Ms. Cole – Canadian History 11

Chapter 7 – Aboriginal Economies

What is an “economy?”

Economics:

“…the study of the use of scarce resources that have

alternative purposes.”

Economy:

“…the use of scarce resources that have alternative

purposes.”

Over time, Canada had developed and changed

how it uses it‟s scarce resources.

Not all about money! It’s about resources! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2YULdjmg3o0

Grade 11 Economics

Resources available to you: What you want:

Make

Decisions

Grade 11 Economics

Resources available to you: What you want:

Make

Decisions

Governmental Economics

Make

Decisions

Resources available to

Canada:

What Canadians want:

Governmental Economics

Make

Decisions

Resources available to

Canada:

What Canadians want:

Let’s start at the beginning…

Aboriginal Economies

Aboriginal Technologies Advanced knowledge of plant science

60% of today‟s crops originated with American Aboriginal

Peoples – potatoes, corn, tomatoes, peppers, squash.

Development of stone tools

The natural world shaped the economy and the

technologies needed to work the land.

Viewing Activity

For each paper, write down the colour

and what you learned about aboriginal

technology from it.

Once you are done, return to your seat.

For each of the three colours, try to

identify a theme.

Image # and

description

What I

learned/Response

Colour of

paper

Station 1 – Diversity and main types of food Europeans Aboriginal Peoples

Station 2 - Farming

http://static1.squarespace.com/static/55674e06e4b0830d6f6d4322/t/55a540f9e4b01f72a1cdb2

4d/1436893433671/MEN-AM11-gkh002.jpg?format=1500w

Station 3 - Gathering Fruits, nuts, berries, roots, leafy vegetables, herbs, wild rice, tree

sap, sweetgrass.

How would tightly woven baskets, the sun, watertight containers

made of bark, and tools have been related to these gathered foods?

Station 4 – Hunting on the Plains

Buffalo Pounds and Buffalo Jumps. What do these pictures

tell you about hunting buffalo?

http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/eppp-

archive/100/205/301/ic/cdc/www.abheritage.ca/alberta/i

mages/arch/IMG0042_det_buffalo_pound.jpg

Located in Alberta

Station 5 – Cedar Needles

Over 500 drugs in use today originated in Aboriginal economies.

For example, Peruvian bark used to develop the cure for malaria.

Ipecac cured dysentery.

Which problems to these remedies help to cure?

Station 6 – Willow and Poplar Bark

Which problems to these remedies help to cure?

Station 7 – Eye Wear Why might these glasses have been developed in the Arctic?

Pg. 95 Canada’s

History

Station 8 – The Canoe

Has the canoe changed much over time? Why or why not? What

was it originally made of?

Station 9 – On the Plains

Besides skates (made from buffalo bones), snowshoes, and dog sleds.

The buffalo hunting plains people invented the travois…what is it

used for?

Station 10 – Hunting sea mammals Up North, Aboriginal peoples hunted beluga whales, walruses,

seals, and polar bears. What are these boats called and what do

you think they are made of?

http://www.heritage.nf.ca/articles/aboriginal/images/inuit-man-kayak.jpg

In general, how would you

describe Aboriginal

economies (use of resources

to gain what is desired) ?

Trade Economies: Need,

Alliances, Prestige.

Frequent items: arrowheads,

tools, and shells.

Wealth and Social Standing Sustainable Development

Wealth = non-material values (spiritual powers and

good relationships)

Sharing of goods/gifts during ceremonies and rituals.

Being generous was a mark of prestige.

Sharing food = potlach

Giveaway Ceremony

Critical Question: Focus on the individual or the

community?

James G. Swan – American 1800s

Heartland, Hinterland, the Staple Trade

Chapter 8

What are Canada’s

most important

resources ?

Key words

Export

Import

Staple (pg. 98)

Heartland

Hinterland

Mercantilism

Export - send (goods or services) to

another country for sale.

Import - bring (goods or services) into a

country from abroad for sale.

Staple (pg. 98) – lumber, cod/fish, wheat, fur.

Heartland – a region that is the economic center of a country

or empire.

Hinterland – a region that provides the resources needed by

the heartland.

Mercantilism - handout

Mercantilism Today?

Staple Thesis – Harold Innis

Since expansion and colonialism were caused

by desire for resources…

Resources influenced the settlement patterns of

North America (where people chose to build

communities)

Therefore, the economy directly influences

social and political development.

oIn other words, Canada exists today because of

where early explorers found, beaver, fish,

timber, and wheat.

Today and Tomorrow – What do you

already know?

Cod

Fur

Timber

Wheat

The Cod Fishery (99-100)

The Cod Fishery (Read pg. 99-100) 1. Why did people in Europe introduce more fish into their diet?

