Chapter 7 A Tour of the Cell -- Part 1 TOPICS: How to study cells Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic Nucleus...
-
Upload
megan-greer -
Category
Documents
-
view
228 -
download
5
Transcript of Chapter 7 A Tour of the Cell -- Part 1 TOPICS: How to study cells Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic Nucleus...
![Page 1: Chapter 7 A Tour of the Cell -- Part 1 TOPICS: How to study cells Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic Nucleus and Ribosomes Endomembrane system Other membranous.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062511/55157b9755034691418b5444/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 7A Tour of the Cell -- Part 1
TOPICS: How to study cells
Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic
Nucleus and Ribosomes
Endomembrane system
Other membranous organelles
![Page 2: Chapter 7 A Tour of the Cell -- Part 1 TOPICS: How to study cells Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic Nucleus and Ribosomes Endomembrane system Other membranous.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062511/55157b9755034691418b5444/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
How do we study cells?How do we study cells?
Know the different microscopes and their purposes: Light microscope (what we have at TPHS) Electron microscope SEM (scanning)—surface “scanning”, the outside (see
fig. 7.2, 7.9, or 7.23 b in the book) TEM (transmission)—”transmits” through the specimen
to see inside. (see fig. 7.2, 7.13 b, or 7.18 in the book)
Figure 7.1: size range in cells
![Page 3: Chapter 7 A Tour of the Cell -- Part 1 TOPICS: How to study cells Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic Nucleus and Ribosomes Endomembrane system Other membranous.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062511/55157b9755034691418b5444/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Figure 7.3Figure 7.3cell fractionation, centrifugecell fractionation, centrifuge
What are the largest organelles/parts of a cell that fraction off into the pellet first? What are the smallest? (last)
![Page 4: Chapter 7 A Tour of the Cell -- Part 1 TOPICS: How to study cells Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic Nucleus and Ribosomes Endomembrane system Other membranous.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062511/55157b9755034691418b5444/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Why are most cells Why are most cells so small?so small?
THIS IS REVIEW: Prokaryotic (“before”, “kernel” aka: nucleus) Archaea and Bacteria, no nucleus, no membrane-bound
organelles, usually much smaller, figure 7.4, they have: cytoplasm, cytosol, 1 circular chromosome, plasma membrane, cell wall, ribosomes, nucleiod.
Eukaryotic (“true”, “kernel”) Membrane-bound nucleus and other organelles,
compartmentalized cells, animals, plants, fungi, protists. These cells are larger due to compartmentalization.
![Page 5: Chapter 7 A Tour of the Cell -- Part 1 TOPICS: How to study cells Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic Nucleus and Ribosomes Endomembrane system Other membranous.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062511/55157b9755034691418b5444/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Figures on pages 108 – 109.Figures on pages 108 – 109.
Know the names, identify the structures and know the functions of all of the organelles listed on these diagrams.
Know major differences between the typical animal and typical plant cells.
Animals: centrioles, Plants: (plastids) chloroplasts, cell wall,
large central vacuole, tonoplast
![Page 6: Chapter 7 A Tour of the Cell -- Part 1 TOPICS: How to study cells Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic Nucleus and Ribosomes Endomembrane system Other membranous.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062511/55157b9755034691418b5444/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: Chapter 7 A Tour of the Cell -- Part 1 TOPICS: How to study cells Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic Nucleus and Ribosomes Endomembrane system Other membranous.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062511/55157b9755034691418b5444/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: Chapter 7 A Tour of the Cell -- Part 1 TOPICS: How to study cells Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic Nucleus and Ribosomes Endomembrane system Other membranous.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062511/55157b9755034691418b5444/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
The Nucleus and Ribosomes
Nucleus: contains most of the genes that control a Eukaryotic cell.
Nuclear envelope/nuclear lamina: porous (why?) and double membrane
Chromatin (46)/ tightly coiled chromosomes (46), genes Nucleolus, synthesizes ribosomes, in the nucleus Ribosomes: site of protein synthesis Free ribosomes=for the production of proteins to be used in
the cytosol and attached ribosomes =on the ER for the production of proteins which are packaged or exported via the ER system.
![Page 9: Chapter 7 A Tour of the Cell -- Part 1 TOPICS: How to study cells Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic Nucleus and Ribosomes Endomembrane system Other membranous.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062511/55157b9755034691418b5444/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Pores Lamina Outer and
inner mem-branes
Nucleolus Ribosomes Attachment
site of ER
![Page 10: Chapter 7 A Tour of the Cell -- Part 1 TOPICS: How to study cells Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic Nucleus and Ribosomes Endomembrane system Other membranous.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062511/55157b9755034691418b5444/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Free and bound ribosomes, ER
![Page 11: Chapter 7 A Tour of the Cell -- Part 1 TOPICS: How to study cells Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic Nucleus and Ribosomes Endomembrane system Other membranous.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062511/55157b9755034691418b5444/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Endomembrane system
Definition: all of these structures have interchangeable membranes, they are all made of a phospholipid bilayer and are fusible with one another.
Includes: nuclear envelope (lamina)ERGolgi apparatuslysosomesvacuolesplasma membrane
See Figures 7.14, 7.16, 8.7
Why aren’t mitochondria and chloroplasts in this
group?
