Chapter 6 Worksheet answers - Pearson Education · · 2014-04-29A2 PE (for OCR) Teacher Resource...

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A2 PE (for OCR) Teacher Resource File

Chapter 6 Worksheet answers

6.1 The cultural context of USA and UK

USA

Policy of isolation: thepolicyofisolationseparatedUSAfromtheinfluenceandtraditionsoftheUKandEurope.IsolationisoneofthemajorfactorsthatshapedmodernsportintheUSAandmadeit different in terms of the nature, appearance and ethos to sports in the UK.

Marginalisation of UK sports: thisreferstoasportbeingputtoonesideorarejectedbythemainstream culture. Society in the USA demanded its own brand of sport which was compatible with a competitive, diverse and dynamic culture associated with the ‘New World’, e.g. baseball rather than cricket

Promotion of ‘Big Four’ sports: the culture of the ‘New World’ was markedly different from theUKandEurope.Thisdifferencestimulatedtheadaptationofgridironfootballfromrugby,and baseball from cricket. Basketball was invented and ice hockey was adopted from Canada and laterjoinedthe‘BigThree’sports.Allfoursportsweretobecomehighlycommercialduringthetwentieth-century

Frontierism: the frontier was a mythical and transitory boundary which marked the extent of western expansion into country that was often hostile. The term frontierism refers to the spirit of toughness, ruggedness and independence in the face of adversity. This spirit has been an underpinning factor that has shaped the USA society and is evident in sport today, e.g. sport is termed the last frontier.

UK

Nineteenth-century public schools: thegreatestdevelopmentalinfluenceonUKsportcamefromthereformedEnglishpublicschoolsystem.Itwaslargelythroughtheimpactofthepublicschoolsthat in the period 1863 to 1888 most sports and national governing bodies were formed. The public school system instilled the notion of amateurism.

Nineteenth-century notion of amateurism and professionalism: theEnglish‘gentleman’amateurbelonged to the upper classes. Amateurs did not compete for extrinsic reward and believed that a ‘win at all cost’ ethos was against the spirit of sportsmanship. Training was therefore, rarely taken seriously.

Organisation of society: Inthelatenineteenth-century,aclearlydefinedclasssystembasedonhereditary privilege existed in UK, the legacy of which exists today. Class determined income, lifestyleandmostsignificantly,sportingopportunities.

Importance of Empire: thepowerandprestigeemanatingfromimperialownershipinfluencedthetraditionsandclassstructureofUKsociety.SporthelpedtoestablishUKtraditionsintheEmpireandinturn,theEmpirewastoinfluencethedevelopmentofsportbothintheUKandacrosstheworld,forexamplecricketwasplayedacrosstheentireBritishEmpire.ThevaluesofthegamereflectedtheBritishclasssystemandtheEnglishideal.

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6.2 Commercialisation of sport in the USA

The order of importance given below is open to discussion. The important issue is that all factors relatetoandinfluenceeachother.

The American Dream:The‘Dream’isthekeystoneofAmericanculture.Itdrawstogetherandendorses all cultural forces. Ultimately, capitalism makes the ‘Dream’ accessible to all citizens. The Dream can be attained through sport.

Capitalism:Capitalismistheeconomicsystemthatgiveswealthandcontroltotheindividual.Itenablesgreatfinancialprofittobemade.

Business cartel: Professional sport in the USA is organised as a commercial industry and operates asabusinesscartelforthesolepurposeofprofitmaking.

The media: The media outlet of television became inextricably linked with sport and commercial sponsorship.Themediapayslargesumsofmoneyintosportsandcompetesfortelevisionrights.Insuch a large country the media enables sport to be accessible to all Americans.

Commercial sponsorship: Large businesses sponsor sport and this operation is linked to the media outlet of television.

Lombardianism: Capitalismgeneratesintensecompetitionbetweenindividuals.Insportthiscompetitive ethic is prominent and is termed Lombardianism.

Be aware that commercialism of sport in the UK is following the lead of USA. Not all factors that exist in the USA however, apply to the development of UK sport as a business industry.

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6.3 Social values in the UK and USA

USA USA

Value Explanation

Land of opportunity Equalopportunity,orthechancetoachieve,is available to all. This is associated with the American Dream.

Pluralism Describes a group ethos. This group comprises thevastmajorityofAmericanswhobelievethatlibertyandjusticeareequallyavailabletoall Americans.