(2 reasons)

2. After Cabot discovered fish off the coast of Newfoundland,

which other countries sent fleets over?

3. What were the two different methods of fishing and how did

it influence the settlement of Canada?

4. Recall: What is it called when resources affect the

political/social settlement of a country?

Codfish Industry Today!

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L5wR8Iu2Q00

Fur Trade

October 28th – What do we already

know about the fur trade!

Fur Trade (pg. 101-103)

October 28th – What do we already know about the fur

trade!

French – Jacques Cartier

Samuel de Champlain

Hats

St. Lawrence River

Quebec and Atlantic Canada (New France!)

Hudson‟s Bay Company

Voyageurs + Coureurs de Bois

Trade with Aboriginal Peoples

Fur Trade - French (pg. 101-103)

Wendat/Huron traded with Innu and Abenaki on behalf

of the French.

French then traded European goods to Wendat.

Wendat used these goods against their enemies (the

Iroquois/Haudenosaunee)

Coureurs de bois voyageurs (why?)

Task

Read yellow “Voices” page 101

What do you notice about Cartier‟s

language?

Fur Trade - English (pg. 101-103)

The Hudson‟s Bay Company (1610 + 1670)

New France became a British colony in 1763 after

_________________________.

1780s creation of competition for HBC –

Northwest Company. Eventually absorbed by HBC.

Fueled exploration and deterioration of Aboriginal

peoples.

https://www.nfb.ca/film/voyageurs

How did the fur trade affect the settlement of

Canada?

Timber Trade (pg. 103-105)

Britain needed wood…Thirteen Colonies (USA)

were no longer theirs and Britain‟s forests had long

been destroyed.

1811 – timber yards are flourishing

Replaces fur as BNA‟s leading export

Preferential Trade Status – advantage selling to

British businesses.

Eventually led to shipbuilding…iron/steel. Needed

for Napoleonic Wars (Reading)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FJDD9VCSfpY

Point Wolfe Sawmill

http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/pn-

np/nb/fundy/natcul/cultur.aspx https://www.flickr.com/photos/jchaley/49692647

52

http://albertcounty.tripod.com/id46.html

Point Wolfe Sawmill

http://fbramazingplaces.ca/portfolio/point-wolfe-

river-estuary/

http://shipsstarthere.ca/wp-

content/uploads/2011/04/Investments1.jpg

Wheat Trade (pg.105)

The Corn Laws of 1820 (tariffs on wheat exported

to Britain from non-BNA countries)

Preferential Trade Status

Economic Boom for farmers = settlements,

transportation, and flour mills for processing.

New Heartland?

http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/mb_history/26/flourmilling5.jpg

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XOCWkRqQznw

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=02scQOLd-Fo

What is the Breadbasket

of Canada?

October 30th

What happens when Great Britain

revokes (cancels) Preferential Trade

Status in Canada because they want to

trade with other countries?

Cancels

Preferential

Trade Status

Reciprocity

Treaty of

1854 (tax

free natural

resources

and access to

fisheries)

National Policy

Canada became a country in 1867. The First Prime Minister was

Sir John A. MacDonald (Conservative).

It had always been a goal in Canada to build a railway from Coast

to Coast – why?

In 1873, the Pacific Scandal revealed that Sir John A.

MacDonald had taken bribes (i.e. fund my campaign and I will

give you the contract to build the railway).

For a short while, Sir John A. was replaced by Liberal Alexander

Mackenzie as PM. The economy was in bad shape.

In 1878 Sir John A. regained power as he introduced and

promised the National Policy.

The National Policy (know for Mon.!)

3 major components (1878):

Protective tariffs against foreign goods (mostly

American competition) – carriages, machinery, railway

cars, clothing. Help Canada‟s industries sell manufactured

products (no longer just raw materials)

Transcontinental Railway – CPR (Transport Goods)

Greater immigration and settlement of the West

The Canadian Pacific Railway

The Canadian Pacific Railway - Hotels Chateau Frontenac - 1893

The Canadian Pacific Railway - Hotels Chateau Lake Louise - 1890

The Canadian Pacific Railway - Hotels Banff Springs - 1888

The Canadian Pacific Railway - Hotels Chateau Laurier – Grand Trunk Railway

The Canadian Pacific Railway - Hotels

• The Algonquin, St. Andrews, New Brunswick, opened 1889

• Chateau Halifax, Halifax, Nova Scotia, opened in 1974 (Delta

Halifax).

• Digby Pines Resort, Digby, Nova Scotia, opened 1917

• Lord Nelson Hotel, Halifax, Nova Scotia, opened 1927

http://www.themontrealeronline.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/A-Nova-Scotia-getaway-01.jpg

Purposes of CPR?

