Chapter 6: Water and Ocean Structure -...
Transcript of Chapter 6: Water and Ocean Structure -...
![Page 1: Chapter 6: Water and Ocean Structure - Weeblyoce1001.weebly.com/uploads/7/4/4/5/74459525/oce1001_mdc...Learning Goals: Water and Ocean Structure • The properties of water moderate](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022041100/5ed6cd8a583aff5dc44ac6a4/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 6:
Water and Ocean Structure
1
![Page 2: Chapter 6: Water and Ocean Structure - Weeblyoce1001.weebly.com/uploads/7/4/4/5/74459525/oce1001_mdc...Learning Goals: Water and Ocean Structure • The properties of water moderate](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022041100/5ed6cd8a583aff5dc44ac6a4/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Learning Goals:
Water and Ocean Structure
• The properties of water moderate Earth’s temperatures and
enable life on Earth.
• Water resists rising in temperature as it is heated. Water
gives off heat when it freezes, and it absorbs heat as it
thaws.
• Seawater is mostly water molecules but has dissolved
substances.
• The ocean is stratified by density.
Density is driven mainly by temperature and salinity.
• Light is extinguished easily as it passes through water.
Sound is not.2
![Page 3: Chapter 6: Water and Ocean Structure - Weeblyoce1001.weebly.com/uploads/7/4/4/5/74459525/oce1001_mdc...Learning Goals: Water and Ocean Structure • The properties of water moderate](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022041100/5ed6cd8a583aff5dc44ac6a4/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Water has unique properties
that enable life on Earth.
1. It’s a good solvent.
2. Ice floats.
3. Water has a high heat capacity.
4. Water helps the metabolism of organisms.
3
![Page 4: Chapter 6: Water and Ocean Structure - Weeblyoce1001.weebly.com/uploads/7/4/4/5/74459525/oce1001_mdc...Learning Goals: Water and Ocean Structure • The properties of water moderate](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022041100/5ed6cd8a583aff5dc44ac6a4/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
![Page 5: Chapter 6: Water and Ocean Structure - Weeblyoce1001.weebly.com/uploads/7/4/4/5/74459525/oce1001_mdc...Learning Goals: Water and Ocean Structure • The properties of water moderate](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022041100/5ed6cd8a583aff5dc44ac6a4/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Atomic Structure• Atoms – building blocks
of all matter
• Subatomic particles
– Protons
– Neutrons
– Electrons
• Number of protons
distinguishes chemical
elements
5
![Page 6: Chapter 6: Water and Ocean Structure - Weeblyoce1001.weebly.com/uploads/7/4/4/5/74459525/oce1001_mdc...Learning Goals: Water and Ocean Structure • The properties of water moderate](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022041100/5ed6cd8a583aff5dc44ac6a4/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
105°
2 hydrogen
atoms...
share their electrons
with 1 oxygen
atom...
to form water molecule
held together by
covalent bonds...
and creates
negative &
positive ends.
Nucleus (+1 charge)
Electron
(–1 charge)
Structure of Water
Polar Covalent bonds
6
![Page 7: Chapter 6: Water and Ocean Structure - Weeblyoce1001.weebly.com/uploads/7/4/4/5/74459525/oce1001_mdc...Learning Goals: Water and Ocean Structure • The properties of water moderate](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022041100/5ed6cd8a583aff5dc44ac6a4/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Molecules
• Molecule
– Two or more atoms held together by shared
electrons
– Smallest form of a substance
7
![Page 8: Chapter 6: Water and Ocean Structure - Weeblyoce1001.weebly.com/uploads/7/4/4/5/74459525/oce1001_mdc...Learning Goals: Water and Ocean Structure • The properties of water moderate](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022041100/5ed6cd8a583aff5dc44ac6a4/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Water molecule
• Strong covalent bonds
between one hydrogen (H)
and two oxygen (O) atoms
• Both H atoms on same side
of O atom
– Bent molecule shape gives
water its unique properties
• Dipolar
8
![Page 9: Chapter 6: Water and Ocean Structure - Weeblyoce1001.weebly.com/uploads/7/4/4/5/74459525/oce1001_mdc...Learning Goals: Water and Ocean Structure • The properties of water moderate](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022041100/5ed6cd8a583aff5dc44ac6a4/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Hydrogen Bonding
• Polarity means small negative charge at O end
• Small positive charge at H end
• Attraction between positive and negative ends of water molecules to each other or other ions
9
![Page 10: Chapter 6: Water and Ocean Structure - Weeblyoce1001.weebly.com/uploads/7/4/4/5/74459525/oce1001_mdc...Learning Goals: Water and Ocean Structure • The properties of water moderate](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022041100/5ed6cd8a583aff5dc44ac6a4/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Hydrogen Bonding
• Hydrogen bonds are weaker than covalent
bonds but still strong enough to contribute
to
– Cohesion – molecules sticking together
– High water surface tension
– High solubility of chemical compounds in
water
– Unusual thermal properties of water
– Unusual density of water
10
![Page 11: Chapter 6: Water and Ocean Structure - Weeblyoce1001.weebly.com/uploads/7/4/4/5/74459525/oce1001_mdc...Learning Goals: Water and Ocean Structure • The properties of water moderate](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022041100/5ed6cd8a583aff5dc44ac6a4/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Water has unique properties
that enable life on Earth.