Hegemony Describes a group ethos. This is the group who hasthepowertoinfluenceanddominateUSAsociety. This group comprises a small minority of the wealthiest people in the USA.

Stacking The organisation of society on the basis of mainstream culture and ethnicity.

Centrality ReferstothecentralroleinthemajorAmericansports that is often given to players from the WASP mainstream culture.

Lombardian ethic Isthe‘winatallcost’ethic.Itlinkswithcompetitiveness and capitalism.

Counter culture ethic This approach has an anti-competitive focus andemphasisestheintrinsicbenefitswhichcanbe derived from participation.

Radical ethic A winning outcome is important as this is a mark of achievement. The process of arriving at achievement is however most important.

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UK UK

Value Explanation

Democracy Therighttofreedom.Itinvolvestherightoffree speech and express

Teamwork Working as part of a team has been a traditional British value since possibly the struggle for Empireandtheincorporationofteamgamesinthe public schools system.

Individuality The value of the individual is important in the UK and underpins democracy. The mixed economy of the UK, however, places a greater emphasis on teamwork than does the USA capitalist economy.

Fair play A sense of fair play is central to the British sporting ethos and the participation ethic continues to over ride the ‘win at all cost’ ethic that is the mainstream prevalence in the USA.

Competitiveness Winning is of increasing importance since the advent of commercial sport and the abolition oftraditionalfriendlyfixturestomakewayforstructured league competition. The taking part in sport however remains an important UK ethic.

Participation Emphasisisplacedonparticipationratherthancompetitive elitism.

Discrimination Both countries are cosmopolitan societies and both are striving to overcome discrimination.

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6.4 School sport in UK and USA

Inter-mural sport in the USA Inter-school sport in the UK

Org

anis

atio

n

The State High School Athletic Association (SHSAA), which is a national advisory body, hasbranchesineachstateandcontrolsInter-mural athletic competition.

Competitions and leagues are administered by several agencies, e.g. teachers organizing ‘friendly’fixtures,localschoolleaguesandNGB competitions.

Takes place in the evenings to attract spectators.

Frequently organized as extra–curricular activities after school.

Played in the High School stadium. Usuallytakesplaceonschoolfieldsorpremises.

Alumnidonation(financialsupportfromformerpupils)helpstofinanceteams.

There may be some grants or donations from former pupils but schools tend not to be reliant on them.

‘Gate money’ is an important source of revenue.

Gate money is not taken and is not a source of income.

Heavy reliance on sponsorship. Some sponsorship from businesses may be available but sponsorship is not widespread.

The coach is in charge although they may operate below the status of the Athletic Director.

ThePhysicalEducationteacheroftenisincharge of the organisation and coaching of teams.

Stat

us

USA High Schools are perceived as Centres ofSportingExcellence.

Some schools and colleges have developed academies of sport but these tend to be associated with professional sports clubs.

Sport has high status and is considered to be moreimportantthanPhysicalEducation.

PhysicalEducationisconsideredtobeofhigher status to sport.

The best players are awarded scholarships from Colleges (Universities).

Some University scholarships are awarded but it is not common in UK.

SchoolSportisadirectreflectionoftheprofessional sports scene.

Schoolsportisnotorganisedtoreflecttheprofessional sports scene.

Considerable media attention. There is little media attention given to UK inter-school sport.

Sport is very expensive with media, sponsorship and large crowds. High School sport is organised as a business.

Sport in UK schools does not aspire to become a business.

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Eth

os

The Lombardian ‘win at all cost’ ethic prevails.

Winning is not of overriding importance. Participation is considered more important than winning.

The coach is employed on the basis of a contractthatistermed‘hireandfire’.

The teacher is employed on what is usually a permanent contract.

Sport tends to be exclusive and elitist. Sport tends to be inclusive and available to all children.

6.5 A comparison of intra school sports in USA and UK

Intra-schoolsportintheUKisorganizedonsimilarlinestoUSAintra-mural sports.

Intra-schoolsportismostprominentinsecondary schools and operates both in the private and state funded sectors of education. As with the USA version intra-school sport tends to be recreational, but has the scope to be very competitive. An example of competitive intra-school sport in the UK is the traditional athletics sports day held both in primary and secondary schools.

Competitions are usually arranged between school ‘Houses’ and although traditional sports such as football and netball continue to be dominant most schools offer a wide range of activities.

IntheUKintra-schoolsportassociateswithaparticipationethic.Intra-muralsportsintheUSAhave a similar philosophy which is termed the radical ethic.