Prevent Annexation by Americans

Unite with B.C.

Improve economy – easier to transport goods and manufacture

products.

Make Canadian goods competitive against American goods.

Attract tourists

Improve Canada‟s prestige

Telling Times Clip and Check for Understanding Multiple Choice

http://www.cpac.ca/en/programs/telling-times/episodes/21253229/

Nov. 2/15

Question: What were the three

elements of the National Policy?

The National Policy (know for Mon.!)

3 major components (1878):

Protective tariffs against foreign goods (mostly

American competition) – carriages, machinery, railway

cars, clothing. Help Canada‟s industries sell manufactured

products (no longer just raw materials)

Transcontinental Railway – CPR (Transport Goods)

Greater immigration and settlement of the West

Recap: Development and Economy

Aboriginal

Economies

Early European

Economies Economy after

1867

NP – Industrial Heartland

Toronto and Montreal

New industries and businesses – no American

competition thanks to protective tariffs.

Access to markets (buyers) in East and West thanks to

_____________?

Manufacturing of Canada: ½ in Ontario and 1/3 in

Quebec.

Present Day?

http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/16-002-

x/2007002/m/0338map1-en.jpg

http://www.magnetcom.net/images/gallery_pictur

es/slideshow07.jpg

Hinterland - Maritimes

The National Policy briefly resulted in prosperity

(especially for Nova Scotia!) 1880s and 1890s.

Built towns around the railway: Moncton, Amherst,

Truro, New Glasgow, Sydney.

Halifax Shipyard was perfect for trade!

Prosperity did not last long – debated why.

Financial institutions and people began moving

away.

Hinterland - West

Opposite of Maritimes: started with depression

and ended with prosperity.

Produced wheat and grains (1890s and 1900s.)

Immigration to area disrupted the Aboriginal

Peoples (Métis)

Working Days – 21st Century

How many hours do you work in a day/in a

week?

How much do you get paid? Who decides?

What happens if you mess up at work?

Is there safety protocol in place? Is it followed?

What happens if you get hurt at work?

Who is legally allowed to work?

Working Conditions (1850s-1920)

Work days = 12 hours or more

Mess ups = loss of wages or physical punishment

Disease and injuries happened every day (no health and

safety restrictions).

Women and children worked (usually exploited in

sweatshops)

Women paid less than men.

Employers had control over your behavior outside of

work.

No social programming for the poor (social safety net). https://www.nhhistory.org/edu/support/nhgrowingup/teacherrules.pdf

Interesting Fact: (American Company)

Even though this is an American company, it is representative of the culture and attitudes of this era:

In order to manage and control such a large and diverse workforce, John R. Lee, Head of Personnel, created the Sociological Department in 1914. The Sociological Department established a system of rules and codes of behavior for Ford employees that they had to meet, in order to qualify for the $5 day pay rate. The Sociological Department monitored employees at home, as well as on the job. Investigators made unannounced visits to employee‟s homes and evaluated the cleanliness of the home, noted if the family had renters, checked with school attendance offices to determine if children were attending school and monitored bank records to verify that employees made regular deposits. Sociological Department investigators also assisted worker‟s families by teaching wives about home care, cooking and hygiene. 2009.0.10.2 Factory Facts from Ford, 1915

Standard of Living (1850s-1920)

Children aged 11-12 were expected to work, otherwise their

family would slip into poverty.

Two or three families were forced to live together in apartments

as rent rose.

Entrepreneurs were generally rich.

No running water, sewers, electricity.

Malnutrition

High Death Rates (Infant Mortality Rate)

Can‟t sterilize bottles or refrigerate milk

Infant Mortality - MacMurchy

1925–1926: total of 1,532 deaths or “over 4 maternal deaths a day.” …MacMurchy pointed out: “The economic factor comes into this question. It is not unusual for us [the federal Department of Health] to receive letters from parents who have not been able to pay the doctor‟s account for services rendered at the last child‟s birth and are ashamed to ask him to come again, asking „What are we to do?‟” (“Maternal Mortality Survey,” Second Conference on Medical Services in Canada, House of Commons, March 28th, 29th, 30th, 1927 [Ottawa: F. A. Acland, King‟s Printer, 1928], pp. 146–49). Gradually, childbirth moved out of the home and into the hospital and, during the 1930s, some cities began to experiment with prenatal clinics. However, it was not until the 1950s that maternal mortality rates began to decline significantly. Infant mortality was still a challenge in less wealthy provinces until the 1970s, and it remains a problem today in northern Canada and on First Nation reserves. http://www.historymuseum.ca/cmc/exhibitions/hist/medicare/medic-1c05e.shtml

Recap: Industry (1800s-1900s)

Heartland was located in….?

Hinterland was located in…?

