Chapter 7 – Mappingannarborearthscience.weebly.com/.../mapping.pdf · Powerful computer...
Transcript of Chapter 7 – Mappingannarborearthscience.weebly.com/.../mapping.pdf · Powerful computer...
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Mapping
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Chapter TopicsMaking Accurate Map ProjectionsLatitudeLongitudeGreat CirclesMap ScaleContoursSlopeRemote SensingGIS
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Making Accurate Map Projections
Distortion
Round surface on a flat paper
Mercator,gnomic,conic most common
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LatitudeThere is an imaginary line of latitude halfway between the North Pole and the South Pole called the equator. There are other lines of latitude that are north and south of the equator. They are parallel lines which are equal in distance apart at all points. They run east-west around the globe. Parallels measure distance north or south of the equator in degrees.
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LongitudeThere are also imaginary lines of longitude that help us measure distance east and west. Each line of longitude, or meridian, runs from the North Pole to the South Pole. Mapmakers needed a place to begin, so they created the Prime Meridian as this starting point. Meridians are the farthest apart at the equator, and they are closer together at the poles.
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Latitude and Longitude
Measured in degrees.
Latitude 0-90 North or South
Longitude 0-180 East and West
Broken down further into minutes and seconds
Example: 12º 32’ 8” N
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Great CirclesShortest distance on a round surface in an arc.
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Map ScaleGraphic
Verbal
Representative fraction
Example 1:5000
One inch on the map is equal to 5000 inches in the real world.
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Contour LinesConnects areas of similar elevation.
Contour interval
Index Contours
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Make 3D models from 2D lines.
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SlopeRise in elevation over the run the distance.
Rise / Run
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Geographic Information SystemsGIS
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Introduction Computer tool: geographic map + tabular data
Integrate: Database, Mapping, Analysis
Create maps which convey information
Countries w/ Population>100 million
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What is GISPowerful computer mapping/analysis system
Easily make/update maps
Analyze locations & Present info as maps to:
Integrate maps & info from variety of sources
Make decisions about resources, planning, site selection, demographics
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How GIS worksLinks map features to tables of attributes
Access the attributes for any map feature
Locate any feature from its attributes
Manage sets of features & attributes as themes
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Basic Features
Create maps
Make queries, what if scenarios
Summarize and analyze data
Integrate information
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Remote Sensing
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HistoryCivil War: balloon photography
WWI & II: military air reconnaissance
1940: aerial photos for peacetime use (surveying, mapping , soil survey)
1960: digital computer, improved sensors, quantitative pattern recognition software
Improved computers, increased spectral bands & sensor capability, satellite speed, wide range of altitudes/resolutions lead to large quantity of info
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Defined
Use of airborne sensors (mainly satellite)
which measure electromagnetic radiation of objects
to monitor, analyze & extract info about earth features and the environment
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ImportanceLarge changes are happening
Observe location & extent of human activity and land cover
Monitor rates of change
Make global evaluations
Link to GIS
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Why use RS (vs ground survey)
Large regional view
Complete area (spatial) coverage
Temporal change: snapshots over time
Cost effective
OtherCan provide 3d view
Detect characteristics not visible to eye
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Uses: land, air, water, space Vegetation: forests, crops , range lands
Soils/Geology: terrain, minerals, faults
Water resources, Marine environment
Environment: ozone, pollution, habitat
Natural disaster: flood, fire, volcano
People: urbanization, population growth
Regional planning, Weather, Global Climate
Cartography mapping, Surveying
Military
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Remote Sensing Examples
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Cape Canaveral Landsat 7
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Oakland Landsat 7
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Change: Aral Sea
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Change: same area, #3 is change
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Change: urban growth D.C.Dark=no change, bright=development since 1973
Landsat TM
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Sediment Model
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DEM: digital elevation model
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3D: stereo pairs
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Flood extent impossible by ground survey, green veg
Landsat TM
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Floods: Missouri river
Junction w/ Grand riverJunction w/ Grand river
2=B 4=G 5=R Bare soil, plowed land are red, vegetation (hi near infrared-4) is green, water is dark blue.
19931992
Landsat TM
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El Nino sea temptop: normalmiddle: el ninobottom: change
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Environment: Ozone
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Global: snow (microwave)
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Global: Vegetation avhrr, coarse, desertification
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Deforest: Amazon change, near road
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Forest change: U.S.
2=B 4=G 5=R wide range, conifers are dark green, soil or cultivated land is reddish, snow is light blue. Land use policy led to less clearcuts.
19951984
Landsat tm
Olympic natl forest
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RS+GIS, Quantify Habitat loss
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Hazards: gulf war oil fire Landsat TM
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Crater Lower Amazon in Bolivia
1988 scene, not visited until 1998 cause so inaccessible
1988 scene, not visited until 1998 cause so inaccessible
Landsat 1988, inaccessible so no visit until 1999
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Volcanoes: Mt St Helens
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False vs True: Mt St Helens
1=B 2=G 3=R true2=B 4=G 5=R wide range
Landsat tm May 1992
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Scale problem
whaleswhales
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