Matches are often arranged during timetabled Physical Education and sport lessons but also take place during lunch periodsandafterschool.InkeepingwiththeorganisationinUSAintra-school/college sports leagues in the UK may be organised by teachers or pupils. Teams are formed on the basis of friendship groups and games take place again at lunchtimes.

Inthe16-18FurtherEducationsectionintra-schoolsportsmaybethebasisofanEnrichment Programme.

6.6 Physical Education and sport in USA High Schools

The ‘curriculum crisis’ in Physical Education

SchoolBoardsareeliminatingPhysicalEducationfromthetimetablenotonlybecauseitisuneconomic, but also because it is unpopular with students and it is taking up time that could be spentonacademicsubjects.

Title IX

TitleIXwaspassedaslawin1972andisanexampleofcentralfederallegislation.Itaddressedtheissue of gender inequality in all areas of education.

Adaptive Physical Education

PhysicalEducationfordisabledpeople.FederallawstatesthatPhysicalEducationmustbeprovidedfor students with special needs and disabilities.

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Outdoor education

The term outdoor education implies a formal process of conveying educational values. This takes the form of teaching physical skills and facilitating personal and social development in the outdoor natural environment

High School inter-mural sport

Inter-muralHighSchoolsportinvolvesschoolsplayingagainstotherschoolsinorganisedsportscompetitions. High School sport has high status.

High School intra-mural sport

Intra-muralsportsarerecreationalsportsthattakeplacewithintheHighSchool.Atthislevelactivities may involve leagues and are open to all students who form their own teams.

Physical Education for Progress (PEP) strategy

ThePEPprogrammeaimstoimprovethequalityandquantityofPhysicalEducationfromkindergartenthroughtograde12(equivalenttoyear13intheUK).

6.7 The organisations and strategies that promote mass participation and ensure lifelong involvement and healthy lifestyles both in the UK and the USA

UK

Strategy or organisation Explanation

Local initiatives This initiative is also an important community sport provider, for example in the Greater Manchester area Sport For All Centres organises basketball, netball badminton and 5-a- side football for all abilities and age groups.

Sportsmatch This scheme involves the club or community facility organizations providing initial investment. The sum raised is then doubled by a grant.

National Governing Bodies These agencies receive central funding to encourage young people to take up sport. The Rugby Football Union, for example, employs localandregionaldevelopmentofficerstopromoteparticipation.

Special interest groups Groups that tend not to participate in sport are targeted by Sport England.

SportEngland This organisation, along with other Home Country sports councils such as The Sports Council for Wales, promotes mass participation.

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USA

Strategy/organisation Explanation

Intra-muralsports InvolvesrecreationalsportsthattakeplacewithintheHighSchool.At this level activities may involve leagues and are open to all students who form their own teams.

Midnight Leagues The organisation of sports on inner city asphalt playgrounds during what may be described as unsociable hours. Basketball is themajorgame.

Little Leagues Theytakeresponsibilityfortheorganisationofjuniorsportsthattake place in the community.

The Amateur Athletic Union

They take responsibility for the organisation of sports leagues and competitions. They also administer the National Youth Fitness Programme as a part of the Presidents Challenge.

Inter-muralsports School sport that involves schools playing against other schools in organised sports competitions. High School sport has high status.

6.8 Competitive sport for young people in the USA

A possible answer could be:

Little League sports cater for ages7-16. Teams are coached and managed by volunteers who in themaintendtobeparents.ExamplesofLittleLeaguesportsincludePop Warner Little League for American gridiron football, Biddy Basketball organises Little League basketball and Pee Wee baseball administers Little League baseball

There is a strong, moral philosophy within Little League sport and a great emphasis on safety. The win ethic is however, strongly evident even in the youngest age groups. This is partly because the parents involved often come from a competitive sports background and are frequently considered to be living out their own sporting ambitions through their children.

The teams play in structured competitions and the format reflectstheprofessional game. Mini ‘Superbowl’finals inspire competition and little league attracts both commercial and media attention.Thesaying‘LittleLeaguetoSuperbowl’highlightstheimportanceofjuniorsportasapreparation for professionalism.

IfLittleLeaguesarecriticisedforthepromotionofthewinethic,thecounterargumentisthatitprepares children for the competitive nature of American life.

Note:14factsaboutLittleLeagueareunderlinedand3examplesofLittleLeaguesportsaregiven.

