Chapter 7. Bibliography

Abbasi, S. A. and Ramasamy, E. V. (2001). Solid waste management with earthworms. Discovery Publishing House, New Delhi, India. pp. 78.

Adi, A. J. and Noor, Z. M. (2009). Waste recycling: Utilization of coffee grounds and kitchen waste in vermicomposting. Bioresource Technology 100: 1027–1030.

Aira, M. and Dominguez, J. (2008). Optimizing vermicomposting of animal wastes: Effects of rate of manure application on carbon loss and microbial stabilization. Journal of Environmental Management 88: 1525–1529.

Aira, M., Monroy, F. and Dominguez, J. (2006). Changes in microbial biomass and microbial activity of pig slurry after the transit through the gut of the earthworm Eudrilus euginae(Kinberg, 1897). Biology and Fertility of Soils 42: 371-376.

Aira, M., Monroy, F. and Dominguez, J. (2007). Earthworms strongly modify microbial biomass and activity triggering enzymatic activities during vermicomposting independently of the application rates of pig slurry. Science of the Total Environment 385: 252-261.

Albanell, E., Plaixats, J. and Cabrero, T. (1988). Chemical change during vermicomposting (Eisenia foetida) of sheep manure mixed with cotton industrial waste. Biology and Fertility of Soils 6: 266-269.

Alexander, M. (1983). Introduction to soil microbiology. 2nd edition. New Delhi: Wiley Eastern limited. 467 pp.

Alves, F. L., Cadore, S., Jardim, W. F. and Arruda, M. A. Z. (2001). River sediment analysis by slurry sampling FAAS: determination of copper, zinc and lead. J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 12: 799-803.

Amador, J. A., Gorres, J. H. and Savin, M. C. (2003). Carbon and nitrogen dynamics in Lumbricus terrestris burrow soil: relationship to plant residues and macropores. Soil Science Society of America Journal 67: 1755-1762.

American Public Health Association (APHA) (1998). Standard methods for examination of water and wastewater. 17th ed. Washington, DC.

Arancon, N. Q., Edward, C. A., Bierman, P., Metzger, J. D., Lee, S. and Welch, C. (2004a). Effect of vermicompost on growth and marketable fruits of field grown tomatoes, peppers and strawberries. Pedobiologia 47: 731-735.

Arancon, N. Q., Edwards, C. A., Atiyeh, R. and Metzger, J. D. (2004b). Effects of vermicomposts produced from food waste on the growth and yields of greenhouse peppers. Bioresource Technology 93, 139–144.

Araujo, Y., Luizao, F. J. and Barros, E. (2004). Effect of earthworm addition on soil nitrogen availability, microbial biomass and litter decomposition in mesocosms. Biology and Fertility of Soils 39: 146-152.

Arnold, R. E., Hodson, M. E. and Langdon, C. J. (2008). A Cu tolerant population of the earthworm Dendrodrilus rubidus (Savigny, 1862) at Coniston Copper Mines, Cumbria, UK. Environmental Pollution 152: 713- 722.

Arumugam, G. K., Ganesan, S., Kandasamy, R., Balasubramani, R. and Rao, P. B. (2004). Municipal solid waste management through anecic earthworm, Lampito maruritti and their role in microbial modification. Eco-web http://www.eco-web.com.

Athanasopoulos, N. (1993). Use of earthworm biotechnology for the management of anaerobically stabilized effluents of dried vine fruit industry. Biotechnolgy letters 15: 1281-1286.

Atiyeh, R. M., Arancon, N. Q., Edwards, C. A. and Metzger, J. D. (2002). The influence of earthworm-processed pig manure on the growth and productivity of marigolds. Bioresource Technology 81: 103-108.

Atiyeh, R. M., Arancon, N. Q., Edwards, C. A. and Metzger, J. D. (2000). Influence of earthworm-processed pig manure on the growth and yield of greenhouse tomatoes. Bioresource Technology 75: 175-180.

Atiyeh, R. M., Edwards, C. A., Subler, S. and Metzger, J. D. (2001). Pig manure vermicompost as a component of a horticultural bedding plant medium: effects on physicochemical properties and plant growth. Bioresource Technology 78:11-20.

Bajsa, O., Nair, J., Mathew, K. and Ho, Ge. (2003). Vermiculture as a tool for domestic waste water management. Water Science Technology 48: 125-132.

Bansal, S. and Kapoor, K. K. (2000). Vermicomposting of crop residues and cattle dung with Eisenia foetida. Bioresource Technology 73: 95-98.

Banu, J. R., Logakanthi, S. and Vijayalakshmi, G. S. (2001). Biomanagement of paper mill sludge using an indigenous (Lampito mauritii) and two exotic (Eudrilus euginae and Eisenia foetida) earthworms. Journal of Environment Biology 22: 181-85.

Barne, A. Zh. and Striganova, B. R. (2005). Evaluation of production parameters of earthworms Eiseniella tetraedera in laboratory culture. Biology Bulletin 32: 323-326.

Bayon, R. C. and Binet, F. (2006). Earthworm changes the distribution and availability of phosphorous in organic substrates. Soil Biology &. Biochemistry 38: 235-246.

Beck-friis, B., Smars, S., Jonsson, H. and Kirchmann, H. (2001). Gaseous emission of carbon dioxide, ammonia and nitrous oxide from organic household waste in a compost reactor under different temperature regimes. Journal of Agriculture Engineering Research 78: 423-430.

Benitez, E., Nogales, R., Elvira, C., Masciandaro, G. and Ceccanti, B. (1999). Enzyme activities as indicators of the stabilization of sewage sludge composting with Eisenia foetida. Bioresource Technology 67: 297-303.

Beyer, W. N., Cromartie, E. and Moment, G. B. (1985). Accumulation of Methylmercury in the Earthworm, Eisenia foetida, and its Effect on Regeneration. Bull. Environ. Contain. Toxicol. 35:157-162.

Bhattacharjee, G. and Chaudhuri, P.S. (2002). Cocoon production, morphology, hatching pattern and fecundity in seven tropical earthworms species-a laboratory-based investigation. Journal of Bioscience 27: 283-294.

Bhattacharya, S. S. and Chattopadhyay, G. N. (2002). Increasing bioavailability of phosphorus from fly ash through vermicomposting. Journal of Environmental Quality 31: 2116-2119.

Blair, J. M., Parmelee, R. W. and Lavelle, P. (1995). Influences of earthworms on biogeochemistry. In: Hendrix P. F. (eds) earthworm ecology and biogeography in North America, Lewis, Boca Raton, pp 127-158.

Bonkowski, M. and Schaefer, M. (1997). Interactions between earthworms and soil protozoa: a trophic component in the soil food web. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 29: 499–502.

Bostrom, U. (1987). Growth of earthworms Allolobophora caliginosa in soil mixed with barley, Lucerne or meadow fescue at various stages of decomposition. Pedobiologia 30: 311-321.

Bouche, M. B. (1977). Strategies lombriciennes. In: Lohm, U., Persson, T. (Eds.), Soil Organisms as Components of Ecosystems. Biol. Bull., Stockholm 25: 122–132.

