Organic Chemistry I-2 Ans Chapter 7 Free Radical Answers 1 ...
Chapter 6no Ans
Transcript of Chapter 6no Ans
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Exam
Name___________________________________
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1) Which statement concerning sedimentary rocks is not true?
A) They were originally deposited at depth below the bottom of the sea.
B) They probably show some evidence of stratification.C) They are composed of materials derived from weathering and erosion of other rocks.
D) They may contain fossils that provide clues about ancient life forms.
1)
2) How do unconsolidated sediments originate?
A) from the rock cycle by interrupted transmission
B) by spontaneous decomposition in place of underlying rocks
C) by weathering, erosion, transport, and deposition
2)
3) How does a sediment become transformed into a sedimentary rock?
A) by compaction and dewatering , followed by cementation
B) by destruction of all bedding and original depositional features
C) by processes of polymorphism
D) by multiple cycles of redeposition
3)
4) What percentage of the earth's crust is composed of sedimentary rocks?
A) 5% B) 75% C) 25% D) 15%
4)
5) Sedimentary rocks account for about what percentage of the Earth's outermost 10 kilometres of
rock (first percentage). Also, what percentage of the Earth's continental area is covered by
sedimentary rocks (second percentage)?
A) 65%; 10% B) 3.5%; 100% C) 5%; 75% D) 85%; 100%
5)
6) The process of turning a sediment into a sedimentary rock is called ________.A) lithification B) conglomeration
C) crystallization D) redeposition
6)
7) Diagenesis occurs at temperatures below ________ in the outer few kilometres of Earth's crust.
A) 200 B) 10 C) 100 D) 50
7)
8) The type of diagenesis that occurs in the transformation of aragonite to calcite is ________.
A) decarbonation B) recrystallization
C) dehydration D) weathering
8)
9) Compaction is a very important part of the lithification process for which of the followingsediments?
A) cobble B) mud C) gravel D) sand
9)
10) Which type of sediment undergoes the most compaction as it lithifies to sedimentary rocks?
A) desert dune sand B) reef limestone
C) coarse gravel D) marine mud
10)
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11) How are cements formed in sedimentary rocks?
A) From decomposition of buried organic matter.
B) They are injected as a slurry as dense fluids are forced through the sediments.
C) Most are introduced as dissolved substances in pore waters.
D) They are always present in the original sediment but they take a while to react.
11)
12) What are the most common cementing agents in sedimentary rocks?
A) clays and bitumen B) Ca(OH)2C) CaO D) calcite, silica, and iron oxides
12)
13) Which of the following is not a common cementing agent for sandstones?
A) fluorite B) quartz C) calcite D) iron oxides
13)
14) ________ cement produces bright-red and yellow colors in some sandstone.
A) Clay B) Quartz C) Calcite D) Iron oxide
14)
15) What do orange red or brown colours indicate in sedimentary rocks?
A) high organic matter contents
B) deposition below water in a swamp or muddy estuary
C) original deposition on a beach
D) an oxidizing environment to produce iron (ferric) oxides or hydroxides
15)
16) What do dense crystalline rocks and shales have in common?
A) They are usually made out of sediment sized rock fragments.
B) They both have low porosity and will be impermeable to oil or water.
C) The are both deposited in fresh water rivers and lakes.
D) They are both too stupid to pass a geology test!
16)
17) Which characteristic is absolutely necessary for a sedimentary rock to have potential as a possible
reservoir rock for oil or gas?
A) clastic texture B) good stratificationC) chemical origin D) high porosity
17)
18) In what setting would you expect to find massive, unsorted, poorly bedded deposits ranging in
size from boulders to clays?
A) high latitude or high altitude glacial settings
B) channels deposits from the middle portions of rivers
C) eolian deposits from deserts with large dune fields
D) sediments from lagoons and estuaries on a temperate coastline
18)
19) Hot regions having basins with limited input and restricted circulation tend to have ________
deposits.
A) evaporite B) limestone reef and bank
C) sandy beach D) glacial dropstone
19)
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30) Other than detrital, what other origin can sediments have?
A) they were put there by the Devil to confuse us
B) accumulation from inorganic precipitation or organic deposition
C) erosion and transport
30)
31) Which major component of detrital sedimentary rocks only rarely occurs as a primary mineral in
igneous rocks?