1. It’s a good solvent.
2. Ice floats.
3. Water has a high heat capacity.
4. Water helps the metabolism of organisms.
11
![Page 12: Chapter 6: Water and Ocean Structure - Weeblyoce1001.weebly.com/uploads/7/4/4/5/74459525/oce1001_mdc...Learning Goals: Water and Ocean Structure • The properties of water moderate](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022041100/5ed6cd8a583aff5dc44ac6a4/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Water as Solvent
• Water molecules stick
to other polar
molecules.
• Electrostatic attraction
produces ionic bond.
• Water can dissolve
almost anything –
universal solvent
PhET.colorado.edu
http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/legacy/sugar-and-salt-solutions 12
![Page 13: Chapter 6: Water and Ocean Structure - Weeblyoce1001.weebly.com/uploads/7/4/4/5/74459525/oce1001_mdc...Learning Goals: Water and Ocean Structure • The properties of water moderate](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022041100/5ed6cd8a583aff5dc44ac6a4/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Water has unique properties
that enable life on Earth.
1. It’s a good solvent.
2. Ice floats.
3. Water has a high heat capacity.
4. Water helps the metabolism of organisms.
13
![Page 14: Chapter 6: Water and Ocean Structure - Weeblyoce1001.weebly.com/uploads/7/4/4/5/74459525/oce1001_mdc...Learning Goals: Water and Ocean Structure • The properties of water moderate](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022041100/5ed6cd8a583aff5dc44ac6a4/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Why does ice float?
• Generally speaking, cold water is more
dense than warm water.
14
![Page 15: Chapter 6: Water and Ocean Structure - Weeblyoce1001.weebly.com/uploads/7/4/4/5/74459525/oce1001_mdc...Learning Goals: Water and Ocean Structure • The properties of water moderate](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022041100/5ed6cd8a583aff5dc44ac6a4/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Density
volume
mass
15
![Page 16: Chapter 6: Water and Ocean Structure - Weeblyoce1001.weebly.com/uploads/7/4/4/5/74459525/oce1001_mdc...Learning Goals: Water and Ocean Structure • The properties of water moderate](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022041100/5ed6cd8a583aff5dc44ac6a4/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Water’s Three States of Matter
volume
mass
16
![Page 17: Chapter 6: Water and Ocean Structure - Weeblyoce1001.weebly.com/uploads/7/4/4/5/74459525/oce1001_mdc...Learning Goals: Water and Ocean Structure • The properties of water moderate](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022041100/5ed6cd8a583aff5dc44ac6a4/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Hydrogen bonds cause density to
decrease once colder than 4°C.
If > 1 g/cm3 (pure water), object will sink.
If < 1 g/cm3, object will float.
17
![Page 18: Chapter 6: Water and Ocean Structure - Weeblyoce1001.weebly.com/uploads/7/4/4/5/74459525/oce1001_mdc...Learning Goals: Water and Ocean Structure • The properties of water moderate](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022041100/5ed6cd8a583aff5dc44ac6a4/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Water has unique properties
that enable life on Earth.
1. It’s a good solvent.
2. Ice floats.
3. Water has a high heat capacity.
4. Water helps the metabolism of organisms.
18
![Page 19: Chapter 6: Water and Ocean Structure - Weeblyoce1001.weebly.com/uploads/7/4/4/5/74459525/oce1001_mdc...Learning Goals: Water and Ocean Structure • The properties of water moderate](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022041100/5ed6cd8a583aff5dc44ac6a4/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Oceans can minimize temperature fluctuations.
37.8 deg N19
![Page 20: Chapter 6: Water and Ocean Structure - Weeblyoce1001.weebly.com/uploads/7/4/4/5/74459525/oce1001_mdc...Learning Goals: Water and Ocean Structure • The properties of water moderate](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022041100/5ed6cd8a583aff5dc44ac6a4/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Water has high heat capacity;
which means it is harder to
change phase/temperature.