Boudou, A and Ribeyre, F. (1997). Mercury in the food web: Accumulation and transfer mechanism in A. Sigel and H. Sigel (eds), Metal ion in biological systems, Vol. 34, Marcel Dekker, Inc., NY, USA, pp 289-319.

Bouwman, H. and Reinecke, A. J. (1991). A defined medium for the study of growth and reproduction of the earthworm Eisenia fetida (Oligochaeta). Biology and Fertility of Soils 10: 285-289

Brady, N. C. and Weil, R. R. (2002). The nature and properties of soils. 13th edition. New Delhi: Prentice Hall of India. pp. 960

Bremner, J. M. and Mulvaney, R. G. (1982). Nitrogen total. In: Methods of soil analysis. Am. Sco. Agron. Madison, Wisconsin. A. L. Page, R.H. Miller and D.R. Keeney (eds.), pp. 575-624.

Briones, M. J. I., Ostle, N. J. and P, T. G. (2008). Stable isotopes reveal that the calciferous gland of earthworms is a CO2-fixing organ. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 40: 554–557.

Brown, G. G. (1995). How do earthworms affect micro-floral and faunal community diversity? Plant and Soil 170: 209–231.

Burton, D. T., Turley, S. D., Fisher, D. J., Green, D. J. and Shedd, T. R. (2006). Bioaccumulatiopn of total mercury and monomethyl mercury in the earthworm Eisenia fetida. Water, Air and Soil pollution 170: 37-54.

Butt, K. R. (1993). Utilisation of solid paper-mill sludge and spend brewery yeast as feed for soil-dweling earth worms. Bioresource. Technology 44: 105-107.

Cabrera, M. L., Kissel, D. E. and Vigil, M. F. (2005). Nitrogen mineralization from organic residues: research opportunities. Journal of Environment Quality 34: 75-79.

Castillo, A. E., Benito, S. G. and Iglesias, M. C. (2005). Influence of earthworms on organic waste composting and characterization of vermicompost end products. Spanish Journal of Agriculture Research 3: 145-150.

Chaudhuri, P. S. and Bhattacharjee, G. (2002). Capacity of various experimental diets to support biomass and reproduction of Perionyx excavatus. Bioresource Technology 82: 147-150.

Chaudhuri, P. S., Pal, T. K., Bhattacharjee, G. and Dey, S. K. (2000). Chemical changes during vermicomposting (Perionyx excavatus) of kitchen waste. Tropical Ecology 41: 107-110.

Chen, Y., Inbar, Y., Hadar, Y. and Malcolm, R. L. (1989). Chemical properties and solid state CPMAS 13C NMR of composted organic matter. Science of Total Environment 81: 201-208.

Cho, I. H., Choi, E. S., Lim, H. G. and Lee, H. H. (2004). Purification and characterization of six fibrinolytic serine proteases from earthworm Lumbricus rubellus. Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 37:199-205.

Christy, M. A. V. and Ramalingam, R. (2005). Influence of Sago wastes-Pressmud mixture on the growth and reproduction of an Indian epigeic earthworm Perionyx excavatus (Perrier). Indian Journal of Environ and Ecoplan 10: 291-296.

Contreras-Ramos, S. M., Escamilla-Silva, E. M. and Dendooven, L. (2005). Vermicomposting of biosolids with cow manure and oat straw. Biology and Fertility of Soils 41: 190–198.

Crawford, J.H. (1983). Review of composting. Process Biochemistry 18: 14-15. Darwin, C. (1881). The formation of vegetable mould through the action of worms, with

observation on their habits. Murray, London. 326 pp. Das, J. and Talukdar, M. C. (2001). Integrated effect of earthworms and celluloytic micro-

organism in vermicomposting. In: Recent advances in Biofertilizer Technology (Eds: Yadav, A.K., Chaudhari, S.R., Motsard, M.R.) Pub. by Society for Promotion and Utilisation of Resource and Technology, New Delhi.

Dash, M. C. and Senapati, B. K. (1985). Vermitechnology: Potentiality of Indian earthworms for vermicomposting and vermifeed. In: Proc. Soil Biol. Symp. (eds. M.M. Mishra and K.K. Kapoor), HAU Press, Hisar, pp. 61-69

Dash, M. C. and Senapati, B.K. (1986). Vermitechnology, an option for organic waste management in India. In: Proc. Nat. Sem. Org. Waste Utiliz. Vermicomp. Part B: Verms and Vermicomposting (Eds. M.C. Dash, B.K. Senapati and P.C. Mishra). Five Star Printing Press, Burla, pp. 157-172.

Datar, M. T., Rao, M. N. and Reddy, S. (1997). Vermicomposting-a technology option for solid waste management. Journal of Solid Waste Technology Management 24: 89-93.

Delgado, M., Bigeriego, M., Walter, I. and Calbo, R. (1995). Use of California red worm in sewage sludge transformation. Turrialba 45: 33-41.

Deolalikar, A. V., Mitra, A., Bhattacharyee, S., Chakraborty, S. (2005). Effect of vermicomposting process on metal content of paper mill solid waste. Journal of Environment Science Engineering 47: 81–84.

Dominguez, J. (2004). State of the and new perspectives in vermicomposting research. In: Edwards, C. A. (2nd ed.) Earthworm Ecology. CRD press, Boca Raton, pp 401-425.

Dominguez, J. and Edwards, C. A. (1997). Effects of stocking rate and moisture contents on the growth and maturation of Eisenia anderi (Oligochaeta) in pig manure. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 29: 143-746.

Dominguez, J., Edwards, C. A. and Ashby, J. (2001). The biology and population dynamics of Eudrilus eugeniae (Kinberg) (Oligochaeta) in cattle waste solids). Pedobiologia 45: 341-353.

Dominguez, J., Edwards, C. A. and Subler, S. (1997). A comparison of vermicomposting and composting. Biocycle 4: 57-59.

Dominguez, J., Edwards, C. A. and Webster, M. (2000). Vermicomposting of sewage sludge: Effect of bulking materials on the growth and reproduction of the earthworm Eisenia andrei. Pedobiologia 44: 24–32.

Dong-Mei, Z., Chang-Fen, D. and Long, C. (2004). Electrokinetic remediation of a Cu contaminated red soil by conditioning catholyte pH with different enhancing chemical reagents. Chemosphere 56: 265–273.

Edwards, C. A. (1988). Breakdown of animal, vegetable and industrial organic wastes by earthworm. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment 24: 21-31.

Edwards, C. A. (1998). The use of earthworms in the breakdown and management of organic waste. In: Edward, C. A. (ed.). Earthworm Ecology. Lewis, Boca Raton , pp. 327-354.

Edwards, C. A. and Arancon, N. Q. (2004). Earthworm Ecology. In: Edward, C. A., Boca Raton, Florida, CRC Press, pp 345-380.

Edwards, C. A. and Bohlen, P. J. (1996). Biology and Ecology of earthworm. Third ed. Chapman and Hall, New York, London.

Edwards, C. A. and Fletcher, K. E. (1998). Interactions between earthworms and microorganisms in organic-matter breakdown. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment 24: 235–247.

Edwards, C. A. and Lofty, J. R. (1972). Biology of earthworms. 1st ed. Chapman and Hall, London.

