Chapter 7 Audio: Music and Talk Across Media. Storing Sound 1877: Edison invents phonograph, records...
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Transcript of Chapter 7 Audio: Music and Talk Across Media. Storing Sound 1877: Edison invents phonograph, records...
![Page 1: Chapter 7 Audio: Music and Talk Across Media. Storing Sound 1877: Edison invents phonograph, records sound on foil cylinders.cylinders 1888: Emile Berliner.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e265503460f94b16727/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 7Audio:
Music and Talk Across Media
![Page 2: Chapter 7 Audio: Music and Talk Across Media. Storing Sound 1877: Edison invents phonograph, records sound on foil cylinders.cylinders 1888: Emile Berliner.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e265503460f94b16727/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Storing Sound
• 1877: Edison invents phonograph, records sound on foil cylinders.
• 1888: Emile Berliner develops gramophone, plays music on mass produced discs.
• 1953: Hi-Fi is combination of technologies to create better music reproduction.
![Page 3: Chapter 7 Audio: Music and Talk Across Media. Storing Sound 1877: Edison invents phonograph, records sound on foil cylinders.cylinders 1888: Emile Berliner.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e265503460f94b16727/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Signals at a Distance
• 1844: Samuel Morse’s telegraph allowed messages to be sent over wires.
• 1890s: Guglielmo Marconi develops wireless telegraph.
• 1905: Reginald Fessenden makes Christmas Eve broadcast with voices and music.
![Page 4: Chapter 7 Audio: Music and Talk Across Media. Storing Sound 1877: Edison invents phonograph, records sound on foil cylinders.cylinders 1888: Emile Berliner.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e265503460f94b16727/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Radio Music Box Memo
• Written in 1915 by American Marconi engineer David Sarnoff.
• Suggested major uses for radio as mass communication tool including news, music, and sports.
• More receivers than transmitters.
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RCA Monopoly
• Radio Corporation of America created to bring together patents, develop radio as medium.
• Composed of General Electric, AT&T, Westinghouse, & United Fruit Company.
• United Fruit Company??? Held many radio patents to communicate with ships carrying fruit.
• 1920: KDKA in Pittsburgh launched as first commercial radio station.
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How To Make Money With Radio?
• Taxes?• Selling radios?• Advertising
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Growth of Radio Networks
• Sarnoff saw NBC as source of programming.• William Paley saw CBS as advertising medium.• ABC was splintered off from NBC.
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Golden Age of Radio
• Music• Drama
Little Orphan Annie, The Lone Ranger, The Shadow
• Soap operasGuiding Light started on radio in 1937, moved to television in 1952, ran until 2009
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Golden Age of Radio
Amos ‘n’ Andy• Started in 1926, became most popular show
on radio.• Story of two African American men;
writers/actors were white.• Controversial, but popular with both black and
white audiences; portrayed a black middle class.
![Page 10: Chapter 7 Audio: Music and Talk Across Media. Storing Sound 1877: Edison invents phonograph, records sound on foil cylinders.cylinders 1888: Emile Berliner.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e265503460f94b16727/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
The BBC
• British Broadcasting Company created as public service in the 1920s.
• During World War II was international voice against Nazis, transmitting around the world on shortwave.
• Current BBC reaches 95 percent of world’s population, uses Internet as well as FM, shortwave, and satellite.
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Rock ‘n’ Roll & Musical Integration
• Rhythm & blues• Hillbilly music• Rock ‘n’ roll• Dewey Phillips attracted multi-racial audience
for Red, Hot & Blue radio show • 1950s: Elvis Presley and Chuck Berry• 1950s and 1960s: Motown
![Page 12: Chapter 7 Audio: Music and Talk Across Media. Storing Sound 1877: Edison invents phonograph, records sound on foil cylinders.cylinders 1888: Emile Berliner.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e265503460f94b16727/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
British Invasion
A rougher sound from British bands• The Beatles• The Who• The Rolling Stones• Dusty Springfield• Many others
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Role of Producers
• Producer: job is to oversee and manage the recording of an artist’s music. A producer has many roles that may include, but are not limited to, gathering ideas for the project, selecting songs and/or musicians, coaching the artist and musicians in the studio, controlling the recording sessions…
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Role of Producers
• and supervising the entire process through mixing and mastering. Producers also often take on a wider entrepreneurial role, with responsibility for the budget, schedules, and negotiations
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Effects of Music on Young People
• Have always been concerns about effects of lyrics on young people.
• Rap and hip-hop have attracted lots of controversy.
• Fears of hidden or “back masked” lyrics.• Middle-class white parents concerned about
effects of black music.
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Changing Musical Formats
• Always a conflict over what format will be used to distribute music.
• LPs (Long Play) vs. 45s shorter less songs
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Rise of Digital Music
• Digital CDs introduced in early 1980s, sold for premium price.
• With analog recordings, quality of copies degrades with each generation.
• Digital recordings allow consumers to make perfect copies.
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Consequences of Digital Music
• Consumers “share” music over the Internet, violating copyright law.
• But artists can use Internet to promote music directly to consumers, bypassing record labels.
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Radio BusinessPopular Radio Formats
1. Country 12.7%2. News/Talk/Info 10.7%3. Adult Contemporary 7.2%4. Top 40 5.6%5. Classic Rock 4.5%
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Radio BusinessTalk Radio
• Political talk radioMost political talk is conservative; Rush Limbaugh, Sean Hannity most popular.
• Shock JocksHoward Stern, Opie and Anthony, Bubba the Love Sponge.
• All-sports radioPassionate listeners who won’t change channels.
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Radio Consolidation
• Broadcast ownership largely deregulated with Telecommunications Act of 1996.
• Prior to 1985, a single entity could own no more than 7 AM and 7 FM stations nation-wide.
• After 1996, could own unlimited number of radio stations.
• By 2003, Clear Channel owned 1,200+ stations
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Public Radio
• NPR founded in 1967• All Things Considered goes on the air in 1971• NPR’s Morning Edition news show has bigger
audience than any of the morning TV programs
• NPR’s Web site is key part of network’s strategy.
• Is no longer National Public Radio, just NPR.
![Page 23: Chapter 7 Audio: Music and Talk Across Media. Storing Sound 1877: Edison invents phonograph, records sound on foil cylinders.cylinders 1888: Emile Berliner.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e265503460f94b16727/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
The Changing Musical Experience
• Death of social music.• Rise of the “personal soundtrack” with Sony
Walkman, followed by iPod and other MP3 players.
• Can lead to “withdrawal from social connections.”
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Future of SoundRadio
• HD trying to bring new life to broadcast radio, but few receivers.
• Satellite Radio—XM and Sirius merge. • Are people willing to pay for subscription
radio?
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Future of SoundLong Tail Alternatives
• WebcastingStreaming sound over the Internet
• PodcastingDownloading programs to take with you on your MP3 player.
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New Economic Modelsfor Music Industry
• CD sales declining.• Pirating and illegal file sharing common.• Artists need new ways to make money• Touring, sale of merchandise, commercial
endorsements, direct sales of music to consumers are all options.