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6.9 Sport and the pursuit of excellence in the USA

College Scholarship: The College (University) will offer a scholarship to the outstanding High School sports player. The scholarship amounts to an unpaid contract to play for the College team, e.g. gridiron football in return for a ‘free’ education to degree level.

Special Admit Programmes:IfthetalentedHighSchoolplayerdoesnothavetheacademicabilitytopursueasubjecttodegreelevel,buttheCollegewishtoenrolthestudentinordertostrengthenthe team, a less rigorous course of study is provided.

Pro-Draft System: At the end of their term of study the best College players are offered contracts by professional sports clubs

WASP domination:ThemostinfluentialgroupwhotendtomakemostofthedecisionsintheUSAare the White Anglo-Saxon Protestants.

Tokenism:Intheearly1950’s,whenprofessionalsportwasdominatedbywhiteplayersalimitednumber of vacancies was made available to African American players. This was a token gesture toward equality. A non–discriminatory policy could therefore be claimed by the USA sporting society.

Stacking: Stacking refers to the selection of players belonging to ethnic minority groups and playing them in peripheral positions. These positions often require considerable athleticism but minimalstrategicinfluence.

Centrality: Centrality refers to positions with decision-making responsibilities in the centre of the field,e.g.thepitcherinbaseballandthequarterbackingridironfootball

The Glass Ceiling: Glass ceiling indicates a division between two layers of society. The people beneath the glass can see their ambition and the position which they wish to occupy. The glass symbolises a barrier which can be broken.

White Flight: White players have withdrawn from basketball. The game is increasingly perceived as belonging to African Americans.

Opportunity (as it relates to ethnic minorities):Ethnicminoritygroupshavebeengiventhechancetotakepartinsportandtoexcelwithoutprejudiceintheirchosenareas.

Provision (as it relates to ethnic minorities):Ethnicminoritygroupsnowsharethesamequalityof facilities and conditions that were formerly exclusive to the white mainstream culture.

Esteem (as it relates to ethnic minorities): This relates to the respect, admiration, value and appreciation that society chooses to bestow on an individual or group. The cultural esteem of ethnic groupshasdeservedlyrisenbecauseofsuccess.Esteemreferstoconfidenceandthebeliefthatachievement is possible

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6.10 Origins and nature of USA sports

1 Adaptation

Explanation:Adaptationsaremodificationsthathavebeenmadetosportsalreadyinexistence,e.g.AmericanFootball(gridiron)isanadaptationofrugbyandwasdevelopedintheIvyLeague Universities. Baseball was developed from games played by children, e.g. goal-ball and rounders. Baseball caused cricket to be marginalised in the USA and although played in the Universities it developed in the inner cities as a working class game.

Adoption

Explanation:Adoptionsaregamestakendirectlyfromotherculturesorcountriesandplaceddirectly into the USA context, e.g. ice hockey has its origins in Canada. Although ice hockey has an origin connected with the military it remains popular with the universities.

Invention

Explanation:Sports,suchasbasketballandvolleyball,wereinventedintheUSA.Theformerisparticularly well suited to the culture of the New World. Both sports were invented in American universities. Basketball has developed into a highly commercialised business in the USA

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2 Name of sport Words or phrases that describe the nature of the sport

Basketball • sensational• highscoring• intensive• endtoendaction• awinneremerges• amediacommodity• Lombardianethos• abusinesscartel

Baseball • sensational• intensive• (potentially)violent• awinneremerges• amediacommodity• Lombardianethos• abusinesscartel

American gridiron football • sensational• intensive• collisionsport• violent• dehumanisingequipment• gladiatorialaura• highscoring• awinneremerges• amediacommodity• Lombardianethos• abusinesscartel

IceHockey • sensational• intensive• collisionsport• violent• dehumanisingequipment• gladiatorialaura• endtoendaction• awinneremerges• amediacommodity• Lombardianethos• abusinesscartel

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Chapter 6 Student Book task answers

Task 1 (page 102)

Despite indigenous origins lacrosse is not a Big Four sport because:

• commercialpotentialandsupportislow• mediaprofileiswellbelowBigFourexposure• entertainmentfactorislacking• playingareadimensionsmadeitdifficulttoteleviseinitially• contactandaggressivenessarenotpartofthegame• historicallyitdidnotfulfilthe‘cultofmanliness’• itwasnotcompatiblewiththeidealofthe‘young’USAculture.