Edwards, C. A. and Lofty, J. R. (1977). Biology of Earthworms. 2nd ed. Chapman and Hall, London.

Edwards, C. A., Dominguez, J. and Neuhauser, E. F. (1998). Growth and reproduction of Perionyx excavatus (Perrier) (Megascolecidae) as factors in organic waste management. Biology and Fertility of Soils 27: 155-161.

Eghball, B., Power, J. F., Gilley, J. E. and Doran, J. W. (1997). Nutrient, carbon, and mass loss during composting of beef cattle feedlot manure. Journal of Environment Quality26:189–193.

Elvira, C., Dominguez, J. and Mato, S. (1996). The growth and reproduction of Lumbricus rubellus and Dendrobaena rubida in cow manure mixed cultures with Eisenia andrei. Applied Soil Ecology 5: 97-103.

Elvira, C., Sampedro, L. and Nogales, R. (1999). Stability of sludges from paper mill and dairy industries with Eisenia andrei, a pilot scale study. Pedobiologia 43: 766-770.

Elvira, C., Sampedro, L., Benitez, E. and Nogales, R. (1998). Vermicomposting of sludges from paper mill and dairy industries with Eisenia andrei: a pilot scale study. Bioresource Technology 63: 205-211.

Elvira, C., Sampedro, L., Dominguez, J. and Mato, S. (1997). Vermicomposting of waste water sludge from paper-pulp industry with nitrogen rich materials. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 29: 759-762.

Evans, A. C. and Guild, W. J. M. (1948). Studies on the relationship between earthworms and soil fertility. On the life cycles of some British Lumbricidae-Ann. Appl. Biol. 35.

Fang, M., Wong, J. W. C., Li, G. X. and Wong, M. H. (1998). Changes in biological parameters during co-composting of sewage sludge and coal ash residue. Bioresource Technology64: 55-61.

Fischer, E. and Molnar, L. (1992). Environmental aspects of the chloragogenous tissue of earthworm. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 24: 1723-1727.

Fisher, C. (1988). The nutritional value of earthworm meal for poultry. In: Earthworm in waste and in Environment. SPB Academic Publishing, P.O. Box 97747, 2509 GC The Hague. The Netherlands. pp. 181-192.

Flack, F. M. and Hartenstein, R. (1984). Growth of the earthworm Eisenia foetida on microorganisms and cellulose. Soil Biology &. Biochemistry 16: 491-495.

Flegel, M. and Schreder, S. (2000). Importance of food quality on selected enzyme activities in earthworm casts (Dendrobaena octaedra Lumbricidae). Soil Biology & Biochemistry32: 1191–1196.

Frank, R., Klauck, C. and Stonefield, K. I. (1983). Metal transfer in vermicomposting of sewage sludge and plant wastes. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 31: 673-679.

Frederickson, J., Butt, K. R., Morris, R. M. and Daniel, C. (1997). Combining vermiculture with traditional green waste composting system. Soil Biology &. Biochemistry 29: 725-730.

Gajalakshmi, S., Ramasamy, E. V. and Abbasi, S. A. (2002a). Vermi-composting of different forms of water hyacinth by the earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae, Kinberg. Bioresource Technology 82: 165-169.

Gajalakshmi, S., Ramasamy, E. V. and Abbasi, S. A. (2002b). High rate composting vermicomposting of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes, Mart. Solms). Bioresource Technology 83: 235-239.

Garg, V. K. and Gupta, R. (2011). Optimization of cow dung spiked pre-consumer processing vegetable waste for vermicomposting using Eisenia fetida. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 74: 19–24.

Garg, V. K. and Kaushik, P. (2005). Vermistabilization of textile mill sludge spiked with poultry droppings by an epigeic earthworm Eisenia foetida. Bioresource Technology 96: 1063-1071.

Garg, V. K., Kaushik, P. and Yadav, Y. K. (2008). Effect of stocking density and food quality on the growth and fecundity of an epigeic earthworm (Eisenia fetida) during vermicomposting. Environmentalist 28: 483-488.

Garg, V. K., Yadav, Y. K., Sheoran, A., Chand, S. and Kaushik, P. (2006). Livestock excreta management through vermicomposting using an epigeic earthworm Eisenia foetida.Environmentalist 26:269–276.

Ghatnekar, S. D., Kavian, M. F. and Ghatnekar, S. S. (2002). Biotechnological developments to convert fly ash from thermal power plants into value added products. Indian J. Environ. Prot. 22: 922-926.

Ghosh, M., Chattopadhyay, G. N. and Baral, K. (1999). Transformation of phosphorus during vermicomposting. Bioresource Technology 69: 149-154.

Gonzalez-Martinez, S., Millan, T. and Gonzalez-Barcelo, O. (2007). Biological aerated filtration of municipal wastewater using a low-cost filtration media. Water Science & Technology55: 255–262.

Guerra-Rodriguez, E., Diaz-Ravina, M. and Vazquez, M. (2001). Cocomposting of chestnut burr and leaf litter with solid poultry manure. Bioresource Technology 78: 107-109.

Guerra-Rodriguez, E., Vazquez, M. and Diaz-Ravina, M. (2000). Cocomposting of barley wastes and solid poultry manure. Bioresource Technology 75: 223-225.

Guest, C. A., Johnston, C. T., King, J. J., Allenman, J. J., Tishmack, J. K. and Norton, L. D. (2001). Chemical characterisation of synthetic soil from composting coal combustion and pharmaceutical by- products. Journal of Environment Quality 80: 246-253.

Gunadi, B. and Edwards, C. A. (2003). The effect of multiple application of different organic wastes on the growth, fecundity and survival of Eisenia fetida. Pedobiologia 47: 321-330.

Gunadi, B., Blount, C. and Edwards, C. A. (2002). The growth and fecundity of Eisenia foetida(Savigny) in cattle solids pre-composted for different periods. Pedobiologia 46:15-23.

Gunadi, B., Susanto, S. J. A. and Sosrodjojo, P. S. (1998). Laboratory and large scale indoor condition for culturing two species of redworms (Eisenia anderi and Eisenia fetida) using tea leaf as a food. Proceeding of the 6th International Symposium on Earthworm Ecology. Vigo, Spain, August 30-September 4.

Gunnarson, P., Sunadiv, P. and Tunlid, A. (1988). Importance of leaf litter fragmentation for bacterial growth. Oikos 52: 303-308.

Guoxue, li., Zhang, F., Sun, Y., Wong, J. W. C. and Fang, M. (2001). Chemical evaluation of sewage composting as mature indicator for composting process. Water Air Soil Sludge Pollution 132: 333-345.

Gupta, R. and Garg, V. K. (2008). Stabilization of primary sewage sludge during vermicomposting. Journal of Hazardous materials 153: 1023-1030.

Gutierrez-Miceli, F. A., Santiago-Borraz, J., Molina, J. A. M., Nafate, C. C., Abud-Archila, M., Llaven, M. A. O., Rincon-Rosales, R. and Dendooven, L. (2007). Vermicompost as a soil supplement to improve growth, yield and fruit quality of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum). Bioresource Technology 98: 2781-2786.