A) ferromagnesian minerals B) clays
C) quartz D) carbonates
31)
32) Which common mineral of igneous rocks is the most abundant mineral in detrital sedimentary
rocks?
A) calcite B) biotite C) orthoclase D) quartz
32)
33) Zircon and tourmaline are dense, highly insoluble, physically tough, chemically stable, minor
minerals of igneous and metamorphic rocks. In which sedimentary rock might you expect to find
these minerals concentrated?
A) limestone representing lithified coral-reef carbonates
B) evaporite deposits of gypsum and salt
C) a thin, upper, mudstone portion of a thick wacke bed with graded beddingD) sandstone lithified from quartz-rich beach sand
33)
34) Detrital grains of which mineral(s) are extremely rare in detrital sediments? Why?
A) quartz; it is very hard and insoluble B) clays; they are rare in soils and regolith
C) feldspars; they occur only in granites D) calcite; it is soft and relatively soluble
34)
35) What proportion of sedimentary rocks do the mudstones and shales comprise?
A) 50% B) 95% C) 25% D) 5%
35)
36) Which sediment gets lithified to become sandstone?
A) gravel B) clay and fine siltC) sand D) all clay sized sediment
36)
37) Which sediment gets lithified to become shale?
A) clay and fine silt B) gravel
C) all clay sized sediment D) sand
37)
38) Which sediment gets lithified to become conglomerate?
A) gravel B) sand
C) all clay sized sediment D) clay and fine silt
38)
39) Which sediment gets lithified to become mudstone?
A) clay and fine silt B) gravel
C) sand D) all clay sized sediment
39)
40) What rock type would be made from angular rock fragments>70 mm in size?
A) shale/mudstone B) breccia
C) siltstone D) sandstone
40)
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41) What rock type would be made mostly from particles 0.5 to 2.0 mm with a few larger rounded
grains >4 mm in size?
A) granular shale B) pebbly sandstone
C) Fred Flintstone D) conglomeratic mudstone
41)
42) What rock type would be made from rounded grains of various rock types ranging from 1 to 250
mm?
A) conglomeratic mudstone B) pebbly mudstone
C) lithic sandstone D) conglomeratic sandstone
42)
43) What rock type would be made mostly from particles 1/256 mm and has lots of thin flat laminae
and a reddish colour?
A) carbonaceous mudstone B) ferruginous shale
C) calcareous siltstone D) Wilma Flintstone
43)
44) Black shales contain abundant ________ and were probably deposited in a/an ________
environment.
A) carbon, anoxic B) calcium carbonate, tropical marine
C) iron oxides, swampy D) glass fragments, volcanic
44)
45) What sedimentary rock type most commonly contains terrestrial plant fossils?
A) massive sandstones B) dark organic rich shales
C) silty limestone D) quartzite breccia
45)
46) Shales are usually described as weak because they are ________.
A) too thinly bedded to use for building stone
B) so porous and permeable
C) devoid of quartz
D) only compacted but not well cemented
46)
47) Shales are distinguished from other mudrocks by their ________.A) fossil content B) fissility C) colour D) sand content 47)
48) What economic value do shales have, such as the Queenston Formation below the Niagara
escarpment?
A) high oil contents
B) cut dimension stone for buildings
C) fine grained detrital gold
D) raw materials for brick making, pottery or tiles
48)
49) Of sedimentary rocks, what proportion are sandstones?
A) 20% B) 75% C) 2% D) 50%
49)
50) What clues about their environments of deposition doallsandtones have?
A) particle composition, shape, and sorting B) fossils and bedding planes
C) fluid type (oil or water) D) cement types
50)
51) Which type of sand depositional environment would probably have the best degree of sorting?
A) delta face B) river bar C) dune D) beach face
51)
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52) What does poor sorting indicate in a sediment?
A) a big velocity increase during deposition
B) short transport distance and/or very rapid deposition
C) that the particles are not the same shape but all the same size
D) there was no environment of deposition
52)
53) What does the degree of rounding indicate in a sediment?
A) the velocity of transport
B) where the minerals originally came from
C) the distance travelled or duration of time involved in sediment transport
D) whether the sediment was deposited in a stream or the ocean
53)
54) What does a sand that is: very well rounded, well sorted, and quartz rich suggest?