BeawarethatamodifiedgameoflacrosseisnowreceivingcoverageonSkyTelevision

Task 2 (page 102)

The discussion on Rugby Union and American gridiron football may take the following lines:

Nature

UK Rugby Union American gridiron football

Rules reduce extreme physical contact, e.g. restriction in tackling and scrimmaging.

Rules encourage extreme physical contact, e.g. tackling off the ball and ‘down’ restarts during play.

Forward pass is not allowed and this tends to reduce sensationalism.

Forward pass is part of the game and this promotes sensationalism.

Scope for improvised and creative play. Play tends to be tactically driven and stereotyped.

Appearance


Limited padding for player protection. Heavy padding to encourage physical contact.

Headguards are now common place but are designedtolimitthepossibilityofheadinjury.

The helmet is designed to encourage physical confrontation.

The headguard does not distort the image of the player.

The helmet masks identity and the appearance of the player becomes increasingly threatening.

Increasingcommercialismbutlimitedsideshow entertainment.

Highprofilecommercialismandsideshowentertainment is an integral part of the gridiron scene.

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Commitment to professionalism in the late twentieth-century has changed the appearance of the game to appeal to a wider audience.

Professional status was adopted in the late nineteenth-centuryandthegameadjustedtoappeal to a wider audience.

Restrictions on tactical substitutions. Whole teams, e.g. offence and defensive line ups can be changed.

There is a half-time break. ‘Time out’ break periods can be called.

Ethos


A participation ethos traditionally prevails. A Lombardian ethos traditionally prevails.

Task 3 (page 104)

The examples below are taken from case studies to show how traditional sports from the UK became marginalised:

Cricket

• Slownatureofthegame.• Fivedaymatchesdonotprovideinstantentertainment.• Adrawngameisoftenperceivedasapositiveresult.• Necessarybreaksforlunchandtea.

Rugby

• Lackedthecapacitytoprovideinstantandsensationalentertainment.• Thelawslimitedphysicalconfrontation.• Stoppagesandthebreakdownofplayweretoofrequentandseenasnegative.• Thenatureofthegameappearedtolackorder.• Drawnmatchescouldoccurandwereattimesseenaspositiveresults.

Association football

• Thegamewaslowscoring.• Physicalcontactwasstrictlylimited.• Playappearedtolackorder.• Drawngameswerefrequent.

AlltheexamplesofUKsportsgivenabovehaveoriginsinEnglishpublicSchoolsandweretherefore initially bound to the hierarchical class structure of the UK. The new culture of the USA elected to pursue a policy of isolation from the old culture.

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Task 4 (page 104)

The reasons given why basketball is suited to American culture may follow the list below:

• Basketballishighscoring.• Theactionmovesquicklyfromoneendtotheother.• Itisagameinwhichallplaysareendedsensationally.• Basketballisactionpackedandintensebecauseof‘rollingsubstitutions’.• Thegameisbrokendownby‘timeouts’whichtendtogenerateexcitement.• Entertainmentandsensationactionisacentralfeature.• Thestoppingoftheclockbringsaboutexcitingclimaxestogames.• Therearenodraws.

Task 5 (page 111)

Youwilldiscovermanyfitnessinitiativesthatultimatelyinvolveprofitmakingventures.Manyinitiatives disappear quickly, e.g. ‘Hook a Kid on Golf’ and ‘Time Out for Better sport for Kids’. Other schemes involve government support e.g. ‘The Presidents challenge’.

Task 6 (page 112)

SportingagenciesintheUKthatreceivelotteryfundingincludePortEnglandandUKSport.Formoreinformationrefertopages111-112intheStudentBook.

Task 7 (page 116)

A discussion on the abolition of promotion and relegation may follow the points give below:

Advantages

• Competitionmaywellbeintensified.• Teamsinlowerleaguesmaybecomefeederclubsandprovidehighclassplayersfortopleague

clubs.• Anevenspreadoftalentamongstthetopcouldresult.• Standardsofplaymaywellincrease.

Disadvantages

• Ambitiousteamswillbedeniedaccesstothetopleagues.• Lowerleagueteamsmaynotwishtobefeederclubstoaneliteleague.• Theexcitementofstrivingforpromotion/avoidingrelegationistakenaway.• Standardsofplaymaywelldeceaseinlowerleagues.

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Task 8 (page 116)

The discussion about the changes made to UK sports to make them more commercially viable may followtheguidelinesbelow.ExampleshavebeentakenfromUKcasestudies.