Haimi, J. and Hutha, V. (1986). Capacity of various organic residues to support adequate earthworm biomass in vermicomposting. Biology and Fertility of Soils 2: 23-27.

Hait, S. and Tare, V. (2011). Vermistabilization of primary sewage sludge. Bioresource Technology 102: 2812-2820.

Hameed, R., Bouche, M .B. and Cortez, J. (1994). Eludes in sotu des transferts d’azoete d’origine lombricienne. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 26: 495-501.

Hand, P., Hayes, W. A., Frankland, J. C. and Satchell, J. E. (1988). The vermicomposting of cow slurry. Pedobiologia 31: 199-209.

Hartenstein, R. (1978). Use of Eisenia foetida in organic recycling based on laboratory experiments. USEPA Document EPA-600: 155-165.

Hartenstein, R. and Hartenstein, F. (1981). Physicochemical changes effected in activated sludge by the earthworm Eisenia foetida. Journal of Environmental Quality 10: 372-376.

Hartenstein, R., Neuhauser, E. F. and Kaplan, D. L. (1979). Reproductive Potential of the Earthworm Eisenia foetida. Oecologia 43: 329 340.

Hobbelen, P. H. F., Koolhaas, J. E. and Van Gestel, C. A. M. (2006). Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in the earthworms Lumbricus rubellus and Apporectodea caliginosa in relation to total and available metal concentrations in field soils. Environmental Pollution 144: 639-646.

Hobson, A. M., Frederickson, J. and Dise, N. B. (2005). CH4 and N2O from mechanically turned windrow and vermicomposting systems following in–vessel pre-treatment. Waste Management: 345-352.

Hopkin, S. P. (1989). Ecophysiology of Metals in Terrestrial Invertebrates. Elsevier Applied Science, London.

Hughes, R. J., Nair, J. and Ho, G. (2009). The risk of sodium toxicity from accumulation to key species in the vermifiltration waste water treatment process. Bioresource Technology100: 3815-3819.

Hughes, R. J., Nair, J., Mathew, K. and Ho, G. (2007). Toxicity of domestic wastewater pH to key species within an innovative decentralised vermifiltration system. Water Science & Technology 55: 211–218.

IIImer, P., Barbato, A. and Schinner, F. (1995). Solubilization of hardly soluble AIPO4 with P-solubilizing microorganisms. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 27: 265-270.

Ismail, S. A. (1998). The contribution of soil fauna especially the earthworms to soil fetility. In: Proceedings of the workshop on Organic Farming. Institute of research in soil biology and biotechnology. The new college. Chennai, India, pp. 9-16.

Jadia, C. D. and Fulekar, M. H. (2008). Vermicomposting of vegetable waste: A biophysico-chemical process based on hydro-operating bioreactor. African Journal of Biotechnology 7: 3723-3730.

Jager, T., Reinecke, S. A. and Reinecke, A. J. (2006). Using process based modeling to analysed earthworm life cycles. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 38: 1-6.

Jambhekar, H. A. (1992). Use of earthworm as a potentical source to decompose organic waste. In: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Organic Farming. Mahatama Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, College of Agriculture, Pune, pp. 52-53.

Jenssen, P. D., Krogstad, T., Paruch, A. M., Maehlum, T., Adam, K., Arias, C. A., Heistad, A., Jonsson, L., Hellstrom, D., Brix, H., Yli-Halla, M., Vrale, L. and Valve, M. (2010). Filter bed systems treating domestic wastewater in the Nordic countries – Performance and reuse of filter media. Ecological Engineering 36: 1651-1659.

Jeyabal, A. and Kuppuswamy, G. (2001). Recycling of organic wastes for the production of vermicompost and its response in rice-legume cropping system and soil fertility. European J. Agron. 15: 153-170.

John, M. K. (1970). Colorimetric determination of phosphorus in soil and plant material with ascorbic acid. Soil Science 109: 214-220.

Jordao, C. P., Fernández, R. B. A., Ribeiro, K. de L., Nascimento, B. de S. and Barros, P. de M. (2008). Zn (II) adsorption from synthetic solution and kaolin wastewater onto vermicompost. Journal of Hazardous materials 162:804-811.

Jordao, C. P., Fialho, L. L., Neves, J. C. L., Cecon, P. R., Mendonc¸ E. S. and Fontes, R. L. F. (2007). Reduction of heavy metal contents in liquid effluents by vermicomposts and the use of the metal-enriched vermicomposts in lettuce cultivation. Bioresource Technology 98: 2800–2813.

Jordao, C. P., Pereira, M. G., Einloft, R., Santana, M. B., Bellato, C. R. and de Mello, J. W. V. (2002). Removal of Cu, Cr, Ni, and Zn from electroplating wastes and synthetic solutions by vermicompost of cattle manure. J. Environ. Sci. Health 37: 875–892.

Julka, J. M. (1993). General Morphology and Characters of Taxonomic Importance. Earthworm Resources and Vermiculture. pp. 17-26.

Kale, R. (1991). Vermiculture: Scope for New Biotechnology. Calcutta: Zoological Survey of India.

Kale, R. D. (1998). Earthworms: Nation’s gift for utilization of organic waste. In: Earthworm Ecology. C. A. Edwards (ed.). Lewis. Boca Raton., pp. 355-376.

Kale, R. D., Bano, K. and Krishnamoorthy, R. V. (1982). Potenital of Perionyx excavatus for utilization of organic wastes. Pedobiologia 23: 419-425.

Kaplan, D. L., Hartenstein, R., Neuhauser, E. F. and Malecki, M. R. (1980). Physico-chemical requirements in the environment of the earthworm Eisenia foetida. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 12: 347-352.

Karmegam, N. and Daniel, T. (2009). Investigating efficiency of Lampito mauritii (Kinberg) and Perionyx ceylanensis Michaelsen for vermicomposting of different types of organic substrates. Environmentalist 29: 287–300.

Kaur, A., Singh, J., Vig, A. P., Dhaliwal, S. S. and Rup, P. J. (2010). Cocomposting with and without Eisenia fetida for conversion of toxic paper mill sludge into soil conditioner. Bioresource Technology 101, 8192-8198.

Kaushik, P. and Garg, V. K. (2003). Vermicomposting of mixed solid textile mill sludge and cow dung with epigeic earthworm Eisenia foetida. Bioresource Technology 90: 311-316.

Kaushik, P. and Garg, V. K. (2004). Dynamics of biological and chemical parameters during vermicomposting of solid textile mill sludge mixed with cow dung and agricultural residues. Bioresource Technology 94: 203-209.

Kavian M. F. and Ghatneker, S. D. (1991). Bio-management of dairy effluents using culture of red earthworms (Lumbricus rubellus). Indian Journal of Environment Protection 11: 680–682.

Kaviraj and Sharma, S. (2003). Municipal solid waste management through vermicomposting employing exotic and local species of earthworms. Bioresource Technology 90: 169- 173.

Kemppainnen, E. (1989). Nutrient content and fertilizer value of live stick manure with special reference to cow manure. Ann. Agric. Fenn. 28: 163-284.