A) that it had a very high velocity of transport
B) that it has travelled a short distance and hasn't had time to get contaminated
C) that it has travelled a great distance in a uniform flow or has had more than one cycle of
weathering, transport, and deposition.
D) that it was derived from a young mountain belt with lots of granite
54)
55) What does a sand that contains significant amounts of sand sized rock fragments, blocky feldspar,and angular prismatic grains of ferromagnesian minerals suggest?
A) that it was derived from uplifted and eroded older sedimentary rocks
B) that it has travelled a short distance and was likely deposited very close to the source of the
particles
C) that it has travelled a great distance in a uniform flow or has had more than one cycle of
weathering, transport, and deposition.
D) that it had a very low velocity of transport and likely a shallow stream gradient
55)
56) Which type of sandstone contains abundant detrital feldspar grains?
A) wacke B) orthoquartzite C) pegmatitic D) arkose
56)
57) Which type of sandstone contains abundant feldspar, suggesting that the sand was derived by
weathering and erosion of granitic bedrock?
A) lignitic B) quartz-rich C) oolitic D) arkose
57)
58) Which of the following rocks is lithified from sediment that was deposited in deep water and was
essentially unmodified by post-depositional current action?
A) wacke with graded bedding B) well-sorted, quartz sandstone
C) reddish mudstone with mud cracks D) cross-bedded dune sandstone
58)
59) Which type of sandstone contains abundant, clayey, matrix material?
A) cherty B) arkose C) wacke D) brownstone
59)
60) What is a wacke?
A) a dark, organic-rich, chemical sedimentary rock containing small crystals of halite
B) a limestone with abundant, sand-sized, quartz grains
C) a dark-grey, calcite-rich mudstone or shale containing pyrite
D) a sandstone with immature lithic sand grains embedded in a clay-rich matrix
60)
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61) What is the main difference between a conglomerate and a sedimentary breccia?
A) Breccia clasts are the size of baseballs; conglomerate clasts are larger.
B) Breccia has a compacted, clay-rich matrix; conglomerate has no matrix.
C) Breccia clasts are angular; conglomerate clasts are rounded.
D) A breccia is well stratified; a conglomerate is poorly stratified.
61)
62) Which of the following sedimentary rocks would you expect to have originally been deposited by
fast-moving streams?
A) mudstone B) oolitic limestone
C) conglomerate D) wacke
62)
63) Most chemical sediments derive from ________.
A) accumulations of organic matter
B) detrital minerals that are a single pure inorganic compound
C) the soluble products of weathering, carried in solution to a warm, evaporating basin
D) industrial waste from multi-national corporations
63)
64) What do most limestones, gypsum, rock salts like halite or potash (sylvite), and chert have in
common?
A) They are all formed by orgasms on the ocean floor.B) They are all directly pertinent to the global carbon cycle.
C) They are all considered chemical or biochemical sediments.
D) They are all organic precipitates.
64)
65) What kind of rock are most dripstones and stalactites in caves?
A) limestone B) chert C) opal D) gypsum
65)
66) What proportion of sedimentary rocks are "limestones"?
A) 50% B) 20% C) 10% D) 5%
66)
67) Which of the following is the most common type of chemical sedimentary rock?A) quartz sandstone B) limestone
C) chert D) phosphate rock
67)
68) Which of the following sedimentary rocks is usually biochemical in origin?
A) wacke B) sandstone C) limestone D) bedded salt
68)
69) Where do carbonate reefs form?
A) in the arctic
B) where rivers drain tropical rain forest and bury lots of clastic sediment and biomass
C) from hotsprings deposits in the deep sea
D) in the tropics between -30 and +30 Latitude
69)
70) Which of the following is not a limestone?
A) travertine B) coquina C) chalk D) arkose
70)
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71) How does carbon dioxide enter the atmosphere?
A) volcanic activity
B) burning fossil fuels
C) weathering of carbonate rock by acidic rainfall
D) respiration by living plants and animals
E) all of the above
71)
72) What is the main sink of carbon in the oceans?
A) chemical and biochemical precipitation of limestone in tropical waters
B) photosynthesis and burial of biomass as organic sediments
C) respiration of marine phytoplankton
D) submarine chemical weathering of volcanic and detrital rocks
E) both A and B above
72)
73) What do you call a porous rock made entirely of coarse shell fragments?