Cricket

• Adventoflimitedovercricketasamajorfeatureoftheseason.• TheemergenceofTwenty20cricketinthedomesticseason.• Introductionofteamcoloursandnames.• Modificationofrules,e.g.PowerPlaysandDuckworthLewis.

Association Football

• AdventofthePremiership.• Importationofforeignstarplayers.• Changestotherules,e.g.passingbacktothegoalkeeper.• Allseatedstadiums.• Sellingofclubmerchandise.• Physicalcontactminimisedtofacilitateskill.

Rugby League

• AdventofSuperLeague.• ChangetoSummerfixtures.• Establishmentofteaminnontraditionalareas.• Relocationofoneroundoffixturestoaninternationalvenue,e.g.MurrayfieldScotland.• Rollingsubstitutionsintroduced.• AbolitionofrelegationfromSuperLeague.

Rugby Union

• Adventofprofessionalism.• Fundamentalrulechangestospeedupthegame.• Eliteclubsfocusonteamsquadsratherthaninsupportaclubframeworkofteams.• Introductionofcupmatchesandleaguefixtures.

Task 9 (page 121)

Refertopage285ofOCRforPE.

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Task 10 (page 121)

1 The variations between UK cricket and USA baseball are outline below.

UK Cricket USA Baseball

• Theballisdeliveredtothebatterbywayof a bowling technique.

• Potentialforstaticorquietperiodsofplay.

• Traditionofwhiteclothingwithoutnumbers.

• Wicketkeeperistheonlyplayertoweargloves.

• Theplayingsurfaceiswellprepareandisan important feature of the game.

• Theballisdeliveredtothebatterbywayof a pitching or throwing technique.

• Potentialforsensationalism.• Traditionofcoloureduniformswith

numbers.• Allplayerswearacatchingmittonone

hand.• Theplayingsurfacedoesnotdirectly

impact on play.

2 The cultural determinants that have caused UK to adopt cricket and the USA to adopt baseball are outlined below:

UK Cricket USA Baseball

• Empireinfluence.• Thestructureoftheclasshierarchy.• Traditionofamateurplayingethic.• Participationethos.• Empireexpansionpolicyandcivilising

mission partly help by the cricket ethos.

• Frontierinfluence.• Theorderofsocietyislargelydetermined

by a money meritocracy.• Traditionofprofessionplayingethic.• Lombardianethos.• Frontierexpansionandisolationpolicy

endorse by the baseball ethos.

Task 11 (page 122)

The factors that contribute to a sedentary lifestyle in the UK are outlined below:

• Televisionandavarietyofmediaoutlets.• Computerentertainment.• Availabilityandaccessibilityofcars.• Householdconvenienceandlaboursavingappliances.• Thefastfoodculture.• Anaffluentsociety.

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Task 12 (page 122)

Research into the following is recommended:

• SportEngland• Sportsmatch• Specialinterestgroups• SportForAllcentres• Amateurclubprovision• NationalGoverningBodyinitiatives

Task 13 (page 124)

TheninestrandsassociatedwithPESSYPare:

1 Sports Colleges2 SchoolSportpartnerships(SSPs)3 Professional Development4 StepintoSport5 Club Links6 Gifted and Talented7 SportingPlaygrounds8 Swimming9 HighQualityPhysicalEducationandSportinSchools

Task 14 (page 129)

Comparisons between the High School Sport scene in USA with those in the UK should include:

• thesizeofcrowd/audience• specialiststadiums• statusofcoachorteacher• contractsforcoachorteacher• ethosofsport• mediainvolvement• organisationoffixtures• commercialinvolvement.

Task 15 (page 130)

Youwilldiscovermanyfitnessinitiativesthatultimatelyinvolveprofitmakingventures.Manyinitiatives disappear quickly, e.g. ‘Hook a Kid on Golf’ and ‘Time Out for Better sport for Kids’. Otherschemesinvolvegovernmentsupporte.g.‘ThePresidentschallenge’and‘PhysicalEducationforProgress’(PEP).

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Task 16 (page 135)

An example of a mini case study of a UK sports club is outlined below. (The name of the club is fictitious)

Pennington Cricket Club

1 Multi-sport provision that includes cricket, tennis, and lawn bowls. There is a small golf section.2 1850.3 A local business man inherited a plot of land ‘let’ for a ‘peppercorn’ rent to the club. A clause in

the agreement was that cricket had to be played on the land.4 Fourseniorandthreejuniorcricketteamsarerepresented.Thereareadultandjuniorteamsin

tennis. Bowling teams comprise men and women.5 Gender ability and age determine selection.6 Theclubhasitsownfacilities.Thegolfingsection,however,hiresvariouscoursesfor

tournament play.7 TheLiverpoolcompetition.