20
![Page 21: Chapter 6: Water and Ocean Structure - Weeblyoce1001.weebly.com/uploads/7/4/4/5/74459525/oce1001_mdc...Learning Goals: Water and Ocean Structure • The properties of water moderate](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022041100/5ed6cd8a583aff5dc44ac6a4/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Global Thermostatic Effects
• Marine effect
– Oceans moderate temperature changes from day to night and during different seasons
• Continental effect
– Land areas have greater range of temperatures from day to night and during different seasons
21
![Page 22: Chapter 6: Water and Ocean Structure - Weeblyoce1001.weebly.com/uploads/7/4/4/5/74459525/oce1001_mdc...Learning Goals: Water and Ocean Structure • The properties of water moderate](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022041100/5ed6cd8a583aff5dc44ac6a4/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Day and Night Temperature
Differences
22
![Page 23: Chapter 6: Water and Ocean Structure - Weeblyoce1001.weebly.com/uploads/7/4/4/5/74459525/oce1001_mdc...Learning Goals: Water and Ocean Structure • The properties of water moderate](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022041100/5ed6cd8a583aff5dc44ac6a4/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Atmospheric Heat Transport
Water moves heat between latitudes.23
![Page 24: Chapter 6: Water and Ocean Structure - Weeblyoce1001.weebly.com/uploads/7/4/4/5/74459525/oce1001_mdc...Learning Goals: Water and Ocean Structure • The properties of water moderate](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022041100/5ed6cd8a583aff5dc44ac6a4/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Latent heat of fusion – heat needed to change from solid to liquid.
Latent heat of vaporization – heat needed to change from liquid to vapor.
24
![Page 25: Chapter 6: Water and Ocean Structure - Weeblyoce1001.weebly.com/uploads/7/4/4/5/74459525/oce1001_mdc...Learning Goals: Water and Ocean Structure • The properties of water moderate](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022041100/5ed6cd8a583aff5dc44ac6a4/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Water has unique properties
that enable life on Earth.
1. It’s a good solvent.
2. Ice floats.
3. Water has a high heat capacity.
4. Water helps the metabolism of organisms.
What percentage of human blood is water?
25
![Page 26: Chapter 6: Water and Ocean Structure - Weeblyoce1001.weebly.com/uploads/7/4/4/5/74459525/oce1001_mdc...Learning Goals: Water and Ocean Structure • The properties of water moderate](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022041100/5ed6cd8a583aff5dc44ac6a4/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Ocean water
• What affects the density of seawater?
1) Temperature
2) Salinity
3) Pressure (only at great depths)
26
![Page 27: Chapter 6: Water and Ocean Structure - Weeblyoce1001.weebly.com/uploads/7/4/4/5/74459525/oce1001_mdc...Learning Goals: Water and Ocean Structure • The properties of water moderate](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022041100/5ed6cd8a583aff5dc44ac6a4/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Salinity
• Expressed in parts
per thousand (ppt)
• Typical ocean
salinity is 35 ppt
(o/oo)
27
![Page 28: Chapter 6: Water and Ocean Structure - Weeblyoce1001.weebly.com/uploads/7/4/4/5/74459525/oce1001_mdc...Learning Goals: Water and Ocean Structure • The properties of water moderate](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022041100/5ed6cd8a583aff5dc44ac6a4/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
In places with high
stratification, mixing
between layers difficult.
28
![Page 29: Chapter 6: Water and Ocean Structure - Weeblyoce1001.weebly.com/uploads/7/4/4/5/74459525/oce1001_mdc...Learning Goals: Water and Ocean Structure • The properties of water moderate](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022041100/5ed6cd8a583aff5dc44ac6a4/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Below sea surface, layers are stratified.
Surface zone (or mixed layer) – upper layer, waves
keep everything mixed.29
![Page 30: Chapter 6: Water and Ocean Structure - Weeblyoce1001.weebly.com/uploads/7/4/4/5/74459525/oce1001_mdc...Learning Goals: Water and Ocean Structure • The properties of water moderate](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022041100/5ed6cd8a583aff5dc44ac6a4/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Surface zone depth varies from 0 to 3300 feet.
Thermocline – where temperature decreases rapidly.
Pycnocline – where density increases rapidly.