A) phosphate rock B) "ball park breccia"
C) coquina D) chert
73)
74) Which limestone consists mainly of tiny, marine fossils composed of calcite?
A) dolostone B) chert C) chalk D) coquina
74)
75) Which of the following is a form of calcium carbonate found in cave formations and hot springs
deposits?
A) lignite B) travertine C) chert D) gypsum
75)
76) ________ is a form of calcium carbonate.
A) Travertine B) Chert C) Gypsum D) Lignite
76)
77) Which one of the following is not a chemical sedimentary rock or evaporite?
A) bedded gypsum B) shale
C) oolitic limestone D) cherty dolostone
77)
78) Oolitic limestone is most likely to form in what type of depositional environment?
A) acidic, organic-rich waters in freshwater swamps and bogs
B) deep, marine waters below most wave action
C) shallow, clear, marine waters with vigorous current activity
D) quiet, muddy, lagoons and bays
78)
79) How does most calcium-magnesium carbonate rock form?
A) by direct precipitation from seawater but dolomite selectively dissolves so most carbonate
sedimentary rocks are limestone
B) in salt lakes and evaportite basins of continental interiors
C) from volcanic hot springs in the deep seaD) by diagenetic replacement of Ca by Mg in limestone
79)
80) What is the chemical formula for dolomite, the major mineral in dolostones?
A) CaMg(CO3)2 B) NaCl C) CaSO42H2O D) SiO2
80)
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81) Jasper, Flint and Agate are all ________, more commonly called ________.
A) microcrystalline calcium carbonate, chalk B) small towns in Alberta, Hicksville
C) microcrystalline silica, chert D) fine grained detrital silica, quartz
81)
82) Flint, chert, and jasper are microcrystalline forms of which mineral?
A) calcite; CaCO3 B) hematite; Fe2O3
C) halite; NaCl D) quartz; SiO2
82)
83) A cherty limestone would contain which major constituents?
A) silica; calcite B) iron oxide; calcite
C) clay minerals D) silica; iron oxide
83)
84) Which of the following is a microcrystalline form of silica?
A) chert B) oolitic breccia C) dolostone D) chalk
84)
85) Which of the following best describes bedded gypsum and halite?
A) varieties of dolostone B) varieties of coal and peat
C) detrital sedimentary rocks D) evaporites; chemical sedimentary rocks
85)
86) Which minerals or sedimentary rocks are not likely to occur in association with bedded rock salt?
A) conglomerate and wacke B) sylvite and halite
C) limestone and gypsum D) gypsum and dolomite
86)
87) Which of the following minerals are listed in order of increasing solubility in seawater (from least
soluble to most soluble)?
A) calcite, halite, sylvite B) halite, calcite, quartz
C) sylvite, calcite, quartz D) calcite, quartz, halite
87)
88) Which of the following describes the correct order for relative solubility of minerals in sedimentary
rocks?
A) Evaporate minerals, quartz, and calcite all have the same relative solubility.B) Evaporate minerals are more soluble than quartz and less soluble than calcite.
C) Evaporate minerals aremore soluble than calcite and quartz.
D) Evaporate minerals are less soluble than quartz and calcite.
88)
89) Which of the following applies to the basic constituents of halite, gypsum, and sylvite?
A) transported as dissolved ions; deposited as detrital mud
B) transported and deposited as mud-sized particles
C) transported as detrital mud; deposited by evaporation
D) transported as dissolved ions; deposited by evaporation
89)
90) What is the usual order, first to last, for the precipitation of the following evaporite minerals fromconcentrated seawater?
A) sylvite, halite, gypsum B) gypsum, halite, sylvite
C) sylvite, gypsum, halite D) halite, sylvite, gypsum
90)
91) Which three elements are further concentrated in a residual brine after NaCl is crystallized?
A) calcium and titanium B) calcium and sulfur
C) iron and chlorine D) potassium and magnesium
91)
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92) The correct order for increasing carbon content and coal rank is: ________.
A) bituminous, lignite, anthracite, peat B) anthracite, lignite, peat, bituminous
C) lignite, peat, bituminous, anthracite D) peat, lignite, bituminous, anthracite
92)
93) Coal beds originate in what type of depositional environment?
A) deep, marine basins below wave action B) shallow lakes in a dry, desert region
C) freshwater coastal swamps and bogs D) channels of fast-moving streams
93)
94) What physical and chemical processes transform lignite to bituminous coal?