Task 17 (page 138)

Youwilldiscovermanyfitnessinitiativesthatultimatelyinvolveprofitmakingventures.Manyinitiatives disappear quickly, e.g. ‘Hook a Kid on Golf’ and ‘Time Out for Better sport for Kids’. Other schemes involve government support, e.g. ‘The Presidents challenge’. Look closely at Midnight Leagues.

Task 18 (page 139)

The advantages and disadvantages of a College Sports scholarship in USA are outlined below.

The advantages of a College Sports scholarship in USA include:

• afree/subsidisededucationleadingtoadegree• highqualitycoaching• popularsports,e.g.gridironfootballattractlargecrowdsandmediaattention• possibilityofthepro-draft.

The disadvantages of a College Sports scholarship in USA include:

• thevalueofthedegreemaybequestionable• asportsscholarshipisanunpaidcontract• commitmenttosportmaybeintheregionof50hoursperweek• injuryresultsinthewithdrawalofthescholarship.

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Task 19 (page 141)

• AltheaGibsonwasablackfemaletennisplayerinthe1950’s.• Atthistimepeople/playersinthissocialcategorywereataconsiderabledisadvantage.• TheWimbledonTournamentatthattimewasthepreserveofthewhitemiddleclasseswhich

conformedstringentlytothetraditionalamateurethosofEngland’sclassstructure.• AltheaGraham’sachievementswerethereforeremarkable.

Task 20 (page 142)

• ResearchwillindicatethattheCollegesystemisthebasisonwhichexcellenceisdeveloped.• LimitedgovernmentfundingisgivenfortheproductionofpotentialOlympicchampions• Sponsorshipandcommercialenterpriseisthebasisofallsportsfunding.

Task 21 (page 145)

CapitalismThe economic system that gives wealth and

control to the individual.Capitalism is the system which organises

society in the USA and makes the American Dream possible.

FreedomThe USA is the landof liberty. Capitalismallows any individualwith a competitive

ethic the freedom tochoose their destiny

and to prosper.

OpportunityThe USA is the land ofopportunity. Capitalism

gives opportunity to individuals to achieve the

‘Dream’ providing theyare competitive and

have a strong work ethic.

Competitive ethicCapitalism generatesintense competitionbetween individuals.

In sport this competitiveethic is prominent

and is termedLombardianism (see page 119).

Frontier SpiritThe frontier spirit is reflected in the competitiveness found in high-level sport.

The challenges of the frontier generated the spirit of survival,toughness and individual enterprise that embraced the developing ‘New World’.

The legacy of the frontier spirit has helped to instil love of liberty and opportunity.The competitive ethic of the frontier spirit has influenced the promotion of capitalism.

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American gridiron football:

• Epitomisesthefrontierspiritbyhighlightingtoughness,individualityandthespiritofsurvival.• HasacompetitiveethicwhereLombardianismisforemost.• Lombardianismhasitsrootsinfrontierismbutisstimulatedbycapitalism.• AllpeoplearefreetocompeteandproperinUSAsociety(inthiscasethroughthevehicleof

gridiron football).• AllpeoplehavetheopportunitytoachievetheAmericanDream(inthiscasethroughthevehicle

ofGridIronFootball).

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Chapter 6 Revise as you go! answers

1 Isolationpolicy:thispolicyendorsedthedesireoftheUSAforseparationfromtheUKandEurope.USAwasdeterminedtostandaloneandseverconnectionswiththeircolonialhistory.UKpursuedapolicyofEmpirebuilding.TheEmpireinfluencedsportandthecountriesthatwerepartoftheBritishEmpirewereinturninfluencedbytheBritishsportingethic.

2 The frontier was the transitory boundary which marked the extent of western expansion into country that was often hostile. Frontierism refers to the spirit of toughness, ruggedness and independenceinthefaceofadversity.AsthereisnofrontierintheUKaclearlydefinedclasssystem based on hereditary privilege existed. The legacy of this system exists today. Class determinesincome,lifestyleandmostsignificantly,sportingopportunities.

3 Commercialisminsportconcernstheprocessofpromotingsportasaprofitmakingbusiness.Sport, like any the product of any business or industry is advertised and sold to the consumer as a commodity.