Deep Zone – little change in density (80% of ocean).30
![Page 31: Chapter 6: Water and Ocean Structure - Weeblyoce1001.weebly.com/uploads/7/4/4/5/74459525/oce1001_mdc...Learning Goals: Water and Ocean Structure • The properties of water moderate](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022041100/5ed6cd8a583aff5dc44ac6a4/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Question
• What type of bond holds the 2 hydrogen
and 1 oxygen together to form water?
a) Hydrogen
b) Covalent
c) Ionic
d) Polar Covalent
31
![Page 32: Chapter 6: Water and Ocean Structure - Weeblyoce1001.weebly.com/uploads/7/4/4/5/74459525/oce1001_mdc...Learning Goals: Water and Ocean Structure • The properties of water moderate](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022041100/5ed6cd8a583aff5dc44ac6a4/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Question
• What type of bond holds the 2 hydrogen
and 1 oxygen together to form water?
a) Hydrogen
b) Covalent
c) Ionic
d) Polar Covalent
32
![Page 33: Chapter 6: Water and Ocean Structure - Weeblyoce1001.weebly.com/uploads/7/4/4/5/74459525/oce1001_mdc...Learning Goals: Water and Ocean Structure • The properties of water moderate](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022041100/5ed6cd8a583aff5dc44ac6a4/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Question
• When water vapor condenses to form
rain, what happens to the air around it?
a) It freezes
b) Its pressure lowers
c) It warms
d) It cools
33
![Page 34: Chapter 6: Water and Ocean Structure - Weeblyoce1001.weebly.com/uploads/7/4/4/5/74459525/oce1001_mdc...Learning Goals: Water and Ocean Structure • The properties of water moderate](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022041100/5ed6cd8a583aff5dc44ac6a4/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Question
• When water vapor condenses to form
rain, what happens to the air around it?
a) It freezes
b) Its pressure lowers
c) It warms
d) It cools
34
![Page 35: Chapter 6: Water and Ocean Structure - Weeblyoce1001.weebly.com/uploads/7/4/4/5/74459525/oce1001_mdc...Learning Goals: Water and Ocean Structure • The properties of water moderate](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022041100/5ed6cd8a583aff5dc44ac6a4/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Question
• The region below the sea surface where
salinity increases rapidly is called the
a) Halocline
b) Pycnocline
c) Thermocline
d) Salocline
35
![Page 36: Chapter 6: Water and Ocean Structure - Weeblyoce1001.weebly.com/uploads/7/4/4/5/74459525/oce1001_mdc...Learning Goals: Water and Ocean Structure • The properties of water moderate](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022041100/5ed6cd8a583aff5dc44ac6a4/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Question
• The region below the sea surface where
salinity increases rapidly is called the
a) Halocline
b) Pycnocline
c) Thermocline
d) Salocline
36
![Page 37: Chapter 6: Water and Ocean Structure - Weeblyoce1001.weebly.com/uploads/7/4/4/5/74459525/oce1001_mdc...Learning Goals: Water and Ocean Structure • The properties of water moderate](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022041100/5ed6cd8a583aff5dc44ac6a4/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Question
• Why do you add salt to ice to get your car unstuck from the ice?
a) Salt creates an exothermic reaction heating the ice
b) Salt raises the freezing point
c) Salt lowers the freezing point
d) Salt molecules move faster than water molecules thereby providing additional heat
37
![Page 38: Chapter 6: Water and Ocean Structure - Weeblyoce1001.weebly.com/uploads/7/4/4/5/74459525/oce1001_mdc...Learning Goals: Water and Ocean Structure • The properties of water moderate](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022041100/5ed6cd8a583aff5dc44ac6a4/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Question
• Why do you add salt to ice to get your car unstuck from the ice?
a) Salt creates an exothermic reaction heating the ice
b) Salt raises the freezing point
c) Salt lowers the freezing point
d) Salt molecules move faster than water molecules thereby providing additional heat
38
![Page 39: Chapter 6: Water and Ocean Structure - Weeblyoce1001.weebly.com/uploads/7/4/4/5/74459525/oce1001_mdc...Learning Goals: Water and Ocean Structure • The properties of water moderate](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022041100/5ed6cd8a583aff5dc44ac6a4/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Question
• Which of the following would lower the
salinity of saltwater near the surface?
a) Freezing of seawater into ice
b) More rainfall
c) More evaporation
d) Additional mixing from the deep zone
39
![Page 40: Chapter 6: Water and Ocean Structure - Weeblyoce1001.weebly.com/uploads/7/4/4/5/74459525/oce1001_mdc...Learning Goals: Water and Ocean Structure • The properties of water moderate](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022041100/5ed6cd8a583aff5dc44ac6a4/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Question
• Which of the following would lower the
salinity of saltwater near the surface?
a) Freezing of seawater into ice
b) More rainfall
c) More evaporation
d) Additional mixing from the deep zone
40