Khwairakpam, M. and Bhargava, R. (2009a). Vermitechnology for sewage sludge recycling. Journal of Hazardous Materials 161: 948-954.

Khwairakpam, M. and Bhargava, R. (2009b). Bioconversion of filter mud using vermicomposting employing two exotic and one local earthworm species Bioresource Technology 100: 5846-5852.

Kızılkaya, R. (2004). Cu and Zn accumulation in earthworm Lumbricus terrestris L. in sewage sludge amended soil and fractions of Cu and Zn in casts and surrounding soil. Ecological Engineering 22: 141-151.

Kızılkaya, R. (2005). The role of different organic wastes on zinc bioaccumulation by earthworm Lumbricus terrestris L. (Oligochaeta) in successive Zn added soil. Ecological Engineering 25: 322–331.

Krishnamoorthy, R. V. (1990). Mineralization of phosphorous by faecal phosphatase of some earthwormsof Indian tropica. Proceeding of Indian Academy of Sciences (Animal Sciences) 99: 509-518.

Kumar, N. N. V. R. (1995). Chitin and chitosan fibles: A review. Bulletin of Material Science 22: 905–915.

Kumar, R., Verma, D., Singh, B. L., Kumar, U. and Shweta. (2010). Composting of sugar-cane waste by-products through treatment with microorganisms and subsequent vermicomposting. Bioresource Technology 101: 6707–6711.

Kumar, V. and Singh, P. K. (2001). Enriching vermicompost by nitrogen fixing and phosphate solubilizing bacteria. Bioresource Technology 76:173-175.

Kurien, J. and Ramasamy, E. V. (2006). Vermicomposting of Taro (Colocasia esculenta) with two epigeic earthworm species. Bioresource Technology 97: 1324-1328.

Landgraf, M. D., Silva, S. C. and Rezende, M. O. O. (1998). Mechanism of metribuzin herbicide sorption by humic acid samples from peat and vermicompost. Analytica Chimica Acta368: 155-164.

Lasat, M. M. (2000). Phytoextraction of metals from contaminated soil: a review of plant/soil/metal interaction and asessment of pertinent agronomic issue. J. Hazard. Subst. Res. 2: 1-25.

Lavelle, P. (1981). Strategies de reproduction chez les vers de terre. Acta. Oecol. 21:17-133. Laxmibai, L. and Vijayalakshmi, G. S. (2002). Vermicomposting of sugar factory filter pressmud

using an African earthworm species Eudrilus eugeniae (Kingberg) with a note on it’s physico-chemical features. Pollution Research 19: 481-483.

Lazcano, C., Gomez-Brandon, M. and Dominguez, J. (2008). Comparison of the effectiveness of composting and vermicomposting for the biological stabilization of cattle manure. Chemosphere 72: 1013–1019.

Leduc, F., Whalen, J. K. and Sunahara, G. I. (2007). Growth and reproduction of the earthworm Eisenia foetida after exposure to leachate from wood preservatives. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 69: 219-226.

Lee, K. E. (1985). Earthworm: Their Ecology and Relationship with soil and Land use. Academic Press, Sydney. p 411.

Li, X., Xing, M., Yang, J. and Huang, Z. (2011). Compositional and functional features of humic acid-like fractions from vermicomposting of sewage sludge and cow dung. Journal of Hazardous Materials 185: 740–748.

Li, Y. S., Robin, P., Cluzeau, D., Bouche, M., Qiu, J. P., Laplanche, A., Hassouna, M., Morand, P., Dappelo, C. and Callarec, J. (2008). Vermifiltration as a stage in reuse of swine wastewater: Monitoring methodology on an experimental farm Ecological Engineering 32: 301-309.

Liu, K. and Price, G. W. (2011). Evaluation of three composting systems for the management of spent coffee grounds. Bioresource Technology 102: 7966-7974.

Liua, X., Hua, C. and Zhang, S. (2005). Effects of earthworm activity on fertility and heavy metal bioavailability in sewage sludge. Environment International 31: 874 – 879.

Loh, T. C., Lee, Y. C., Liang, J. B. and Tan, D. (2005). Vermicomposting of cattle and goat manues by Eisenia foetida and their growth and reproduction performance. Bioresource Technology 96: 111-114.

Lores, M., Gomez-Brandon, M., Perez, D. and Dominguez, J. (2006). Using FAME profiles for the characterization of animal wastes and vermicomposts. Soil Biology & Biochemistry38: 2993–2996.

Lukkari, T., Taavitsainen, M., Nen, A. V. I. and Haimia, J. (2004). Effects of heavy metals on earthworms along contamination gradients in organic rich soils. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 59: 340–348.

Lukkari, T., Teno, S., Vaisanen, A. and Haimi, J. (2006). Effect of earthworms on decomposition and metal availability in contaminated soil: microcosm studies of populations with different exposure histories. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 38:359–370.

Lung, A. J., Lin, C. M., Kim, J. M., Marshall, M. R., Nordstedt, R., Thompson, N. P. and Wei, C. I. (2001). Destruction of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enteritidis in cow manure composting. J. Food Protect. 64:1309–1314.

Maboeta, M. S., Reinecke, A. J. and Reinecke, S. A. (1999). Effects of Low Levels of Lead on Growth and Reproduction of the Asian Earthworm Perionyx excavatus (Oligochaeta). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 44: 236-240.

Maenpaa. K. A., Kukkonen, J. V. K. and Lydy, M. J. (2002). Remediation of heavy metal-contaminates soils using phosphorous: Evaluation of bioavailability using an earthworm bioassay. Archieves of Environment Contamination and Toxicology 43: 389-398.

Mainoo, Nana O.K.., Barrington, S., Whalen, J. K. and Sampedro, L. (2009). Pilot-scale vermicomposting of pineapple wastes with earthworms native to Accra, Ghana. Bioresource Technology 100: 5872–5875.

Maity, S., Padhy, P. K. and Chaudhury, S. (2008). The role of earthworm Lampito mauritii (Kinberg) in amending lead and zinc treated soil. Bioresource Technology 99: 7291–7298.

Malley, C., Nair, J. and Ho, G. (2006). Impact of heavy metals on enzymatic activity of substrate and on composting worms Eisenia fetida. Bioresource Technology 97: 1498-1502.

Manna, M. C., Jha, S., Ghosh, P. K. and Acharya, C. L. (2003). Comparative efficacy of three epigeic earthworms under different deciduous forest litters decomposition. Bioresource Technology 88: 197-206.

Marhan, S. and Scheu, S. (2005). The influence of mineral and organic fertilisers on the growth of the endogeic earthworm Octolasion tyrtaeum (Savigny). Pedobiologia 49: 239- 249.

Marsh, L., Subler, S., Mishra, S. and Marini, M. (2005). Suitability of aquaculture effluent solids mixed with cardboard as a feed stock for vermicomposting. Bioresource Technology96: 413-418.

Martin-Gil, J., Navas-Garcia, L. M., Gomez-Sobrino, E., Correa-Guimaraes, A., Hernandez-Navarro, S., Sanchez-Bascones, M. and Ramos-Sanchez, M. C. (2007). Composting and vermicomposting experiences in the treatment and bioconversion of asphaltens from the Prestige oil spill. Bioresource Technology 99: 1821-1829.