Working conditions were poor/adequate/good/excellent.

Companies had a lot/a little control over their employees.

The standard of living for the average Canadian worker was

low/moderate/high.

The standard of living for entrepreneurs in Canada were

low/moderate/high.

True or False: The infant mortality rate was high because of

poor living conditions and poverty.

Social Response

Page 115 : read.

How did the following groups attempt to improve

Canadian society? (Point Form!)

Progressive movement

Women‟s Christian Temperance Union

Law makers

Workers

Chapter 10

The Evolution of the Canadian Economy

What would you do?

You‟re a farmer who has immigrated out to

the “Promised Land” of Western Canada.

You have very little to start with. You hear

that machinery is very cheap in the USA, so

you attempt to buy from across the border.

That‟s when you find out that extra taxes

(tariffs) actually make it more expensive to

buy American than Canadian. What do you

do?

Timeline – Evolution of Economy

National Policy 1878

Protective tariffs to force Canadians

to buy local

Reciprocity

Treaty with

USA

1854 (tax

free natural

resources

and access to

fisheries)

Resistance to NP tariffs wheat trade.

Farmers want cheaper machinery

from USA

1911

1911

Lobby Groups want free trade

PM Wilfrid Laurier negotiates with USA

Eliminates tariffs on most natural products entering country

Reduced tariffs on farm equipment

Canadian Manufacturers Association is concerned that factories

and manufacturers in Canada will shut down as a result.

Conservatives warn that trade agreements with the USA will lead

to political union.

Election of 1911

Robert Borden (Conservative) wins!

Free Trade is put on hold

Free Trade vs. Protectionism Part 1: Investigation

Part 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nvgZcc43wfg (10:20)

Part 3: Definitions

Part 4: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y2X3KPilAt0&index=35&list=PLF2A3693D8481F442

Part 5: handout and http://www.brighthub.com/office/finance/articles/122806.aspx

Canada’s economy 1920s-1950s October 29, 1929 – Stock Market Crash

The Great Depression (Unemployment, single-industry communities die off)

Liberal PM William Lyon Mackenzie King adopted a “laissez-faire” attitude. (Wait and See)

The public, overwhelmed by poverty, were not pleased with this attitude. They elected Conservative R. B. Bennett in hopes of economic reform in 1930. His strategies largely failed to help the Depression. Increased tariffs to stimulate jobs.

Consequences…

Read brown box – pg. 122

Consequence Effect on the Great

Depression

Creation of CBC Federally funded – attempt to create

jobs.

Build Saint Lawrence Seaway Economy opportunities – construction

jobs

Bank of Canada Economic regulation – prevent future

Depressions

Wheat Board Created Ensure fair prices are charged for wheat

and grain.

Bottom Line? Federal Gov’t plays role

in regulating economy.

Canada’s economy 1920s-1950s

Economic boom caused by the war ended the Great

Depression.

Massive Government Intervention in the Economy during

the Second World War.

Wartime Prices and Trade Board (freeze on wages and prices)

Limited the amount of money Canadians could spend.

Rationed food

Victory Bonds - glossary

Baby Bonus – glossary

Veteran‟s benefits to transition into peacetime economy

Tax incentives to wartime manufacturers – continue into

peacetime.

PM List + NAFTA

The Future of Economics in Canada

Read the four bullet points on pg. 128.

Do you agree or disagree with those

predictions?

Based on what you know about the

economy, what challenges do you think

Canada will face in the future?

?

How has the economy affected Canada

after 1950?

Rural-Urban Drift In 2001, 80% of Canadians lived in cities.

Most popular cities are Vancouver, Calgary, Edmonton, Toronto, and Montreal (51% of pop.). Why?

Expensive to have children – less workers and aging population.

Economic Disparity – the rich get richer and the poor get poorer. Why? (page 134-135 – give 3 reasons)

The Future of Economics in Canada

Participate in free trade agreements and the World Trade Organization (1948)

Protect water (Canada has over 20% of the world‟s fresh water supply)

Develop sustainable resources (staple trades and natural resources) while still making money from exporting goods to the global market.

Participate in fair trade to ensure an ethical, global future. (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8pkIW30EJs8 )

Case Study: Trans Pacific Partnership (2015)

http://www.conferenceboard.ca/hcp/provincial/economy.aspx

http://www.conferenceboard.ca/hcp/provincial/economy.aspx

TPP

http://www.bbc.com/news/business-32498715

http://www.londoncommunitynews.com/opinion-

story/6075592-controversial-tpp-pact-good-for-canada/

http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/sarah-giles/the-trouble-

with-tpp_b_8309052.html

http://business.financialpost.com/news/agriculture/how-

tpp-could-make-things-sticky-for-quebecs-maple-syrup-

producers