citizens speak English & French

Western Provinces

• British Columbia • Alberta • Saskatchewan • Manitoba

Western ProvincesThe Prairie Provinces

• Manitoba Saskatchewan Alberta• Economy --Major farming region

--Southern grasslands part of rich Wheat Belt, produces more wheat than

Canadians need, rest is exported

Alberta -- Oil & Natural Gas

-- Tourism Rocky Mountains

Major Cities -Edmonton, Calgary, Winnipeg

British Columbia

• Westernmost Province• Mountainous• Natural resources – Forest (lumber) Fishing (salmon) MineralsPopulation of 4 million,1/2 live in city ofVancouver-Multicultural city large Chinese & Indian population Major Trade Center

Canadian NorthNorthern Lands

• Yukon Territory, Northwest Territory, Nunavut (noo-nah-vuht)

• Nunavut – created for Inuit (Eskimo)

– means “Our Land”

Part of Canada's government, but has own local government.

These 3 territories cover 1/3 of Canada

Population of only 100,000

Boreal Forests, Tundra and frozen Artic Ocean