![Page 12: Chapter 7 A Tour of the Cell -- Part 1 TOPICS: How to study cells Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic Nucleus and Ribosomes Endomembrane system Other membranous.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062511/55157b9755034691418b5444/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
The endomembrane system’s interconnectedness. All membranes are the same bilayer.
![Page 13: Chapter 7 A Tour of the Cell -- Part 1 TOPICS: How to study cells Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic Nucleus and Ribosomes Endomembrane system Other membranous.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062511/55157b9755034691418b5444/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulum
“Network” of membranes “within the cytoplasm” (compartmentalization: cisternal space) Rough ER: network attached to the nucleus.
Example proteins which are made from the attached ribosomes and then “shipped” via the ER: insulin, glycoproteins, transport vesicles.
Smooth ER: conducts diverse processes: synthesizes Lipids, detoxifies drugs, metabolizes carbos.: ex: glycogen hydrolysis (breakdown) in the liver.
![Page 14: Chapter 7 A Tour of the Cell -- Part 1 TOPICS: How to study cells Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic Nucleus and Ribosomes Endomembrane system Other membranous.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062511/55157b9755034691418b5444/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Golgi Apparatus / BodiesGolgi Apparatus / Bodies
Modification and sorting of products from the ER.
Secretion organelle Flattened sacs (cisternae), cis and trans faces,
(“receiving” and “shipping/transport” sides of the golgi apparatus)
Fusion of membranes (fig 7.14, 7.16, & 8.7) is possible since the ER and the Golgi are both of the endomembrane system.
Some vesicles have external “identification” molecules *see fig. 8.7
![Page 15: Chapter 7 A Tour of the Cell -- Part 1 TOPICS: How to study cells Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic Nucleus and Ribosomes Endomembrane system Other membranous.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062511/55157b9755034691418b5444/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: Chapter 7 A Tour of the Cell -- Part 1 TOPICS: How to study cells Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic Nucleus and Ribosomes Endomembrane system Other membranous.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062511/55157b9755034691418b5444/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Fig. 7.14 Notice how the vesicle from the ER fuses with the cis side of the golgi and then the trans side of the golgi fuses with a food vacuole to deliver digestive enzymes.
![Page 17: Chapter 7 A Tour of the Cell -- Part 1 TOPICS: How to study cells Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic Nucleus and Ribosomes Endomembrane system Other membranous.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062511/55157b9755034691418b5444/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Lysosomes Fig. 7.14Lysosomes Fig. 7.14
Contains hydrolytic enzymes which digest macromolecules and recycle materials from the cell. (see fig 7.14)
Usually maintains pH of 5 (acid)
![Page 18: Chapter 7 A Tour of the Cell -- Part 1 TOPICS: How to study cells Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic Nucleus and Ribosomes Endomembrane system Other membranous.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062511/55157b9755034691418b5444/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
VacuolesVacuoles
Many types: Food vacuoles (in all cells) Contractile vacuoles, in protists
like the paramecium (*fig 8.12) for osmoregulation (water regulation).
Plants: large central vacuole (tonoplast)
![Page 19: Chapter 7 A Tour of the Cell -- Part 1 TOPICS: How to study cells Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic Nucleus and Ribosomes Endomembrane system Other membranous.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062511/55157b9755034691418b5444/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
MitochondriaMitochondria
Energy transformation (from glucose to ATP)
Cellular respiration and ATP generation Contain a small amount of their own DNA
(semiautonomous) (Ch. 28), not of the endomembrane system.
Double phospholipid bilayer. Cristae, large surface area. Inner membrane and Matrix.
* More to come… stay tuned for Chapters 9-10 *
![Page 20: Chapter 7 A Tour of the Cell -- Part 1 TOPICS: How to study cells Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic Nucleus and Ribosomes Endomembrane system Other membranous.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062511/55157b9755034691418b5444/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Know the parts…
![Page 21: Chapter 7 A Tour of the Cell -- Part 1 TOPICS: How to study cells Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic Nucleus and Ribosomes Endomembrane system Other membranous.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062511/55157b9755034691418b5444/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Chloroplasts Chloroplasts (a type of plastid)(a type of plastid)
Energy transformations (sun energy to ATP) Photosynthesis (CO2 and H2O to Glucose) Synthesize organic molecules from carbon
dioxide and water. Contain a small amount of their own DNA
(semiautonomous) (Ch 28) Double membrane, thylakoids, grana,
stroma fluid
![Page 22: Chapter 7 A Tour of the Cell -- Part 1 TOPICS: How to study cells Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic Nucleus and Ribosomes Endomembrane system Other membranous.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062511/55157b9755034691418b5444/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Know the parts:Stroma = fluidthylakoid membranes = are chlorophyll rich
grana = stacks of many thylakoids, site of light reactions (because of chlorophyll.)
![Page 23: Chapter 7 A Tour of the Cell -- Part 1 TOPICS: How to study cells Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic Nucleus and Ribosomes Endomembrane system Other membranous.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062511/55157b9755034691418b5444/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Peroxisomes Peroxisomes
Consume deadly free oxygen within the cell, transport it to mitochondria.
Enzymes transfer hydrogen to oxygen, producing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
H2O2 is also toxic to a cell, and an enzyme made by the peroxisome can break down H2O2
![Page 24: Chapter 7 A Tour of the Cell -- Part 1 TOPICS: How to study cells Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic Nucleus and Ribosomes Endomembrane system Other membranous.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062511/55157b9755034691418b5444/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Fig. 7.19