4 TheattitudetowardsPhysicalEducationintheUKisverypositive.PhysicalEducationhascorecurriculumstatusandisunderpinnedbymajoreducationalvalues.SchemesareinplacetoenhancethedeliveryofPhysicalEducation.ThePhysicalEducationSchoolSportandClubLinksstrategy(PESSCLS)isagovernmentstrategytopromotePhysicaleducationandSchoolsportintheUKandwaslaunchedin2002.PhysicalEducationintheUSAisfacingacrisis.Thedaily programme is being voted off the curriculum by the School Boards on the grounds that it is both unpopular and uneconomical. Strategies are in place to improve this position, e.g. Physical EducationforProgress(PEP).

5 From:

USA inter-mural sport:

• Directlyreflecttheprofessionalscene.• Matchesarefrequentlyplayedinfrontoflargecrowds,e.g.MissionEaglesHighSchool

attract 15,000 spectators.• Gamesareplayedinschoolsstadiums.• Thecoachisdirectlyinchargeoftheteam.• ALombardianethosprevailsduringinter-muralmatches.

UK inter-school sport:

• Sportsarereflectiveoftheeducationprocess.• Matchesmaybeplayedinfrontofacrowdcomprisingtheschoolbutrarelyisthecrowd

large.• Matchesareplayedonthefieldsoftheschool.• TheteacherofPhysicalEducationtendstoorganizetheteam.• Winningisimportantbutaparticipationethicoverridesthewinningmotive.

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6 MassparticipationratesintheUKareinrelativetermshigherthanthoseinUSA.Itappearsthatinbothcountriesactivitiesundertakenonanindividualbasis,e.g.swimming,keepfit,yoga, cycling and weight training, show higher participation rates than team games. On the wholemorementhanwomenparticipateintheUKandthismirrorsthetrendintheUSA.Itissignificanttoindicatethatswimmingandfitnessactivitiestendtobemorepopularwithwomen.

7 IntheUSAprivateamateursportsclubsenablesomeparticipantstoenjoyrecreationalsportsprovision. This tends to be exclusive provision because sport in America operates from the investment of private sponsorship as opposed to public funding. Private sports clubs therefore, tendtobeveryexpensivetojoinandareusuallysportspecific,e.g.golf,tennisandsailingclubs. Amateur sports clubs in the USA do not exist on the same grounds as is the tradition in the UK. The UK an amateur club may have a long tradition, have its own facilities and organize severalteamsonthebasisofage,abilityandgender.Theclubwillbesportspecificbutalsoorganises other sports as sections of the club, e.g. some cricket clubs organize tennis or crown green bowling teams as subsidiary activities.

8 The conventional pathway into professional sport in USA is through the education system, e.g. the High School player earns a scholarship to College; the outstanding College player enters professional sport through the Pro draft system.

UK Sport is the organization with the overall responsibility for producing sporting excellence in the UK and is responsible for the strategic direction of the home country institutes. The UK hasalternativepathwaysintoelitesportthatdonotincludetheSportsInstitutions,forexamplenon-Olympic sports like cricket have their own governing body pathways leading towards professional status.

9 Opportunity relates the chance that people have to participate. Some people may often have better chances to participate than others. Provision refers to the availability of facilities and esteem reflectstheselfconfidencewhichwoulddeterminewhetherapersonchoosestoparticipate.

10 The ‘Big Four’ sports were promoted because:

• Theywerefast,intensive,entertainingandmasculine.• Theyfulfilledthe‘cultofmanliness’.• The‘frontierspirit’wasrepresentedandcouldbereproducedthroughengagementinthese

sports as the ‘win at all cost’ ethic.• ThepolicyofisolationwasindirectlyendorsedbythepromotionofAmerica’sownsports.• Byengaging,aseitheraparticipantorspectatorinthesportsmostpopularintheNewWorld,

new settlers in the USA quickly became Americanised.• Fromthebeginningthesesportsbestfacilitatedcommercialopportunity.

ThetraditionalUKsportsdidnotfitwiththe‘NewWorld’cultureandwereperceivedasbeingdullincomparisonwiththenewAmericansports.Inaddition,UKsportsfrequentlyproduceddrawn matches. Americans could not appreciate the value of a drawn game as life in USA is preoccupied with producing a winner.

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Chapter 6 Worksheet answers - Pearson Education · · 2014-04-29A2 PE (for OCR) Teacher Resource...

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