A) heating to crack off water and volatile gases and pressure for compaction
B) weathering and further transport
C) mining it then drying it in the sun
D) coking in industrial ovens without oxygen
94)
95) The largest Canadian deposits and mining operations for bituminous coal occur in ________.
A) Alberta, British Columbia, and Nova Scotia
B) Iqaluit
C) offshore from Newfoundland
D) Ontario
95)
96) Detrital sedimentary rocks are mainly classified (named) on what basis?
A) compositions of soluble minerals B) degree of compaction and lithification
C) grain sizes of the detrital particles D) colours of the cementing minerals
96)
97) Nonclastic textures are most common in which of the following sedimentary rocks?
A) cherty conglomerates B) limestones
C) boulder breccias D) sandstones
97)
98) What is probably the single most important, original, depositional feature in all sedimentary rocks?
A) bedding or stratification B) compaction of the mud and clay
C) cementation of the sand grains D) degree of lithification
98)
99) What does a sediment layer bounded by two bedding planes indicate?
A) a geologic catastrophe
B) a long hiatus
C) a single episode of sedimentation
D) a succession of three or more different facies
99)
100) What does the upper bedding plane on a sediment layer indicate?
A) a single episode of sedimentation
B) an end to that cycle of sedimentation or a hiatus in deposition
C) a geologic catastrophe
D) a succession of three or more different facies
100)
101) A horizontally bedded succession of thick, well sorted sands, containing moderately dipping layers
between the flatlying upper and lower surfaces of each bed are called ________.
A) oscillation ripple marks indicating reversing tidal currents
B) cross-beds and indicate dunes, deltas, or migrating channels
C) graded beds and indicate deep water turbidity currents off the continental slope
D) current ripple marks caused by reversing current directions or tides
101)
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102) A succession of beds where each is a tabular massive layer with more coarse material at its base
and fines near the top is called ________.
A) cross-beds and indicates dunes, deltas, or migrating channels
B) hummocky cross stratification and indicates a deposit formed by storm enhanced waves or
currents
C) graded beds and indicates deep water turbidity currents off the continental slope
D) current ripple marks caused by reversing current directions or tides
102)
103) Which of the following sedimentary features would typically be found in shales but not in
sandstones?
A) cross stratification B) bedding
C) ripple marks D) mud cracks
103)
104) Which of the following sedimentary features can each be used to determine paleocurrent
directions?
A) mud cracks and ripple marks B) ripple marks and cross stratification
C) grain size sorting and ripple marks D) fossils and mud cracks
104)
105) A succession of beds containing small scale asymmetric ripples that alternate their orientations are
likely to be ________.A) oscillation ripple marks from gentle wave action in a shallow near shore environment
B) current ripple marks caused by reversing current directions or tides
C) hummocks and indicates a deposit formed by storm enhanced waves or currents
D) cross-beds and indicates dunes, deltas, or migrating channels
105)
106) An irregular pile of laminated sandy beds which are lens shaped in two directions and have low
angle cross stratifications are called called ________.
A) current ripple marks and indicate uniform tidal currents
B) hummocky cross stratification and indicates a deposit formed by storm enhanced waves or
currents
C) graded beds and indicates deep water turbidity currents off the continental slope
D) oscillation ripple marks from gentle wave action in a shallow near shore environment
106)
107) Which indirect fossil features are most likely to cut across and disrupt bedding (stratification) in
the host sedimentary rock?
A) burrows; muddy, fine-grained sandstone
B) dinosaur footprints; sandy conglomerate
C) turbidite casts; wacke
D) carbonized leaves; clayey lakebeds
107)
108) Which of the following is fossilized resin from evergreen trees?
A) coprolite B) amber C) saprolite D) burnt umber
108)
109) What is amber?
A) petrified wood
B) lignite coal
C) the fossilized remnant of evergreen tree resins
D) insect coprolites
109)
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110) Fossil insects are sometimes preserved in what material?
A) polished gastroliths B) carbonized wood
C) amber D) petrified wood
110)
111) Which of the following would retain the most detailed impressions of fossilized organisms?