Masciandaro, G., Ceccanti, B. and Garcia, C. (2000). ``In situ'' vermicomposting of biological sludges and impacts on soil quality. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 32: 1015-1024.

Masini, J. C., Abate, G., Lima, E. C., Hahn, L. C., Nakamura, M. S., Lichtig, J. and Nagatomy, H. R. (1998). Comparison of methodologies for determination of carboxylic and phenolic groups in humic acids. Analytica Chimica Acta 364: 223-233.

Matos, G. D. and Arruda, M. A. Z. (2003). Vermicompost as natural adsorbent for removing metals ions from laboratory effluents. Process Biochemistry 39: 81-88.

Mba, C. C. (1997). Rock phosphate solubilizing Streptosporangium isolates from casts of tropical earthworms. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 29: 381-385.

Meunchang, S., Panichsakpatana, S. and Weaver, R. W. (2005). Co-composting of filter cake and bagasse; by-products from a sugar mill. Bioresource Technology 96: 432-437.

Mitchell, A. (1997). Production of Eisenia foetida and vermicompost from feedlot cattle manure. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 29: 763-766.

Mitchell, M. J. (1979). Functional relationships of macro invertebrates in heterotrophic systems with emphasis on sewage sludge decomposition. Ecology 60:1270-1283.

Morais, F. M. C. and Queda, C. A. C. (2003). Study of storage influence on evolution of stability and maturity properties of MSW compost. In: Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference of ORBIT Association on Biological Processing of Organics: Advances for a Sustainable Society Part II, Perth (Australia).

Nahrul Hayawin, Z., Abdul Khalil, H. P. S., Jawaid, M., Hakimi Ibrahim, M. and Astimar, A. A. (2010). Exploring chemical analysis of vermicompost of various oil palm fibre wastes. Environmentalist 30: 273-278.

Nair, J., Sekiozoic, V. and Anda, M. (2006). Effect of pre-composting on vermicomposting of kitchen waste. Bioresource Technology 97: 2091–2095.

Ndegwa, P. M. and Thompson, S. A. (2000). Effects of C to N ratio on vermicomposting of biosolids. Bioresource Technology 75: 7-12.

Ndegwa, P. M. and Thompson, S. A. (2001). Integrating composting and vermicomposting the treatment and bioconversion of biosolids. Bioresource Technology 76: 107-112.

Ndegwa, P. M., Thompson, S. A. and Das, K. C. (2000). Effects of stocking density and feeding rate on vermicomposting of biosolids. Bioresource Technology 71: 5-12.

Needham, A. E. (1957). Components of nitrogenous excreta in the earthworms Lumbricus terrestris and Eisenia fetida. Journal of Experimental Biology 34: 425-46.

Nelson, D. W. and Sommers, L. E. (1982). Total carbon and organic carbon and organic matter. In. Page, A.L., Miller, R.H., Keeney, D.R. (eds.), Method of Soil Analysis. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, pp. 539-579.

Neuhauser, E. F., Cukiqb, Z. V., Malecki, M. R., Loehr, R. C. and Durkin, P. R. (1995). Bioconcentration and biokinetics of heavy metals in the earthworm. Environmental Pollution 89: 293-301.

Neuhauser, E. F., Hartenstein, R. and Kaplan, D. L. (1980). Growth of the earthworm Eisenia foetida in relation to population density and food rationing. OIKOS 35: 93-98.

Neuhauser, E. F., Loehr, R. C. and Malecki, M. R. (1988). The potential of earthworms for managing sewage sludge. In: Edwards, C.A., Neuhauser, E.F. (eds) Earthworms in Waste and Environmental Management. SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague, pp. 9-20.

Nriagu, J. O. (1990). Global metal pollution-poisoning the biosphere? Environment 32: 7-11. Olive, P. J. W. and Clark, R. B. (1978). Physiology of reproduction; In Physiology of annelids

(ed.) P. J. Mill (London: Academic Press) pp 271-368. Orozco, F. H., Cegarra, J., Trujillo, L. M. and Roig, A. (1996). Vermicomposting of coffee pulp

using the earthworm Eisenia foetida: effects on C and N contents and the availability of nutrients. Biology and Fertility of Soils 22: 162-166.

Owojori, O. J., Reinecke, A. J. and Rozanov, A. B. (2008). Effects of salinity on partitioning, uptake and toxicity of zinc in the earthworm Eisenia fetida. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 40: 2385–2393.

Padmavathiamma, P. K., Loretta Y. L. and Kumari, U. R. (2008). An experimental study of vermi-biowaste composting for agricultural soil improvement. Bioresource Technology99: 1672–1681.

Paoletti, M. G., Favretto, M. R., Stinner, B. R., Purrington, F. F. and Bater, J. E. (1991). Invertebrates as bioindicators of soil use. Agril. Ecosyst. Environ. 34: 341-362.

Patron, J. C., Sanchez, P., Brown, G. G., Brossard, M., Barois, I. and Gutierrez, C. (1999). Phosphorous in soil and Brachiaria decumbens plants as affected by the geophagous earthworm Pontoscolex corethrurus and Phosphorous fertilization. Pedobiologia 43: 547-556.

Pereira, M. G. and Arruda, M. A. Z. (2003). Vermicompost as a Natural Adsorbent Materials: Characterization and Potentialities for Cadmium Adsorption. J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 14: 39-47.

Phillips, V. R. (1988). Engineering problem in animal waste by earthworms. In: Earthworm in waste and in environmental management. SPB Accademic Publishing, P.O. Box 97747, 2509 GC The Hague, The Netherland, pp. 111-118.

Pierre, V., Phillip, R., Margnerite, L. and Pierrette, C. (1982). Antibacterial activity of the haemolytic system from the earthworms Eisenia foetida andrei. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 40: 21–27.

Plaza, C., Nogales, R., Senesi, N., Benitez, E. and Polo, A. (2008). Organic matter humification by vermicomposting of cattle manure alone and mixed with two-phase olive pomace. Bioresource Technology 99: 5085–5089.

Plaza, C., Senesi, N., Brunetti, G. and Mondelli, D. (2005). Cocomposting of sludge from olive oil mill waste water mixed with tree cuttings. Compos. Sci. Util. 13:212–226.

Prakash, M. and Karmegam, N. (2010). Vermistabilization of pressmud using Perionyx ceylanensis Mich. Bioresource Technology 101: 8464–8468.

Pramanik, P., Ghosh, G. K., Ghosal, P. K. and Banik, P. (2007). Changes in organic- C, N, P and K and enzyme activities in vermicompost of biodegradable organic wastes under liming and microbial inoculants. Bioresource Technology 98: 2485-2494.

Raphael, K and Velmourougane. K. (2011). Chemical and microbiological changes during vermicomposting of coffee pulp using exotic (Eudrilus eugeniae) and native earthworm (Perionyx ceylanesis) species. Biodegradation 22: 497-507.

Rashid, M. A. (1974). Absorption of metals on sedimentary and peat humic acid. Chemical Geology 13: 115-123.

Reid, I. D. (1979). The influence of nutrient balance on lignin degradation by the white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Can. J. Bot. 57: 2050-2058.