A) quartz-rich sand deposited in a shallow beachfront environment
B) an ancient, rainforest lateritic soil buried by basalt lava flows
C) very fine-grained volcanic ash deposited in an ancient lake
D) gravel and sand stream deposits laid down during flash floods
111)
112) The soft bodied fossils of the Burgess Shale were preserved by ________ as thin carbon films, due
to the selective loss of more volatile components.
A) replacement B) carbonization C) carbonation D) petrification
112)
113) What material would be best suited to preserve original organic tissues?
A) muds and silts B) sands
C) breccias and conglomerates D) amber, permafrost, or tar
113)
114) Which of the following is most likely to be preserved as a carbonized impression?
A) a dinosaur bone B) a leafC) an oyster shell D) a buried log
114)
115) Carbonized fossils ofOpabina, Ottoia,and Wiwaxiawould have to come from the ________.
A) Devonian reefs of the Western Canada Basin
B) Precambrian Ediacaran Fauna such as at Mistaken Point, Newfoundland
C) Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale of Yoho Park, British Columbia
D) Cretaceous continental shales like those at Drumheller, Alberta
115)
116) The oldest multicellular organisms from the ________ are known only as imprints and have no
hard body parts for any of the fauna.
A) Precambrian Ediacaran Fauna B) Middle Cambrian Burgess ShaleC) Permo-Triassic massive extinction event D) Azoic Acasta Gneiss
116)
117) Consider the small delicate Early Cenozoic ancestors of the modern horse. Which part of these
animals was most commonly preserved as fossils?
A) hair B) vertebrae C) skull D) teeth
117)
118) The simple addition of mineral matter to living things with open pores like bone or wood is called
________.
A) carbonization B) petrification C) replacement D) putrification
118)
119) Fossilization by ________ preserves the most delicate structures by selectively substituting the
original living matter with a mineral substance, one molecule at a time. This accounts for: sponges
made of calcite, foraminifera made of pyrite, or coprolites made of apatite.
A) putrification B) petrification C) carbonization D) replacement
119)
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120) Which one of the following is commonly preserved in the fossil record as moulds?
A) sea lion baculums
B) leaves
C) mammal teeth
D) brachiopods
E) dinosaur bones
120)
121) How is a fossil cast or mould formed?
A) Soft mud surrounds a broken dinosaur bone and hardens to a mudstone cast.
B) Silica fills in all open spaces in the original organic structure.
C) A mineral such as quartz , calcite, pyrite or apatite is precipitated in the space left by
dissolution of an original shell or other hard part.
D) An impression of the organism is formed by a thin film of carbon.
121)
122) A fossil shell is filled with mud. The shell dissolves, leaving an impression of its inside surface on
the shell-filling lump of mudstone. What type of fossil is this?
A) a carbonized impressionist film B) an internal mould
C) an external cast D) an original hard part
122)
123) Which of the following organisms would have used pebble-to cobble-sized gastroliths?A) Cambrian trilobites
B) Eocene mammals
C) Avian influenza infected factory farm chickens from the Fraser Valley
D) Devonian sharks
E) Jurassic or Cretaceous dinosaurs
123)
124) The geologist's technical term for a fossilized piece of excrement is a ________.
A) gastrolith B) burrow cast
C) coprolite D) marbled meadow-muffin
124)
TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.
125) Once sedimentary particles are eroded they maintain a constant size and shape. 125)
126) Diagenesis mainly occurs in the uppermost few kilometres of the crust. 126)
127) Calcite is the original mineral precipitated as the hard parts of shells and corals. 127)
128) Mudrocks have generally been compacted by up to 40% compared to their original sedimentary
thickness and form.
128)
129) Water is gradually expelled from compacting clay and mud sediments. 129)
130) By studying and interpreting sedimentary rocks, geologists can make paleogeographic maps of
bygone environments.
130)
131) Eolian sediments are deposited directly beneath ice sheets. 131)
132) Deltas form in transitional environments. 132)
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133) Shallow warm seas lacking major detrital sediment input from land tend to deposit carbonate
muds and sands.
133)
134) The environment has little or no role in controlling the type of sedimentary deposits. 134)
135) A vertical succession of sedimentary facies such as limestone mud to clastic shale to crossbedded
sand could be caused by a lateral migration of environments such as moving the shoreline or
dropping the sea level.