Reinecke, A. J. and Kried, J. R. (1981). Influences of temperature on the reproduction of the earthworm Eisenia foetida. South African Journal of Zoology 16: 96-100.

Reinecke, A. J. and Venter, J. M. (1987). Moisture preference, growth and reproduction of the compost worm Eisenia fetida (Oligochaeta). Biology and Fertility of Soils 3: 135-141.

Reinecke, A. J. and Viljoen, S. A. (1988). Reproduction of the African earthworm, Eudrilus eugeniae (Oligochaeta) – cocoons. Biology and Fertility of Soils 7: 23-27.

Reinecke, A. J. and Viljoen, S. A. (1991). A comparison of the biology of Eisenia foetida and Eisenia andrei (Oligochaeta). Biology and Fertility of Soils 11: 295-300.

Reinecke, A. J., Viljoen, S. A. and Saayman, R. J. (1992). The suitability of Eudrilus eugeniae, Perionyx excavatus and Eisenia foetida (Oligochaeta) for vermicomposting in Southern Africa in terms of their temperature requirements. Soil Biology &. Biochemistry 24: 1295-1307.

Rodriguez-Canche, L. G., Vigueros, L. C., Maldonado-Montiel, T. and Martinez- Sanmiguel, M. (2010). Pathogen reduction in septic tank sludge through vermicomposting using Eisenia fetida. Bioresource Technology 101: 3548-3553.

Rynk, R. M., Kamp, V. D., Willson, G. G., Singley, M. E., Richard, T. L., Kolega, J. J., Gouin, F. R., Laliberty, L. Jr., Kay, D., Murphy, D. H., Hoitink, A. J. and Brinton, W. F. (1992). On- farm composting handbook. In: Rynk, R. (ed.), NRAES-54, Natural resource, agriculture and engineering service. 186pp.

Sangwan, P., Kaushik, C. P. and Garg, V. K. (2008). Vermiconversion of industrial sludge for recycling the nutrients. Bioresource Technology 99: 8699–8704.

Satchell, J. E. (1967). Lumbricidae In: Soil biology (Eds. A. Burges and Raw). Academic Press, London. Pp. 259-322.

Satchell, J. E. and Martin, K. (1984). Phosphate activity in earthworm faeces. Soil Biology &. Biochemistry 16: 191-194.

Sathe, T. V. (2004). Vermiculture and vermicomposting. In: vermiculture and Organic Farming. Daya Publishing House. New Delhi, pp. 1-35.

Sellami, F. R., Jarboui, S., Hachicha, K. and Medhioub, E. A. (2008). Co-composting of oil exhausted olive-cake, poultry manure and industrial residues of agro-food activity for soil amendment. Bioresource Technology 99: 1177–1188.

Sen, B. and Chandra, T. S. (2007). Chemolytic and solid state spectroscopic evaluation of organic matter transformation during vermicomposting of sugar industry waste. Bioresource Technology 98:1680-1689.

Senapati, B. K. and Sahu, S. K. (1993). Reproductive biology (cocoon morphology, life cycle pattern and life table analysis) in earthworms; in earthworm resources and vermiculture (Calcuuta: Zoological Survey of India). pp 79-96.

Senapati, B. K., Dash, M. C., Rana, A. K. and Panda, B. K. (1980). Observation on the effect of earthworms in the decomposition processes in soil under laboratory condition. Comp. Physiol. Ecol. 5:140-142.

Senapati, B. K., Pani, S. C. and Kabi, A. (1985). Effect of earthworm and green manuring on paddy production in pot culture. In Proceedings of the National Seminar on Current Trends in Soil Biology, HAU, India. M.M. Mishra, and K.K. Kapoor (eds.), pp. 71-75.

Senesi, N. (1989). Composted materials as organic fertilizers. Science of Total Environment 81: 521-524.

Shinde, P. H., Naik, R. L., Narizkar, R. B., Kadam, S. K. and Khair, V. M. (1992). Evaluation of vermicompost. In: Proceedings of the National seminar on organic farming. Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Pune, pp 54-55.

Shipitalo, M. J., Protz, R. and Tomlin, A. D. (1988). Effect of diet on the feeding and casting activity of Lumbricus terrestris and Lumbricus rubellus in laboratory culture. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 20: 233-237.

Singh, J. (1997). Habitat preferences of selected Indian earthworm species and their efficiency in reduction of organic materials. Soil Biology &. Biochemistry 29: 585-588.

Singh, J., Kaur, A., Vig, A. P. and Rup, P. J. (2010). Role of Eisenia fetida in rapid recycling of nutrients from bio sludge of beverage industry. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 73: 430-435.

Singh, N. B., Khare, A. K., Bhargava, D. S. and Bhattacharya, S. (2004). Optimum moisture requirement during vermicomposting using Perionyx excavatus. Applied Ecology and Environment Research 2: 53-62.

Singh, N. B., Khare, A. K., Bhargava, D. S. and Bhattacharya, S. (2005). Effect of initial substrate pH on vermicomposting using Perionyx excavatus. Applied Ecology and Environment Research 4: 85-97.

Sinha, R. K., Bharambe, G. and Chaudhari, U. (2008). Sewage treatment by vermifiltration with synchronous treatment of sludge by earthworms: a low-cost sustainable technology over conventional systems with potential for decentralization. Environmentalist28:409–420.

Sinha, R. K., Heart, S., Aggawal, S., Asadi, R. and Corretero, E. (2002). Vermiculture and waste management: study of action of earthworms Eisenia foetida, Eudrilus eugeniae and Perionyx excavatus on biodegradation of some community waste in India and Australia. Environmentalist 22: 261–268.

Sivakumar, S. and Subbhuraam, C. V. (2005). Toxicity of chromium (III) and chromium (VI) to the earthworm Eisenia fetida. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 62: 93–98.

Speratti, A. B. and Whalen, J. K. (2008). Carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide fluxes from soil as influenced by anecic and endogeic earthworms. Applied Soil Ecology 38: 27-33.

Spurgeon, D. J. and Hopkin, S. P. (1999). Comparison of metal accumulation and excretion kinetics in earthworms (Eisenia fetida) exposed to contaminated field and laboratory soils. Applied Soil Ecology 11: 227-243.

Stanley, E. M. (1994). Environmental Chemistry. Lewis Publishers: London. 810 pp.

Subramanian, S., Sivarajan, M. and Saravanapriya, S. (2010). Chemical changes during vermicomposting of sago industry solid wastes. Journal of Hazardous materials 179: 318-322.

Sun, T., He, Y., Ou, Z., Li, P., Chang, S., Qi, B., Ma, X., Qi, E., Zhang, H., Ren, L. and Yang, G. (1998). Treatment of domestic wastewater by an underground capillary seepage system. Ecological Engineering 11: 111-119.

Suthar, S. (2006). Potential utilization of guar gum industrial waste in vermicompost production. Bioresource Technology 97: 2474-2477.

Suthar, S. (2007). Vermicomposting potential of Perionyx sansibaricus (Perrier) in different waste materials. Bioresource Technology 98: 1231-1237.