135)
136) During transport, currents of water or air sort sedimentary particles by their grain sizes. 136)
137) Clays and muddy sediments lithify to form shales and mudstones. 137)
138) A feldspar-rich sandstone is called arkose. 138)
139) Wackes are typically better sorted than sandstones lithified from ancient beach sands. 139)
140) The chemical sedimentary rock, conglomerate, is composed of gravel-size, rounded, calcite oolites. 140)
141) Boulder conglomerates suggest deposition by strong winds in a desert. 141)
142) Clastic particles in a sedimentary breccia are rounded and are about the same size as fine-grained
sand.
142)
143) Conglomerates and breccias are low energy deposits because there was insufficient energy to
move such large rocks away.
143)
144) Many limestones are of biochemical origin. 144)
145) Chalk, coquina, and ancient coral reefs are primarily composed of microcrystalline quartz. 145)
146) Throughout geologic time, corals have been the main reef-building organism? 146)
147) The principle form of carbon in the atmosphere is as industrial soot particles. 147)
148) The mineral dolomite, which is the major mineral of the sedimentary rock dolostone, is a
carbonate of calcium and magnesium.
148)
149) Flint, jasper, and travertine are microcrystalline forms of calcite. 149)
150) Interbedded cherts with banded iron formations, or with volcanic ash deposits, are taken to meanthat the Precambrian oceans had more dissolved silica or more volcanism.
150)
151) Peat is thought to be the original material from which coals are formed. 151)
152) Lignite occurs in the prairie provinces and is actively mined and produced in Saskatchewan. 152)
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153) The only Canadian deposits of Anthracite occur in mountainous fold belts of British Columbia and
Yukon.
153)
154) Detrital sedimentary rocks are classified according to clastic particle size; chemical sedimentary
rocks are named according to their mineral composition.
154)
155) Detrital sedimentary rocks have clastic textures. 155)
156) No chemical rocks can have a clastic texture. 156)
157) Mud cracks in a shale or mudstone indicate that the mud or clay was deposited in deep waters of
an offshore marine environment.
157)
158) Well-preserved fossil insects are sometimes found in amber, a fossil tree resin. 158)
159) An internal mould is a fossil replica of the inside surface of a shell that had filled with mud or
mineral cement like calcite or silica.
159)
160) A gastrolith is a petrified gallstone of a dinosaur, reptile or bird. 160)
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Answer KeyTestname: UNTITLED2
1) A
2) C
3) A
4) A
5) C6) A
7) A
8) B
9) B
10) D
11) C
12) D
13) A
14) D
15) D
16) B
17) D18) A
19) A
20) D
21) A
22) A
23) A
24) B
25) C
26) A
27) C
28) D
29) B30) B
31) B
32) D
33) D
34) D
35) A
36) C
37) C
38) A
39) A
40) B
41) B42) D
43) B
44) A
45) B
46) D
47) B
48) D
49) A
50) A
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Answer KeyTestname: UNTITLED2
51) C
52) B
53) C
54) C
55) B56) D
57) D
58) A
59) C
60) D
61) C
62) C
63) C
64) C
65) A
66) C
67) B68) C
69) D
70) D
71) E
72) E
73) C
74) C
75) B
76) A
77) B
78) C
79) D80) A
81) C
82) D
83) A
84) A
85) D
86) A
87) A
88) C
89) D
90) B
91) D92) D
93) C
94) A
95) A
96) C
97) B
98) A
99) C
100) B
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Answer KeyTestname: UNTITLED2
101) B
102) C
103) D
104) B
105) B106) B
107) A
108) B
109) C
110) C
111) C
112) B
113) D
114) B
115) C
116) A
117) D118) B
119) D
120) D
121) C
122) B
123) E
124) C
125) FALSE
126) TRUE
127) FALSE
128) TRUE
129) TRUE130) TRUE
131) FALSE
132) TRUE
133) TRUE
134) FALSE
135) TRUE
136) TRUE
137) TRUE
138) TRUE
139) FALSE
140) FALSE
141) FALSE142) FALSE
143) FALSE
144) TRUE
145) FALSE
146) FALSE
147) FALSE
148) TRUE
149) FALSE
150) TRUE
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Answer KeyTestname: UNTITLED2
151) TRUE
152) TRUE
153) TRUE
154) TRUE
155) TRUE156) FALSE
157) FALSE
158) TRUE
159) TRUE
160) FALSE
19