Suthar, S. (2008). Bioremediation of aerobically treated distillery sludge mixed with cow dung by using an epigeic earthworm Eisenia foetida. Environmentalist 28: 76-84.

Suthar, S. (2010). Recycling of agro-industrial sludge through vermitechnology. Ecological Engineering 36: 1028-1036.

Suthar, S. and Singh, S. (2008a). Comparison of some novel polyculture and traditional monoculture vermicomposting reactors to decompose organic wastes. Ecological Engineering 33:210-219.

Suthar, S. and Singh, S. (2008b). Feasibility of vermicomposting in biostabilization of sludge from a distillery industry. Science of the Total Environment 394: 237-243.

Suthar, S., Singh, S. and Dhawan, S. (2008). Earthworm as bioindicators of metals (Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb and Cd) in soils: is metal bioaccumulation affected by their ecological categories. Ecological Engineering 32: 99–107.

Tavares, T. M. and Carvalho, F. M. (1992). Avaliacao de exposicao de populaces humanas a metais pesados no ambiente: Exemplos do reconcavo baiano. Quimica Nova. 15: 147-154.

Taylor, M., Clarke, W. P. and P. F. (2003). Greenfield The treatment of domestic wastewater using small-scale vermicompost filter beds. Ecological Engineering, 21:197-203.

Tillinghast, E. K. (1967). Excretory pathways of ammonoa and urea in the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris. Journal of Experimental Zoology 166:295-300.

Tognetti, C., Laos, F., Mazzarino, M. J. and Hernandez, M. T. (2005). Composting vs. Vermicomposting: a comparison of end product quality. Compost Science Utility 1: 6-13.

Tognetti, C., Mazzarino, M. J. and Laos, F. (2007a). Cocomposting biosolids and municipal organic waste: effects of process management on stabilization and quality. Biology and Fertility of Soils 43: 387-97.

Tognetti, C., Mazzarino, M. J. and Laos, F. (2007b). Improving the quality of municipal organic waste compost. Bioresource Technology 98: 1067-76.

Tognetti, C., Mazzarino, M. J. and Laos, F. (2008). Compost of municipal organic waste: Effects of different management practices on degradability and nutrient release capacity. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 40: 2290–2296.

Tomati, V., Grappel, A., Galli, E. and Rossi, W. (1983). Fertilizers from vermiculture-an option for organic waste recovery. Agrochemica 27: 244-251.

Tripathi, G. and Bhardwaj, P. (2004). Comparative studies on biomass production, life cycles and composting efficiency of Eisenia foetida (Savigny) and Lampito mauritii(Kinberg). Bioresource Technology 92: 275-278.

Udovic, M. and Lestan, D. (2007). The effect of earthworms on the fractionation and bioavailability of heavy metals before and after soil remediation. Environmental Pollution 148: 663-668.

Vaz-Moreira, I., Silva, M. E., Manaia, C. M. and Nunes, O. C. (2008). Diversity of bacterial isolates from commercial and home made composts. Microbial Ecology 55: 714-722.

Venkatesh, R. M, and Eevera, T. (2008). Mass reduction and recovery of nutrients through vermicomposting of fly ash. Appl Ecol Environ Res 6: 77–84.

Venter, J. M. and Reinecke, A. J. (1988). The life cycle of the compost worm Eisenia foetida(oligochaeta). South African Journal of Zoology 23: 161-165.

Viel, M., Sayag, D. and Andre, L. (1987). Optimization of agricultural, industrial waste management through in-vessel composting. In: de Bertoldi, M. (Ed.), Compost: Production, Quality and Use. Elseiver Appl. Sci. Essex, pp. 230-237.

Viljoen, S. A. and Reinecke, A. J. (1989). The life cycle of African night crawler, Eudrilus eugeniae Oligochaeta). South African Journal of Zoology 24, 27-32.

Vinotha, S. P., Parthasarathi, K. and Ranganathan, L. S. (2000). Enhanced phosphatases activity in earthworm casts is more of microbial origin. Current Science 79:1158–1159.

Vivas, A., Moreno, B., Garcia-Rodriguez, S. and Benitez, E. (2008). Assessing the impact of composting abd vermicomposting on bacterial community size and structure, and microbial functional diversity of an olive –mill waste. Bioresource Technology 100: 1319-1326.

Wan, J. H. C. and Wong, M. H. (2004). Effects of earthworm activity and P-solublising bacteria on P availability in soil. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 167: 209-213.

Wang, F., Wang, C., Li, M., Gui, L., Zhang, J. and Chang, W. (2003). Purification, characterization and crystallization of a group of earthworms fibrinolytic enzymes from Eisenia foetida. Biotechnology Letters 25:1105-1109.

Wang, Su., Yang, J., Lou., S. and Yang, J. (2010). Wastewater treatment performance of a vermifilter enhancement by a converter slag–coal cinder filter. Ecological Engineering 36: 489-494.

Watanabe, H. and Tsukamoto, J. (1976). Seasonal changes in size class and stage structure of the lumbricid Eisenia fetida population in a field compost and its practical application as the decomposer of organic waste matter. Revue d Ecologie et Biologie du sol 13: 141-146.

Wei-bao, S. and Hong-qiang, Y. (2008). Effects of Earthworm and Microbe on Soil Nutrients and Heavy Metals. Agricultural Sciences in China 7: 599-605.

Wenling, C. and Zhenjum, S. (2000). Pharmaceutical value and uses of earthworm. Vermillenum Abstract. Flowerfield Enterprises, Katmazoo, MT.

Whalen, J. K., Parmelee, R. W. and Subler, S. (2000). Quantification of nitrogen excretion rates for three lumbricid earthworms using 15N. Biology and Fertility of Soils 32: 347-352.

Whalen, J. K., Paustian, K. H. and Parmelee, R. W. (1999). Simulation of growth and flux of carbon and nitrogen through earthworm. Pedobiologia 43: 537- 546.

Xing, M., Yang, J., Wang, Y., Liu, J. and Yu, F. (2011). A comparative study of synchronous treatment of sewage and sludge by two vermifiltrations using an epigeic earthworm Eisenia fetida. Journal of Hazardous materials 185: 881-888.

Yadav, A. and Garg, V. K. (2009). Feasibility of Nutrient recovery from industrial sludge by vermicomposting technology. Journal of Hazardous Materials 168: 262-68.

Yadav, A. and Garg, V. K. (2011). Recycling of organic wastes by employing Eisenia fetida. Bioresource Technology 102: 2874–2880.

Yadav, K. D., Tare, V. and Ahammed, M. M. (2010).Vermicomposting of source separated human faeces for nutrient recycling. Waste management 30: 50-56.

Zhang, Z. S., Zheng, D. M., Wang, Q. C. and Lv, X. G. (2009). Bioaccumulation of Total and Methyl Mercury in Three Earthworm Species (Drawida sp., Allolobophora sp., and Limnodrilus sp.). Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 83: 937–942.

Zularisam, A.W., Zahirah, Z. Siti., Zakaria, I., Syukri, M. M., Anwar, A. and Sakinah, M. (2010). Production of Biofertilzer from Vermicomposting Process of Municipal Sewage Sludge. Journal of Applied Sciences 10: 580-584.